{ "model": { "rank": 2625, "code": "thing-q121254", "model_id": "vr.tr.social-democracy", "name": "social democracy", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a social-democratic project, assess how its institutions and practices advance democratic government and social equality, and identify changes consistent with those commitments.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q121254/", "tier": 2, "score": 101, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 101, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q121254", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121254", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:29:24Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00909636, "turns": 1, "seconds": 160.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 86.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b65-7229-7702-994a-82c66a9bb34c\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: social democracy\nRegistry id: vr.tr.social-democracy\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.STA\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry:" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q121254", "registryId": "vr.tr.social-democracy", "name": "social democracy", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q121254/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.social-democracy", "name": "social democracy", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a social-democratic project, assess how its institutions and practices advance democratic government and social equality, and identify changes consistent with those commitments.", "definition": "Social democracy is the political tradition, emerging from late-nineteenth-century European labour and socialist movements, that pursues decommodifying welfare, labour rights, and substantial redistribution through competitive elections, trade unions, and a mixed, regulated market economy rather than through revolutionary socialisation of capital.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the commitments, institutional arrangements, policy relationships and implementation tensions through which a situated political project expresses social democracy, distinguishing declared identity from enacted practice.", "in_scope": [ "Criteria for identifying social democracy across historical periods and political contexts", "Commitments to political pluralism, democratic accountability and substantive social equality", "Relationships among markets, public authority, ownership and economic security", "Welfare provision, redistribution, organised labour and economic participation", "Gaps between social-democratic commitments, implemented policies and distributive outcomes" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Internal party administration, membership records and electoral campaign operations", "The complete constitutional and administrative structure of a state", "Detailed administration of individual benefit programmes or public services", "Individual political beliefs and voter behaviour", "Socialism, liberalism and conservatism except where needed to establish boundaries" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Test whether reducing structural inequality and economic insecurity is a sustained political commitment, rather than an incidental consequence of economic growth or temporary relief.", "Test whether the project protects competitive elections, opposition rights and political pluralism even when these constrain its economic programme; authoritarian redistribution alone does not establish social democracy.", "Test whether redistribution and public services operate alongside institutions that influence bargaining power and economic opportunity; welfare spending alone is insufficient evidence.", "Record whether markets and private ownership are accepted as enduring institutions, conditionally accommodated or intended to be superseded; assess this against the project's period and declared tradition rather than imposing one timeless ownership test.", "When distinguishing social democracy from social liberalism or democratic socialism, compare stated objectives, labour institutions, ownership horizons and documented lineage; allow a contested classification where these overlap." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Unit and period of assessment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Doctrine, movement, party programme, governing project or institutional settlement; jurisdiction and date range required", "why_it_matters": "A doctrine, a party label and a country's institutions cannot be treated as interchangeable evidence." }, { "name": "Basis of identification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Self-identification, documented lineage, programme evidence, institutional practice or disputed attribution; multiple values permitted", "why_it_matters": "Separates a social-democratic label from reasons for accepting that classification." }, { "name": "Democratic commitments in practice", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported, mixed, contradicted or insufficient evidence, assessed separately for electoral competition, opposition rights and civil liberties", "why_it_matters": "Economic redistribution cannot substitute for democratic legitimacy." }, { "name": "Ownership horizon", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Durable mixed economy, expanded public or social ownership, eventual socialist transition, internally contested or unspecified", "why_it_matters": "Makes historical and contemporary variations explicit without classifying them solely by nationalisation levels." }, { "name": "Access to essential provision", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "For each service or benefit: eligibility connected to residence, citizenship, contributions, employment, income or another stated condition", "why_it_matters": "Reveals whose security depends on market participation and who remains excluded." }, { "name": "Collective bargaining coverage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of employees covered by collective agreements, with jurisdiction, year and coverage definition", "why_it_matters": "Provides evidence of institutionalised worker bargaining power beyond party rhetoric." }, { "name": "Redistributive effect", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Difference between comparable pre-transfer and post-transfer income inequality measures, with tax treatment, population and methodology specified", "why_it_matters": "Tests a distributive outcome while avoiding the assumption that spending totals establish effectiveness." }, { "name": "Commitment implementation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed, legislated, funded, operational, evaluated, reversed or blocked, recorded per commitment", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes intended reform from durable institutional change." }, { "name": "Organised labour relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Formal affiliation, negotiated partnership, independent cooperation, conflict, absent relationship or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Records how labour interests influence the project without assuming every social-democratic organisation has the same institutional ties." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess a claimed social-democratic identity against contextual criteria and record supporting, contradictory and missing evidence.", "Compare programmes or governing periods on democratic commitments, economic power, social protection and implementation.", "Trace how a proposed reform could change security, inequality, bargaining power and democratic accountability.", "Identify exclusions and contradictions between universalist commitments and actual eligibility or institutional access.", "Formulate reform options with their legal authority, coalition requirements, financing constraints and unresolved trade-offs.", "Update an assessment when commitments, institutions or outcomes change while preserving the earlier interpretation." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "berman-2006", "title": "The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century - Cambridge University Press", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Definition of social democracy as a distinct tradition that rejected both Marxist historical materialism and unfettered liberalism; historical separation from revolutionary socialism." }, { "id": "espaing-andersen-1990", "title": "The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism - Polity Press", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Social-democratic welfare regime as a distinct institutional family (universalism, decommodification) versus conservative and liberal regimes; measurements of welfare effort." }, { "id": "przeworski-1985", "title": "Capitalism and Social Democracy - Cambridge University Press", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Electoral and class-coalition constraints on social-democratic strategy inside capitalism; why parliamentary gradualism became the operative method." }, { "id": "bernstein-1899", "title": "Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (The Preconditions of Socialism) - original 1899 treatise", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Canonical revisionist programme: democracy and reform as the path, not collapse-of-capitalism prophecy." }, { "id": "wikidata-q121254", "title": "Social democracy - Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121254", "what_it_supports": "Stable item identifier for the ideology and party family.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "social-democratic-identity", "name": "Social-democratic identity", "description": "The contextual evidence and boundaries supporting identification as social democracy.", "rationale": "The model must recognise a political tradition without treating its name or one policy as conclusive.", "layers": [ { "id": "situated-identification", "name": "Situated identification", "description": "Establishes what is being assessed and whose account supports its identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-and-lineage", "name": "Identity and lineage", "description": "Record the assessed project, period, self-description and documented connections to social-democratic traditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the assessed thing a doctrine, movement, programme, government or institutional settlement, and for which period and jurisdiction?", "kind": "definition", "id": "identity-and-lineage-q01" }, { "text": "Which programme texts, organisational records or historical studies support or contest its social-democratic identification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identity-and-lineage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neighbouring-traditions", "name": "Neighbouring traditions", "description": "Examines overlaps with social liberalism, democratic socialism and other welfare-supporting projects.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-boundaries", "name": "Classification boundaries", "description": "Record the combination of equality objectives, democratic commitments, labour institutions and ownership expectations used to draw boundaries.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence distinguishes this project from social liberalism or democratic socialism in its own context?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-boundaries-q01" }, { "text": "Which criteria remain contested, and would a different defensible interpretation change the classification?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-boundaries-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "democracy-and-reform", "name": "Democracy and reform", "description": "How the project pursues social transformation through accountable political institutions.", "rationale": "Recognition requires examining democratic means and limits alongside economic objectives.", "layers": [ { "id": "pluralist-commitments", "name": "Pluralist commitments", "description": "Assesses protections for political competition, dissent and changes of government.", "findings": [ { "id": "democratic-consistency", "name": "Democratic consistency", "description": "Record whether declared democratic commitments are supported by conduct, particularly when power or reforms are challenged.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence shows protection or restriction of opposition parties, independent unions, civil liberties and competitive elections?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "democratic-consistency-q01" }, { "text": "How does the project respond when elections, courts or lawful opposition prevent implementation of its programme?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "democratic-consistency-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reform-authority", "name": "Reform authority", "description": "Connects social and economic reforms to mandates, lawful powers and accountable implementation.", "findings": [ { "id": "authorised-reform-path", "name": "Authorised reform path", "description": "Record how proposed changes to welfare, taxation, ownership or labour rights can be enacted and reviewed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which institutions have authority to enact, administer and review the proposed reform?", "kind": "action", "id": "authorised-reform-path-q01" }, { "text": "What legislative support, public mandate and participation by affected groups are required or currently missing?", "kind": "action", "id": "authorised-reform-path-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "economic-power-and-ownership", "name": "Economic power and ownership", "description": "How markets, ownership arrangements and collective institutions distribute economic power.", "rationale": "Social-democratic assessment must examine control over economic life as well as redistribution after market outcomes.", "layers": [ { "id": "market-and-ownership-settlement", "name": "Market and ownership settlement", "description": "Records the intended roles of private enterprise, public ownership, social ownership and regulation.", "findings": [ { "id": "ownership-purpose", "name": "Ownership purpose", "description": "Record which ownership and regulatory arrangements are proposed, their purposes and their expected duration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the project envisage an enduring mixed economy, wider social ownership or a transition beyond capitalism?", "kind": "definition", "id": "ownership-purpose-q01" }, { "text": "For which sectors does it propose public ownership, cooperative ownership or stronger regulation, and which identified problem would each address?", "kind": "action", "id": "ownership-purpose-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "labour-countervailing-power", "name": "Labour countervailing power", "description": "Examines institutions through which workers influence wages, conditions and economic decisions.", "findings": [ { "id": "worker-voice-and-coverage", "name": "Worker voice and coverage", "description": "Record collective bargaining, union independence, workplace representation and access for workers outside standard employment.", "questions": [ { "text": "What shares of workers have effective collective bargaining and workplace representation, and which groups lack them?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "worker-voice-and-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "How can labour institutions extend meaningful voice to precarious, platform, migrant or otherwise excluded workers?", "kind": "action", "id": "worker-voice-and-coverage-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "social-citizenship-and-distribution", "name": "Social citizenship and distribution", "description": "How shared provision and redistribution translate equality commitments into material security.", "rationale": "The model must distinguish formal entitlements and expenditure from effective access and distributive consequences.", "layers": [ { "id": "security-and-entitlement", "name": "Security and entitlement", "description": "Examines access to essential services and protection against income and life-course risks.", "findings": [ { "id": "effective-social-rights", "name": "Effective social rights", "description": "Record eligibility, adequacy, affordability and delivery of health, education, care, housing support and income protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which essential needs are secured through public or collectively financed provision, and under what eligibility conditions?", "kind": "definition", "id": "effective-social-rights-q01" }, { "text": "Where do costs, waiting times, benefit levels or administrative barriers prevent eligible people from obtaining effective protection?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effective-social-rights-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "distribution-and-exclusion", "name": "Distribution and exclusion", "description": "Assesses who pays, who benefits and whose disadvantage survives or increases.", "findings": [ { "id": "net-distributive-incidence", "name": "Net distributive incidence", "description": "Record the combined effects of taxation, transfers, services and labour institutions across relevant population groups.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the arrangements affect disposable income, wealth concentration and access to services across income groups and generations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "net-distributive-incidence-q01" }, { "text": "Do citizenship rules, employment status, gendered care responsibilities or other eligibility distinctions conflict with the project's stated equality commitments?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "net-distributive-incidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "delivery-and-adaptation", "name": "Delivery and adaptation", "description": "Whether social-democratic commitments become sustainable institutions and how proposed adaptations affect them.", "rationale": "An agent needs to distinguish implementation failure, constrained compromise and substantive changes of political direction.", "layers": [ { "id": "implementation-and-support", "name": "Implementation and support", "description": "Connects programme commitments to operational capacity, financing and political support.", "findings": [ { "id": "commitment-delivery-gap", "name": "Commitment delivery gap", "description": "Record implementation stages, resource requirements and obstacles for each material commitment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which commitments are merely proposed, and which are legislated, funded, operational and evaluated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "commitment-delivery-gap-q01" }, { "text": "What financing, administrative capacity and coalition agreements are needed to close the remaining gaps?", "kind": "action", "id": "commitment-delivery-gap-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "adaptation-and-trade-offs", "name": "Adaptation and trade-offs", "description": "Assesses responses to economic, demographic and ecological pressures against declared commitments.", "findings": [ { "id": "adaptation-consistency", "name": "Adaptation consistency", "description": "Record how reforms under changing conditions affect democratic control, worker power, equality and social protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "How would proposed responses to ageing, capital mobility, technological change or decarbonisation redistribute costs, security and decision-making power?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "adaptation-consistency-q01" }, { "text": "Which alternatives could meet the stated constraint, and what evidence would justify revising or reversing the selected response?", "kind": "action", "id": "adaptation-consistency-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Classical revisionist (Bernsteinian) social democracy", "Post-war Keynesian / embedded-liberal welfare-state social democracy", "Nordic / Scandinavian social democracy (universalism, Ghent unions, folkhem)", "Continental social-partnership social democracy (Bismarckian insurance, co-determination)", "Third Way / Neue Mitte social democracy", "Southern European / Mediterranean social democracy", "Anglophone labourism (UK, Australia, New Zealand)", "Eco-social / green social democracy" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q121254", "note": "Item for the ideology social democracy." }, { "scheme": "Manifesto Project (MARPOR/CMP) party family", "value_or_pattern": "30", "note": "Numeric family code for social-democratic parties in the Comparative Manifesto Project codebook." }, { "scheme": "ParlGov party family", "value_or_pattern": "Soc / Social democracy", "note": "Used to classify parties in the Parliaments and Governments database." }, { "scheme": "Chapel Hill Expert Survey (CHES) party family", "value_or_pattern": "Socialist/Social Democratic", "note": "Expert-coded party-family label, not a legal identifier." }, { "scheme": "European Parliament political group", "value_or_pattern": "S&D (Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats)", "note": "Organisational home of most EU social-democratic parties; membership is political, not a taxonomic code." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Socialist International Declaration of Principles (Stockholm, 1989) - Socialist International", "Party of European Socialists statutes and declaration of principles - Party of European Socialists", "Godesberg Programme (1959) - Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, the canonical West European abandonment of orthodox Marxism as party doctrine", "ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998) and core ILO conventions - International Labour Organization (the labour-rights floor social-democratic governments typically ratify, not a standard of the ideology itself)", "National political-party, electoral, and campaign-finance law - issuing state (governs parties that carry the label, not the ideology as such)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "As the party family of organisations such as SAP (Sweden), SPD (Germany), the British and Irish Labour parties, PSOE (Spain), PS (France, Belgium, Portugal), PvdA (Netherlands), and their counterparts in the Party of European Socialists and the S&D group.", "As the design template for universalist welfare states: public health systems, earnings-related and basic pensions, unemployment insurance, and active labour-market policy.", "As the political backbone of post-1945 industrial-relations regimes (collective bargaining, works councils, Ghent-system union-run unemployment funds).", "As a policy label in the United States and parts of the Anglosphere for Nordic-style social insurance and public provision, often without a large social-democratic party." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Vote share of the principal social-democratic / labour party", "typical_range": "about 10-35 in most West European systems in the 2010s-2020s (historically often 25-45)", "unit": "percent of valid votes" }, { "quantity": "Public social expenditure", "typical_range": "about 25-31 in long-standing social-democratic welfare states; lower (teens-low 20s) in liberal regimes", "unit": "percent of GDP" }, { "quantity": "Disposable-income inequality", "typical_range": "about 0.25-0.32 in Nordic social-democratic regimes (OECD scale)", "unit": "Gini coefficient (0-1)" }, { "quantity": "Trade-union density", "typical_range": "about 50-70 under Nordic Ghent systems; often 8-20 in Southern and liberal market economies", "unit": "percent of employees" }, { "quantity": "Tax revenue", "typical_range": "about 40-46 in high-capacity Nordic and some continental social-democratic states", "unit": "percent of GDP" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Pasokification: rapid electoral collapse of a once-dominant social-democratic party (PASOK, PvdA, French PS) after austerity, scandal, or loss of a distinct economic offer.", "Insider-outsider dualism: strong protection for core workers coexisting with precarious non-standard work, undermining the egalitarian claim.", "Working-class defection to nationalist or radical-right parties when cultural and immigration conflict overtakes the class-redistribution cleavage.", "Fiscal and demographic stress on earnings-related pensions and health systems as populations age.", "Clientelism and patronage, especially where parties long occupied the state (parts of Southern Europe and Latin America).", "Programmatic convergence with market liberalism (Third Way) that wins median voters short-term then hollows the labour coalition." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Nordic Europe: 'social democracy' names both the party family and a universalist welfare/labour regime (folkhem, Ghent unemployment insurance, high tax-and-spend).", "German-speaking Europe: social democracy is tied to Sozialstaat, Tarifautonomie, and Mitbestimmung rather than residual means-testing.", "Southern Europe: the same party family historically mixed welfare expansion with more familial provision and, in some periods, clientelist linkage.", "United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand: the usual name is Labour/Labor, not social democracy; the welfare state has often been more residual than the Nordic type.", "United States: 'social democrat' is a minority self-description, frequently used interchangeably with democratic socialist or New Deal liberal, without a comparable party.", "Latin America: social democracy is associated with Concertación-type coalitions and moderate socialist parties, and is not always sharply separated from left populism in public usage." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Democratic socialism", "difference": "Democratic socialism treats public ownership and a break with capitalist ownership as a live programmatic goal; social democracy treats a mixed economy with strong redistribution as an enduring settlement. Test: does the programme treat markets as a permanent constrained institution or as a transitional stage?" }, { "name": "Marxist / revolutionary socialism", "difference": "Revolutionary socialism expects extra-parliamentary rupture and socialisation of capital; social democracy accepts the liberal-democratic constitution as the arena of change. Test: is the path parliamentary and legal, or insurrectionary?" }, { "name": "Communism (Marxism-Leninism)", "difference": "Communist regimes historically concentrated power in a vanguard party and suppressed contested elections; social democracy requires multiparty competition and civil liberties. Test: are opposition parties and independent unions lawful?" }, { "name": "Social liberalism", "difference": "Social liberals start from individual rights and market-compatible redistribution; social democrats start from the labour movement, class inequality, and decommodification. Test: is the core organisation a liberal rights party or a labour/socialist party with union ties?" }, { "name": "Christian democracy", "difference": "Christian democracy built similar welfare states around subsidiarity, family, and a religious cross-class cleavage; social democracy around labour and secular class conflict. Test: is the historic core constituency organised labour or a confessional people's party?" }, { "name": "Progressivism (US/cultural-left sense)", "difference": "Progressivism is a broader left-liberal coalition on culture, regulation, and identity; it need not carry a labour-movement or mixed-economy core. Test: is there an organised working-class/union pillar and a welfare-regime programme, or mainly a professional-class cultural coalition?" }, { "name": "Welfare chauvinism / national conservatism", "difference": "May defend social insurance for insiders while restricting membership by nationality or ethnicity; social democracy, in its classical form, ties benefits to citizenship or contribution inside a civic demos. Test: is eligibility universalist/contributory for residents, or ethnically bounded?" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of social democracy this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which historical and regional interpretations should anchor recognition, particularly where social democracy and democratic socialism overlap?", "What minimum evidence should justify classification when self-identification, programmes and governing practice diverge?", "How should assessment distinguish a social-democratic contribution to a coalition or national settlement from the character of that settlement as a whole?", "Which outcome measures permit defensible comparison across jurisdictions with different welfare financing, service provision and labour institutions?", "When do exclusions or policy reversals constitute internal contradictions, and when do they warrant revising the social-democratic classification?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a social democracy, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a social-democratic project, assess how its institutions and practices advance democratic government and social equality, and identify changes consistent with those commitments.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a social democracy, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one social democracy from another, and a social democracy from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a social democracy sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a social democracy from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a social democracy passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a social democracy between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a social democracy, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a social democracy is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What social democracy is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of social democracy are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is social democracy operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of social democracy and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of social democracy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as social democracy?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a social democracy came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a social democracy and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a social democracy is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a social democracy, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a social democracy, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a social democracy is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }