{ "model": { "rank": 18182, "code": "thing-q1165717", "model_id": "vr.tr.waveform", "name": "waveform", "purpose": "Let an agent explain waveforms, relay types, parameters, Fourier analysis and applications from signal processing, audio and medical sources, describe the named waveforms, and distinguish waveforms from waves as physical phenomena, spectra, signals as information and ECG interpretation, which requires clinicians.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1165717/", "tier": 2, "score": 30, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "ECG waveform", "square wave", "periodic waveform", "non-sinusoidal waveform", "supersaw" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 30, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1165717", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T21:50:35Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1165717", "registryId": "vr.tr.waveform", "name": "waveform", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1165717/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.waveform", "name": "waveform", "purpose": "Let an agent explain waveforms, relay types, parameters, Fourier analysis and applications from signal processing, audio and medical sources, describe the named waveforms, and distinguish waveforms from waves as physical phenomena, spectra, signals as information and ECG interpretation, which requires clinicians.", "definition": "The shape of a signal plotted against time, describing how a quantity such as voltage, pressure or displacement varies, including periodic waveforms such as sine, square, triangle and sawtooth waves and non-sinusoidal waveforms analysed as sums of sinusoids by Fourier analysis, used in electronics, acoustics and medicine, as in the ECG waveform with P waves, QRS complexes and T waves, and in sound synthesis, where the supersaw, a stack of detuned sawtooth waves popularised by the Roland JP-8000 synthesiser in 1996, is a characteristic sound.", "what_it_is_for": "Describing and generating signals.", "affordances": [ "explain types and parameters", "relay Fourier analysis", "describe named waveforms", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Time-domain shape", "Periodic or aperiodic", "Harmonic content", "Wide applications" ], "appearance": "Curves and shapes on oscilloscope screens, audio editors and ECG printouts.", "visual_identification": [ "Shape of a signal over time", "ECG waveform, square wave, periodic waveform, non-sinusoidal waveform, supersaw", "Waves are physical propagation; spectra show frequency content; signals carry information; ECG diagnosis needs clinicians" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "parameters", "typical_range": "amplitude, frequency, period, phase, duty cycle", "unit": "list", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Fourier series", "typical_range": "Joseph Fourier, 1807-1822", "unit": "note", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Roland JP-8000", "typical_range": "1996", "unit": "year", "note": "supersaw" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "sine waves", "square and pulse waves", "triangle and sawtooth waves", "complex non-sinusoidal waveforms", "physiological waveforms such as ECG" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "shape", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is analysed by", "target": "Fourier analysis", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "square wave", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "frequency spectrum", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "IEC standards for power quality waveforms", "Medical device standards for ECG equipment" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Interpreting ECG waveforms without clinical training", "Aliasing when sampling waveforms", "Hearing damage from loud synthesised sound" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a waveform is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a waveform, and how does it differ from physical waves, spectra, signals and ECG diagnosis?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about electronics, audio, a personal ECG reading that needs a clinician, or physics?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "named", "name": "Named", "description": "Named waveforms.", "findings": [ { "id": "named-finding", "name": "Named", "description": "Named.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are ECG waveforms, square waves, periodic and non-sinusoidal waveforms and the supersaw?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific waveform?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "signals", "name": "Signals", "description": "Signal analysis.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "fourier", "name": "Fourier", "description": "Fourier analysis.", "findings": [ { "id": "fourier-finding", "name": "Fourier", "description": "Fourier.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can any periodic waveform be expressed as harmonics?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sampling", "name": "Sampling", "description": "Sampling.", "findings": [ { "id": "sampling-finding", "name": "Sampling", "description": "Sampling.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do sampling rate and the Nyquist theorem affect digitised waveforms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "applications", "name": "Applications", "description": "Applications.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "audio", "name": "Audio", "description": "Sound synthesis.", "findings": [ { "id": "audio-finding", "name": "Audio", "description": "Audio.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do synthesisers use basic waveforms, and how does the supersaw work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits subtractive synthesis?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "medical", "name": "Medical", "description": "ECG waveforms.", "findings": [ { "id": "medical-finding", "name": "Medical", "description": "Medical.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do P waves, QRS complexes and T waves represent, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits electrocardiography?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Instruments.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "oscilloscope", "name": "Oscilloscope", "description": "Oscilloscopes.", "findings": [ { "id": "oscilloscope-finding", "name": "Oscilloscope", "description": "Oscilloscope.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do oscilloscopes display waveforms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits oscilloscope?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "power", "name": "Power", "description": "Power quality.", "findings": [ { "id": "power-finding", "name": "Power", "description": "Power.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why do distorted mains waveforms matter for power quality?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits harmonics (electrical power)?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should supersaw be a separate entry?", "How should signal processing sources be linked?", "Should ECG waveform be moved to cardiology?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a waveform, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain waveforms, relay types, parameters, Fourier analysis and applications from signal processing, audio and medical sources, describe the named waveforms, and distinguish waveforms from waves as physical phenomena, spectra, signals as information and ECG interpretation, which requires clinicians.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: ECG waveform, square wave, periodic waveform, non-sinusoidal waveform, supersaw.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 30 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a waveform, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "ECG waveform", "square wave", "periodic waveform", "non-sinusoidal waveform", "supersaw" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 30 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one waveform from another, and a waveform from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a waveform sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a waveform from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a waveform passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a waveform between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a waveform, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a waveform is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What waveform is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of waveform are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is waveform operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of waveform and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of waveform?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as waveform?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a waveform came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a waveform and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a waveform is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a waveform, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a waveform, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a waveform is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }