{ "model": { "rank": 6718, "code": "thing-q119830", "model_id": "vr.tr.solar-flare", "name": "solar flare", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar flare, assess its observed evolution and evidence, and determine which monitoring or impact-assessment actions are justified.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q119830/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q119830", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119830", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:21:32Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08879-0d6e-7331-bc39-ba811a2f40da\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: solar flare\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 reg", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 62.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08879-0d79-7333-87a5-4e67fdb3dc3f\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: solar flare\nRegistry id: vr.tr.solar-flare\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q119830", "registryId": "vr.tr.solar-flare", "name": "solar flare", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q119830/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.solar-flare", "name": "solar flare", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar flare, assess its observed evolution and evidence, and determine which monitoring or impact-assessment actions are justified.", "definition": "A solar flare is a transient release of stored magnetic energy in the Sun's atmosphere that heats plasma, accelerates particles, and produces enhanced electromagnetic emission across a broad spectrum.", "scope_statement": "This model owns solar flares as transient solar energy-release events, including their identification, radiation signatures, temporal development, classification and evidenced relationships to space-weather effects; the registry placement XCT / XCT.QLT is retained as metadata rather than treated as a physical definition.", "in_scope": [ "Recognition and delimitation of individual solar-flare events", "Solar source location and evidence about magnetic energy release", "Radiation signatures, measured intensity and classification", "Event timing, evolution and observational uncertainty", "Evidence linking flare emissions to effects at specified receiving locations" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Coronal mass ejections as independently tracked plasma-expulsion events", "Solar energetic particle populations and their propagation", "Geomagnetic storms and magnetospheric dynamics", "The full lifecycle of sunspots and solar active regions", "Spacecraft and observatory design, maintenance and calibration procedures" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require evidence of a transient solar radiative enhancement attributable to an energy-release event, rather than treating every bright solar feature as a flare.", "Distinguish flare radiation from a coronal mass ejection: evidence of brightening does not by itself establish expelled plasma.", "Distinguish the solar event from a receiving-system disturbance: a radio interruption or geomagnetic change alone does not identify a flare.", "Treat a persistent active region as the source environment, not as an indefinitely continuing flare.", "Verify that the source is the Sun; an analogous event on another star belongs to a stellar-flare model." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Event identification status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "candidate | confirmed | disputed | rejected; supporting criteria required", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an unverified brightening or automated detection from becoming an unquestioned flare record." }, { "name": "Solar source location", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Heliographic coordinates in degrees with coordinate convention and timestamp; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Supports source matching, visibility assessment and separation of concurrent events." }, { "name": "Source active region", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Referenced active-region record with attribution confidence; unassigned permitted", "why_it_matters": "Connects the event to its magnetic setting without equating a region with one flare." }, { "name": "Observed spectral irradiance or band irradiance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "W m^-2 nm^-1 or W m^-2 as appropriate, with passband, observer location, time and background treatment", "why_it_matters": "Makes radiation measurements interpretable and avoids comparing incompatible observing bands." }, { "name": "Soft X-ray flare class", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Reported class and numeric multiplier, with classification convention, instrument and quality flags; unavailable permitted", "why_it_matters": "Provides a conventional intensity descriptor without presenting it as total energy or universal impact severity." }, { "name": "Event timing", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Start, peak and end timestamps with time standard, observing band and detection rule", "why_it_matters": "Allows event matching while preserving differences between operational and physical boundaries." }, { "name": "Observational completeness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Record gaps, saturation, occultation, cadence limitations and source confusion", "why_it_matters": "Shows when a measured peak, duration or apparent absence may be misleading." }, { "name": "Estimated released energy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "J, with energy component, estimation method, uncertainty and measured versus inferred status", "why_it_matters": "Separates component-specific estimates from claims about the whole event's energy budget." }, { "name": "Associated eruption or particle event", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to separately identified events with association evidence and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Preserves relevant connections without assuming that every flare has the same accompanying phenomena." }, { "name": "Receiving-location effect", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked observed or predicted effect, receiving location, interval, mechanism and attribution confidence", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions based on a specified exposure and mechanism rather than flare class alone." } ], "affordances": [ "Match detections across instruments and catalogues while retaining competing event boundaries.", "Request observations that resolve uncertain source locations, missed peaks or overlapping events.", "Compare flare intensity and evolution using compatible bands and documented measurement conventions.", "Update event state and classification as observations become available or are revised.", "Link independently identified eruptions and receiving-system effects using explicit association evidence.", "Route monitoring or mitigation recommendations through a relevant operational model when its evidence thresholds are met." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "flare-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Flare identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes what qualifies as this solar-flare event and how it is separated from neighbouring phenomena.", "rationale": "An agent must identify one defensible event before combining observations or assigning consequences.", "layers": [ { "id": "solar-flare-recognition", "name": "Solar-flare recognition", "description": "Tests whether the observed transient supports a solar-flare identification.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualifying-radiative-transient", "name": "Qualifying radiative transient", "description": "Record the observations and recognition criteria supporting the flare label, including plausible alternative explanations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observed solar radiation signatures qualify this transient as a flare under the adopted definition?", "kind": "definition", "id": "qualifying-radiative-transient-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes it from persistent active-region emission, another solar transient or an instrumental artefact?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualifying-radiative-transient-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "event-separation", "name": "Event separation", "description": "Handles repeated brightenings, overlapping sources and duplicate catalogue entries.", "findings": [ { "id": "single-event-delimitation", "name": "Single-event delimitation", "description": "Preserve the evidence and operational rules used to group detections into one flare or separate flares.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do successive peaks belong to one flare or separately identified events, and which temporal and spatial criteria decide?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "single-event-delimitation-q01" }, { "text": "Which catalogue records identify this same event, and where do their boundaries disagree?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "single-event-delimitation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "solar-source-and-energy-release", "name": "Solar source and energy release", "description": "Connects the flare to its observed solar location and evidence about its physical development.", "rationale": "Source geometry and mechanism evidence determine how observations can be interpreted and which physical claims remain tentative.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-localisation", "name": "Source localisation", "description": "Identifies the emitting region and its visibility from each observing platform.", "findings": [ { "id": "location-and-visibility", "name": "Location and visibility", "description": "Record coordinate conventions, source-region attribution and any hidden or unresolved emission.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is the flare located on the Sun, in which coordinate frame and at what reference time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "location-and-visibility-q01" }, { "text": "Could limb occultation or unresolved neighbouring sources materially change the observed flare profile?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "location-and-visibility-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy-release-evidence", "name": "Energy-release evidence", "description": "Separates measured signatures from interpretations of magnetic energy conversion.", "findings": [ { "id": "mechanism-and-energy-accounting", "name": "Mechanism and energy accounting", "description": "Record evidence for proposed energy-release mechanisms and keep thermal, particle and radiative energy estimates distinct.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations support the proposed magnetic energy-release interpretation, and which parts depend on a model?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mechanism-and-energy-accounting-q01" }, { "text": "Which energy components have been estimated, by what method and with what uncertainties or possible double counting?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mechanism-and-energy-accounting-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "radiation-measurement-and-classification", "name": "Radiation measurement and classification", "description": "Makes flare brightness measurements and intensity labels comparable and traceable.", "rationale": "A flare class or peak value is useful only when its observing band, convention and limitations are known.", "layers": [ { "id": "spectral-observations", "name": "Spectral observations", "description": "Organises radiation evidence by observing band and instrument.", "findings": [ { "id": "interpretable-radiation-measurements", "name": "Interpretable radiation measurements", "description": "Retain the passband, units, sampling, observing geometry and background treatment attached to each measurement.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which spectral bands were observed, and what quantities, units and observing locations do their measurements represent?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "interpretable-radiation-measurements-q01" }, { "text": "Which instrument products and processing versions support the measurements, including background subtraction and quality flags?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "interpretable-radiation-measurements-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "intensity-labels", "name": "Intensity labels", "description": "Records operational classification while constraining its interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-flare-class", "name": "Traceable flare class", "description": "Tie every reported class to its measurement convention and distinguish that label from energy or impact estimates.", "questions": [ { "text": "What classification system, passband and peak-selection rule produced the reported flare class?", "kind": "definition", "id": "traceable-flare-class-q01" }, { "text": "Does saturation, occultation, elevated background or overlapping emission limit interpretation of this class?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "traceable-flare-class-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "flare-evolution-and-observation-state", "name": "Flare evolution and observation state", "description": "Tracks how the event develops and how confidently its temporal behaviour is known.", "rationale": "An agent needs to distinguish an evolving flare from an incomplete observation or a retrospectively revised event record.", "layers": [ { "id": "time-profile", "name": "Time profile", "description": "Records onset, peaks and decay without forcing all wavelengths into identical boundaries.", "findings": [ { "id": "band-specific-event-timing", "name": "Band-specific event timing", "description": "Attach each timing estimate to its observing band, detection rule and timestamp convention.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the start, peak and end times in each relevant band, and how was each boundary selected?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "band-specific-event-timing-q01" }, { "text": "Are timestamps observer reception times or corrected reference times, and how are cross-platform comparisons aligned?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "band-specific-event-timing-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "coverage-and-revision", "name": "Coverage and revision", "description": "Represents gaps, provisional conclusions and updates to the event record.", "findings": [ { "id": "evolution-confidence", "name": "Evolution confidence", "description": "Distinguish observed rise or decay from intervals whose state is uncertain because measurements are missing or compromised.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which gaps, cadence limits or instrument failures could conceal onset, a stronger peak or continued emission?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "evolution-confidence-q01" }, { "text": "What additional observation or revised data product would justify changing the event's timing, class or current state?", "kind": "action", "id": "evolution-confidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "associations-effects-and-response", "name": "Associations, effects and response", "description": "Connects the flare to related solar events and location-specific consequences without collapsing distinct causal pathways.", "rationale": "Operational decisions require evidence about exposure and mechanism beyond the existence or class of a flare.", "layers": [ { "id": "associated-solar-events", "name": "Associated solar events", "description": "Links the flare to independently characterised eruptions or particle events.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-event-associations", "name": "Qualified event associations", "description": "Record temporal and spatial association evidence while distinguishing coincidence, inferred connection and demonstrated linkage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which independently identified coronal mass ejections or particle events are associated with this flare, and what evidence supports each link?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "qualified-event-associations-q01" }, { "text": "Which predicted consequences depend on an associated event rather than on the flare's radiation itself?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-event-associations-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "receiving-location-decisions", "name": "Receiving-location decisions", "description": "Assesses radiation-related effects and passes justified actions to the relevant operational system.", "findings": [ { "id": "effect-attribution-and-action", "name": "Effect attribution and action", "description": "Tie effect claims and response recommendations to a specified location, time, exposure mechanism and decision threshold.", "questions": [ { "text": "For the specified receiving location and interval, which observed or predicted effects are attributable to flare radiation, with what confidence?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effect-attribution-and-action-q01" }, { "text": "Which monitoring or mitigation action is justified by the receiving system's documented thresholds and the available flare evidence?", "kind": "action", "id": "effect-attribution-and-action-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The supplied domain code should be checked: a solar flare is a physical event, not merely an abstract quality.", "Listed kinds overlap and use different criteria; they are not mutually exclusive categories.", "GOES class measures peak irradiance in one wavelength band, not total released energy or the severity of every associated space-weather effect." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Confined flares, without an associated coronal mass ejection", "Eruptive flares, associated with a coronal mass ejection", "Impulsive flares", "Long-duration flares", "White-light flares, with detectable visible-continuum enhancement" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center uses GOES soft X-ray classes A, B, C, M, and X to report flare intensity; this is an observational classification, not a regulation.", "NOAA Space Weather Scales classify flare-related radio blackouts from R1 to R5." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Space-weather monitoring and warnings for high-frequency radio communication", "Assessing disturbances to satellite navigation signals", "Planning spacecraft operations during solar activity", "Studying magnetic reconnection, plasma heating, and particle acceleration" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Peak soft X-ray irradiance measured near Earth in the 0.1-0.8 nm band", "typical_range": "A: 10^-8 to <10^-7; B: 10^-7 to <10^-6; C: 10^-6 to <10^-5; M: 10^-5 to <10^-4; X: ≥10^-4", "unit": "W/m²" }, { "quantity": "Observed duration", "typical_range": "Minutes to hours, depending on wavelength and event definition", "unit": "minutes or hours" }, { "quantity": "Temperature of hot flare plasma", "typical_range": "Approximately 10^7 to several times 10^7", "unit": "K" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Enhanced X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet radiation can rapidly increase ionospheric ionization and disrupt high-frequency radio on Earth's sunlit side.", "Flare-related ionospheric disturbances and solar radio bursts can degrade satellite navigation reception or accuracy.", "Energetic-particle events associated with some solar eruptions can threaten astronauts, spacecraft electronics, and polar aviation; these are distinct from the flare's electromagnetic radiation.", "Associated coronal mass ejections can cause geomagnetic storms, but a flare alone does not establish that a storm will occur." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Immediate ionospheric effects occur principally on Earth's sunlit hemisphere and vary with solar illumination and radio propagation path.", "The solar location of an eruption and its magnetic connection to Earth influence the arrival of associated energetic particles." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Coronal mass ejection", "difference": "A coronal mass ejection expels magnetized plasma into space; a flare is an atmospheric energy-release and brightening event, and either can occur without the other." }, { "name": "Solar energetic particle event", "difference": "This is an enhanced population of high-energy particles in interplanetary space, rather than the flare's electromagnetic brightening." }, { "name": "Geomagnetic storm", "difference": "A geomagnetic storm is a disturbance of Earth's magnetosphere driven by solar-wind conditions, rather than an event in the Sun's atmosphere." }, { "name": "Sunspot", "difference": "A sunspot is a relatively cool, magnetically concentrated photospheric region that can persist for days or longer; a flare is a transient energy release." }, { "name": "Stellar flare", "difference": "A solar flare is the Sun-specific instance of the broader stellar-flare phenomenon." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of solar flare this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative definition and detection conventions should govern weak, partially occulted or otherwise ambiguous solar-flare candidates?", "How should this physical event model relate to the registry's XCT / XCT.QLT placement without silently changing the registered classification?", "Which cross-catalogue rules best reconcile overlapping flares, multiple peaks and conflicting start or end times?", "Which energy-estimation methods provide sufficiently comparable results for inclusion, and how should unobserved energy components be represented?", "What evidence thresholds should distinguish a flare's direct radiative effects from consequences of associated eruptions or particle events?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a solar flare, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a solar flare, assess its observed evolution and evidence, and determine which monitoring or impact-assessment actions are justified.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a solar flare, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one solar flare from another, and a solar flare from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a solar flare sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a solar flare from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a solar flare passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a solar flare between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a solar flare, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a solar flare is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What solar flare is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of solar flare are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is solar flare operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of solar flare and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of solar flare?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as solar flare?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a solar flare came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a solar flare and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a solar flare is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a solar flare, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a solar flare, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a solar flare is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }