{ "model": { "rank": 11713, "code": "thing-q119565", "model_id": "vr.tr.frame-rate", "name": "frame rate", "purpose": "Let an agent explain frame rate and its effects, choose rates for capture, editing and playback, and diagnose frame rate problems.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QTY", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q119565/", "tier": 2, "score": 41, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "low frame rate" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 41, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q119565", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T20:24:54Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q119565", "registryId": "vr.tr.frame-rate", "name": "frame rate", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QTY" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q119565/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.frame-rate", "name": "frame rate", "purpose": "Let an agent explain frame rate and its effects, choose rates for capture, editing and playback, and diagnose frame rate problems.", "definition": "The frequency at which consecutive images are displayed or captured in video, film, animation and games, measured in frames per second, with common values such as 24 for film, 25 or 30 for television and 60 or higher for games and displays; frame rate affects motion smoothness, file size and compatibility.", "what_it_is_for": "Video, film, animation and interactive graphics.", "affordances": [ "explain frame rate and its perception", "choose a frame rate for a project", "convert between frame rates", "diagnose low or inconsistent frame rates" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Temporal sampling of images", "Standard values", "Perceptual effects", "Performance metric in games" ], "appearance": "Not physical; a setting and measurement.", "visual_identification": [ "Frames per second", "Smoothness of motion", "Refresh rate is the display property" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "cinema standard", "typical_range": "24", "unit": "fps", "note": "traditional" }, { "quantity": "common video standards", "typical_range": "25, 30, 50, 60", "unit": "fps", "note": "by region and use" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "capture frame rates", "playback and broadcast frame rates", "game rendering frame rates", "high frame rate video", "variable frame rate" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "physical quantity", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "performance metric", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "speed", "why": "rate concept" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "electronics", "why": "displays and cameras" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Broadcast standards for frame rates", "SMPTE and ITU recommendations" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Judder from mismatched rates", "Dropped frames", "Photosensitive seizure risk from flicker" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What frame rate does.", "rationale": "Perception.", "layers": [ { "id": "perception", "name": "Perception", "description": "How it looks.", "findings": [ { "id": "perception-finding", "name": "Perception", "description": "Perception.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does frame rate affect perceived smoothness and motion blur?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Why does film use 24 frames per second?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "terms", "name": "Terms", "description": "Frame rate versus refresh rate.", "findings": [ { "id": "terms-finding", "name": "Terms", "description": "Terms.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do frame rate, refresh rate and shutter speed differ?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How do they interact?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "choose", "name": "Choose", "description": "Selecting a rate.", "rationale": "Purpose and standard.", "layers": [ { "id": "project", "name": "Project", "description": "Rate for a project.", "findings": [ { "id": "project-finding", "name": "Project", "description": "Project.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which frame rate suits this project, considering delivery platform and look?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which regional broadcast standard applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "convert", "name": "Convert", "description": "Frame rate conversion.", "findings": [ { "id": "convert-finding", "name": "Convert", "description": "Conversion.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can footage be converted between frame rates without judder?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What is pulldown?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "performance", "name": "Performance", "description": "Games and rendering.", "rationale": "Consistency matters.", "layers": [ { "id": "games", "name": "Games", "description": "Game frame rates.", "findings": [ { "id": "games-finding", "name": "Games", "description": "Games.", "questions": [ { "text": "What frame rate is this system achieving, and how can it be improved?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Why does consistency matter as much as the average?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "diagnose", "name": "Diagnose", "description": "Problems.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnose-finding", "name": "Diagnose", "description": "Diagnosis.", "questions": [ { "text": "What causes dropped frames or stutter in this playback or capture?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which tools measure frame rate?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Health and accessibility.", "rationale": "Flicker.", "layers": [ { "id": "flicker", "name": "Flicker", "description": "Photosensitivity.", "findings": [ { "id": "flicker-finding", "name": "Flicker", "description": "Photosensitivity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Could this content flicker at rates that risk photosensitive seizures, according to guidelines?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which standards govern flashing content?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History of frame rates.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did frame rate standards develop in film and television?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What is high frame rate cinema?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should refresh rate be a separate entry?", "How should broadcast standards be linked?", "How should game performance guidance be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "unit, quantity or measure", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a frame rate, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain frame rate and its effects, choose rates for capture, editing and playback, and diagnose frame rate problems.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: low frame rate.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 41 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a frame rate, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see: a unit is a convention. What is seen is an instrument reading in it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "low frame rate" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 41 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one frame rate from another, and a frame rate from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a frame rate sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a frame rate from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a frame rate passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a frame rate between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a frame rate, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a frame rate is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definition-and-realisation", "name": "Definition, dimension and realisation", "description": "What frame rate is defined as and how it is realised in practice.", "rationale": "A unit is not the quantity it measures, and its definition has a history that older data still depends on.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition and dimension", "description": "The defining relation and the quantity it measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-record", "name": "Definition, body and date", "description": "What defines it now, and what defined it before.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-record-q01", "text": "How is frame rate defined, by which body, and since when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-record-q02", "text": "What was the previous definition, and what data still depends on it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion", "name": "Conversion and compatibility", "description": "Relations to other units, exact or approximate.", "findings": [ { "id": "conversion-record", "name": "Conversions and their exactness", "description": "Factors, and whether each is exact by definition.", "questions": [ { "id": "conversion-record-q01", "text": "What conversions relate frame rate to other units, and which are exact by definition?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "conversion-record-q02", "text": "Where does rounding a conversion change a decision, and how should that be recorded?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a frame rate came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a frame rate and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a frame rate is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a frame rate, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a frame rate, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a frame rate is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 10, "questions": 28 } } } }