{ "model": { "rank": 13977, "code": "thing-q1172284", "model_id": "vr.tr.data-set", "name": "data set", "purpose": "Let an agent describe datasets and their metadata, help find, evaluate, cite and share datasets, explain licensing and ethics, and support documentation practices.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1172284/", "tier": 2, "score": 36, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Scholia corpus for modeling", "COVID-19 dataset", "controlled vocabulary", "red list", "benchmark dataset", "scRNA-seq dataset", "large dataset", "speech dataset", "single cell data set", "scientific data set", "deduplicated data set", "software citation dataset", "Surnames present in the PESEL register", "data set with explicit CiTO annotation", "instruction dataset", "open data set", "GeoNLP Geographical Name Dictionary", "image dataset", "geospatial dataset", "Datasaurus dozen", "novel dataset", "map tile set", "pre-shared dataset", "flow dataset", "GBIF occurrence dataset", "IDPhotoSnap Passport Photo Specifications", "Four-sheet map of the boundaries of the Eskola land-allotment community and the lands subject to regulation in the village of Kiikoinen in Suodenniemi and in the village of Eskola in Mouhijärvi, Tyrvää district, Turku and Pori County", "A66:1/1-16 Eskola village; Great Partition 1827–1832", "data set of a specific country", "dataset distribution", "point cloud", "hierarchical datas", "snapshot", "Anscombe's quartet", "RDF graph", "RDF dataset", "Key Sequenced Data Set", "cross-sectional data", "color channel", "card index" ], "aliasCount": 97, "merged": 97, "knownIn": 36, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1172284", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T21:32:35Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1172284", "registryId": "vr.tr.data-set", "name": "data set", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1172284/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.data-set", "name": "data set", "purpose": "Let an agent describe datasets and their metadata, help find, evaluate, cite and share datasets, explain licensing and ethics, and support documentation practices.", "definition": "A collection of data organised for use, typically as tables, files or records with a defined structure and documentation, ranging from scientific datasets such as single-cell sequencing data and benchmark datasets to public health datasets, controlled vocabularies and red lists; datasets are described with metadata, licensed, cited and shared through repositories following principles for findability and reuse.", "what_it_is_for": "Organised data for analysis and reuse.", "affordances": [ "find and evaluate datasets", "document and cite datasets", "explain licensing and ethics", "support sharing and publishing" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Structured collection", "Documented", "Licensed and citable", "Reusable" ], "appearance": "Not physical; files, tables and repository records.", "visual_identification": [ "Organised collection of data", "Documented and licensed", "A single measurement or a database system is not a dataset" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "scientific research datasets", "benchmark and training datasets", "public and government datasets", "reference datasets such as controlled vocabularies and red lists", "personal and sensitive datasets" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "collection", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "scientific work", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "database", "why": "storage" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "open-source software", "why": "open data parallels" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "FAIR data principles", "Data licences such as Creative Commons and ODbL", "Data protection laws for personal data" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Undocumented or biased data", "Privacy breaches", "Licence violations" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "find", "name": "Find", "description": "Finding datasets.", "rationale": "Discovery.", "layers": [ { "id": "search", "name": "Search", "description": "Locating data.", "findings": [ { "id": "search-finding", "name": "Search", "description": "Discovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which datasets exist for this topic, and where are they hosted?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific dataset?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evaluate", "name": "Evaluate", "description": "Assessing quality.", "findings": [ { "id": "evaluate-finding", "name": "Evaluate", "description": "Evaluation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can the quality, coverage, bias and provenance of this dataset be assessed?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Is its documentation adequate?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Using datasets.", "rationale": "Rights.", "layers": [ { "id": "licence", "name": "Licence", "description": "Licensing.", "findings": [ { "id": "licence-finding", "name": "Licence", "description": "Licensing.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under which licence is this dataset available, and what does it permit?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How should it be cited?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ethics", "name": "Ethics", "description": "Ethics and privacy.", "findings": [ { "id": "ethics-finding", "name": "Ethics", "description": "Ethics.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this dataset contain personal or sensitive data, and which rules and ethical safeguards apply?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How is consent handled?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "publish", "name": "Publish", "description": "Sharing datasets.", "rationale": "Practice.", "layers": [ { "id": "document", "name": "Document", "description": "Documentation.", "findings": [ { "id": "document-finding", "name": "Document", "description": "Documentation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How should a dataset be documented, with metadata, data dictionaries and provenance, following FAIR principles?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which metadata standards apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "repository", "name": "Repository", "description": "Repositories.", "findings": [ { "id": "repository-finding", "name": "Repository", "description": "Repositories.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which repositories suit this dataset, and how are identifiers assigned?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How is versioning handled?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kinds", "name": "Kinds", "description": "Special kinds.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "benchmark", "name": "Benchmark", "description": "Benchmark and training data.", "findings": [ { "id": "benchmark-finding", "name": "Benchmark", "description": "Benchmarks.", "questions": [ { "text": "What makes a good benchmark or training dataset, and what are documented problems with existing ones?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How is contamination avoided?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reference", "name": "Reference", "description": "Reference datasets.", "findings": [ { "id": "reference-finding", "name": "Reference", "description": "Reference data.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are controlled vocabularies and red lists as datasets, and how are they maintained?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How can they be used?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each major dataset be a separate entry?", "How should repositories be linked?", "How should data ethics guidance be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a data set, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent describe datasets and their metadata, help find, evaluate, cite and share datasets, explain licensing and ethics, and support documentation practices.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Scholia corpus for modeling, COVID-19 dataset, controlled vocabulary, red list, benchmark dataset, scRNA-seq dataset, large dataset, speech dataset, single cell data set, scientific data set, deduplicated data set, software citation dataset.", "97 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 36 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a data set, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Scholia corpus for modeling", "COVID-19 dataset", "controlled vocabulary", "red list", "benchmark dataset", "scRNA-seq dataset", "large dataset", "speech dataset", "single cell data set", "scientific data set", "deduplicated data set", "software citation dataset" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 36 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 97 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one data set from another, and a data set from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a data set sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a data set from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a data set passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a data set between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a data set, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a data set is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a data set says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a data set contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a data set and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of data set a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For data set, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of data set exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made data set and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to data set, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in data set, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a data set came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a data set and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a data set is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a data set, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a data set, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a data set is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }