{ "model": { "rank": 6491, "code": "thing-q12353044", "model_id": "vr.tr.oil-refinery", "name": "oil refinery", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an oil refinery, assess its processing capability and operating constraints, and determine which interventions require further evidence or authorisation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q12353044/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q12353044", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12353044", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:55:12Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01305634, "turns": 1, "seconds": 173.8, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 80.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c58-c50f-7333-ad0c-cac8e7fcbecb\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: oil refinery\nRegistry id: vr.tr.oil-refinery\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q12353044", "registryId": "vr.tr.oil-refinery", "name": "oil refinery", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q12353044/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.oil-refinery", "name": "oil refinery", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an oil refinery, assess its processing capability and operating constraints, and determine which interventions require further evidence or authorisation.", "definition": "An oil refinery is a process plant that separates crude oil and similar hydrocarbon feeds into boiling-range fractions and then converts and treats those fractions so they meet specification transportation fuels, heating oils, asphalts, lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the refinery as an integrated physical facility that processes crude oil or petroleum feedstocks into differentiated products, including its process configuration, material flows, supporting systems, operating condition and site-level constraints.", "in_scope": [ "Refinery boundary, constituent process units and integration with adjacent facilities", "Accepted feedstocks, processing routes and achievable product specifications", "Capacity, throughput, material balances and operational bottlenecks", "Utilities, storage and transfer systems supporting refinery operation", "Equipment condition, process safety barriers and operating restrictions", "Site emissions, effluents, residues and applicable permit constraints" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Upstream oil fields, wells and crude production operations", "External pipelines, marine terminals and distribution networks beyond defined interfaces", "Standalone petrochemical manufacturing outside the refinery boundary", "Individual equipment design and maintenance procedures owned by equipment models", "Corporate ownership, financing and commodity trading strategies", "Detailed emergency response procedures and executable process-control logic" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish whether the facility transforms petroleum feedstocks through an integrated refining process, rather than merely storing, transferring or blending finished products.", "Identify whether separation, treatment and any conversion units operate as a coordinated refinery system rather than as an isolated processing unit.", "Distinguish refinery processing from field production or stabilisation by examining incoming feedstocks, processing objectives and outgoing product streams.", "For a combined refinery and petrochemical site, identify the refinery process boundary and shared interfaces rather than classifying the entire complex from its name." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Facility classification and lifecycle", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed, under construction, commissioned, operating, idled, partially retired, decommissioned; classification evidence recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Separates what the facility is designed to do from what it can currently do." }, { "name": "Refining configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Named separation, conversion, treatment and blending units, with their integration and availability", "why_it_matters": "Determines which processing routes are physically available." }, { "name": "Feedstock acceptance envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Site-specific ranges for properties such as density or API gravity, sulfur mass fraction, acidity in mg KOH/g, and contaminant concentrations", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of feed compatibility without assuming that all crude oils are interchangeable." }, { "name": "Processing capacity and throughput", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass/time or volume/time, identifying the unit, feed basis, reference conditions, period and whether design, permitted, demonstrated or actual", "why_it_matters": "Prevents incompatible capacity figures from being treated as equivalent." }, { "name": "Product capability", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Product streams linked to attainable specifications, required processing routes and verification evidence", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes nominal product names from demonstrated specification compliance." }, { "name": "Utility and hydrogen dependence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Process units linked to electricity, steam, fuel, water, cooling and hydrogen supplies, including limits and alternatives", "why_it_matters": "Reveals dependencies that can constrain throughput or continued operation." }, { "name": "Operating mode", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Normal operation, reduced rate, startup, shutdown, turnaround, emergency shutdown or unknown, recorded by unit and time", "why_it_matters": "Different modes require different evidence before changes can be considered." }, { "name": "Integrity and barrier status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Site-defined equipment and safeguard status, including impairments, restrictions and evidence date", "why_it_matters": "Connects observed condition to operating restrictions and required review." }, { "name": "Environmental performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Release rates, concentrations and quantities with pollutant, medium, monitoring location, averaging period and applicable limit", "why_it_matters": "Makes environmental observations comparable with the constraints that govern them." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify the refinery and map its process boundary, shared systems and external interfaces.", "Screen a proposed feedstock or product slate against documented processing capability and constraints.", "Assess throughput limitations using unit availability, utilities, storage and transfer capacity.", "Compare current operating evidence with approved envelopes and flag conditions requiring specialist review.", "Trace the potential effects of a unit outage or utility loss across dependent refinery systems.", "Prepare an evidence-backed change or maintenance review and identify required authorisations." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "eia-refinery-capacity", "title": "Refinery Capacity Report", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/refinerycapacity/", "what_it_supports": "US plant-level crude distillation capacity, downstream unit capacities, and how refiners are counted and identified in official statistics.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "jrc-ref-bref", "title": "Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas", "url": "https://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/refining-mineral-oil-and-gas", "what_it_supports": "Process-unit inventory, typical environmental performance, and EU regulatory framing of a mineral-oil refinery.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "osha-psm", "title": "Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, 29 CFR 1910.119", "url": "https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.119", "what_it_supports": "US process-safety duties that apply to refinery units handling listed highly hazardous chemicals.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "epa-refinery-neshap", "title": "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries, 40 CFR 63 Subpart CC", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-63/subpart-CC", "what_it_supports": "US air-toxics rule that defines petroleum-refinery affected sources and emission points.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "gary-handwerk-kaiser", "title": "Petroleum Refining: Technology and Economics", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Standard process-engineering account of distillation, conversion, and treating configurations, complexity, and product slates." }, { "id": "unsd-isic-1920", "title": "International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4, class 1920", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Statistical classification of manufacture of refined petroleum products, distinct from crude extraction and from petrochemicals." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "refinery-identity-and-boundary", "name": "Refinery identity and boundary", "description": "Establishes what constitutes this refinery and where its responsibilities and physical interfaces end.", "rationale": "A refinery may share infrastructure with terminals and petrochemical plants, so its name or address alone cannot establish its scope.", "layers": [ { "id": "facility-recognition", "name": "Facility recognition", "description": "Records evidence that the facility is a refinery and identifies its lifecycle state.", "findings": [ { "id": "refining-function", "name": "Refining function", "description": "Record the feedstocks, transformations and outputs that justify recognising the facility as an oil refinery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which petroleum-processing functions establish this facility as a refinery rather than a terminal, blending plant or upstream treatment facility?", "kind": "definition", "id": "refining-function-q01" }, { "text": "Which current operator records, permits or process documents support that classification and lifecycle state?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "refining-function-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "physical-and-shared-boundaries", "name": "Physical and shared boundaries", "description": "Separates refinery assets from neighbouring facilities while preserving shared-system dependencies.", "findings": [ { "id": "refinery-interface-map", "name": "Refinery interface map", "description": "Record included process areas and the transfer or responsibility boundaries for shared infrastructure.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which tank farms, utility plants, jetties, wastewater systems and petrochemical units fall inside the refinery boundary?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "refinery-interface-map-q01" }, { "text": "Where do material custody, operating control and maintenance responsibility change at each shared interface?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "refinery-interface-map-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "feedstock-to-product-pathways", "name": "Feedstock-to-product pathways", "description": "Connects feed acceptance, installed processing routes and product capability.", "rationale": "Refinery capability depends on feed properties and unit integration, not merely a list of products.", "layers": [ { "id": "feedstock-compatibility", "name": "Feedstock compatibility", "description": "Captures the evidence and limits governing accepted petroleum feeds.", "findings": [ { "id": "accepted-feed-envelope", "name": "Accepted feed envelope", "description": "Record feed property ranges, blending dependencies and restrictions relevant to the installed refinery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measured feed properties and contaminants constrain acceptance, blending or processing rate at this refinery?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "accepted-feed-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "What assay evidence and technical approval are required before introducing a feed outside the demonstrated envelope?", "kind": "action", "id": "accepted-feed-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "processing-and-product-capability", "name": "Processing and product capability", "description": "Relates installed units and intermediate streams to attainable finished products.", "findings": [ { "id": "demonstrated-processing-routes", "name": "Demonstrated processing routes", "description": "Record available separation, conversion, treatment and blending routes with their product-quality dependencies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which installed and available units connect each accepted feed to intermediate and finished product streams?", "kind": "definition", "id": "demonstrated-processing-routes-q01" }, { "text": "Which product specifications have been demonstrated for each relevant feed and operating configuration, and by what evidence?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "demonstrated-processing-routes-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "throughput-and-system-dependencies", "name": "Throughput and system dependencies", "description": "Records effective processing limits and the supporting systems that determine them.", "rationale": "A refinery's achievable throughput can be constrained by downstream units, hydrogen, utilities or inventories even when crude processing capacity is available.", "layers": [ { "id": "capacity-and-material-balance", "name": "Capacity and material balance", "description": "Makes capacity and flow observations comparable and identifies limiting process stages.", "findings": [ { "id": "effective-throughput-envelope", "name": "Effective throughput envelope", "description": "Record capacities, actual flows and bottlenecks for a specified feed, product slate and configuration.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the design, permitted and demonstrated capacities and actual throughput, with consistent units, feed basis and observation periods?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effective-throughput-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which process stages constrain the current feed and product slate, and how well do measured inputs, outputs and inventory changes reconcile?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effective-throughput-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "utilities-and-inventory-support", "name": "Utilities and inventory support", "description": "Captures the supporting capacities required to sustain processing and manage interruptions.", "findings": [ { "id": "support-system-constraints", "name": "Support-system constraints", "description": "Record dependence on hydrogen, energy, water, cooling, storage and transfer systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "What available supply, demand and reserve margins exist for hydrogen, electricity, steam, fuel, cooling and process water?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "support-system-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "Which tank segregation, usable inventory and receipt or dispatch constraints could force rate reduction or shutdown?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "support-system-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operating-condition-and-process-safety", "name": "Operating condition and process safety", "description": "Connects refinery operating modes, equipment condition and safeguards to permitted interventions.", "rationale": "Interconnected hydrocarbon processes require evidence of both equipment fitness and functioning safeguards before operational changes can be judged.", "layers": [ { "id": "unit-mode-and-integrity", "name": "Unit mode and integrity", "description": "Records current unit states and condition-related operating restrictions.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-operability", "name": "Current operability", "description": "Record unit modes, integrity evidence and restrictions affecting continued processing.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which units are running, starting up, shutting down, isolated or in turnaround, and when was each state verified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-operability-q01" }, { "text": "Which inspection findings, corrosion or fouling assessments, leaks or overdue integrity tasks impose operating restrictions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "current-operability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "safeguards-and-change-authority", "name": "Safeguards and change authority", "description": "Records the status of refinery protection systems and the authority needed for changes.", "findings": [ { "id": "barrier-dependent-actions", "name": "Barrier-dependent actions", "description": "Link proposed changes to relevant safeguards, approved limits and review requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes the availability or impairment of relevant isolation, relief, flare, shutdown, detection and fire-protection systems?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "barrier-dependent-actions-q01" }, { "text": "Which operating-envelope checks, management-of-change reviews and authorised roles are required for a proposed feed, rate, configuration or equipment change?", "kind": "action", "id": "barrier-dependent-actions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "environmental-releases-and-residuals", "name": "Environmental releases and residuals", "description": "Records refinery releases, residual streams and the constraints governing their management.", "rationale": "Refinery operation depends on the ability to manage emissions, wastewater and process residuals within site-specific limits.", "layers": [ { "id": "air-releases-and-flaring", "name": "Air releases and flaring", "description": "Connects combustion, process emissions, fugitive releases and flare events to monitoring and limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "air-release-status", "name": "Air-release status", "description": "Record air-release sources, measured or estimated quantities and applicable operating constraints.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which stacks, process vents, fugitive sources and flare events contribute releases, and how are their quantities measured or estimated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "air-release-status-q01" }, { "text": "Which permit conditions, averaging periods and event-reporting requirements apply to each relevant release source?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "air-release-status-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "water-and-residual-management", "name": "Water and residual management", "description": "Tracks wastewater treatment and the handling capacity for refinery residual streams.", "findings": [ { "id": "residual-handling-envelope", "name": "Residual-handling envelope", "description": "Record treatment, storage and onward-handling constraints for wastewater and site-relevant residuals.", "questions": [ { "text": "What treatment and storage margins exist for wastewater, oily sludge, spent catalysts and other residuals generated by the current configuration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "residual-handling-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which discharge, reuse, recovery or off-site transfer routes are authorised, and what operating response is required if a route becomes unavailable?", "kind": "action", "id": "residual-handling-envelope-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Topping plant (atmospheric distillation only, little or no conversion)", "Hydroskimming refinery (crude distillation plus reforming and hydrotreating)", "Cracking / conversion refinery (fluid catalytic cracking or hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil)", "Deep-conversion refinery (coking or residual hydrocracking of vacuum residue)", "Lube-oil and specialty-products refinery", "Asphalt / bitumen-oriented refinery", "Petrochemical-integrated refinery (olefins, aromatics, or mixed-feed crackers on the same site)", "Condensate splitter or light-crude plant (narrow feed slate, limited conversion)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "NAICS", "value_or_pattern": "324110", "note": "US Census / BLS class Petroleum Refineries; used in EIA, EPA TRI, and other US facility statistics." }, { "scheme": "ISIC Rev.4", "value_or_pattern": "1920", "note": "Manufacture of refined petroleum products (United Nations Statistics Division)." }, { "scheme": "NACE Rev.2", "value_or_pattern": "19.20", "note": "EU statistical counterpart of ISIC 1920." }, { "scheme": "SIC", "value_or_pattern": "2911", "note": "US Standard Industrial Classification Petroleum refining, still used in some legacy permit and TRI mappings." }, { "scheme": "EIA plant identifier", "value_or_pattern": "plant-specific numeric ID in the Refinery Capacity Report", "note": "Identifies individual US operable refineries and their atmospheric crude distillation capacity." }, { "scheme": "EPA FRS / TRI facility ID", "value_or_pattern": "facility-specific (e.g. TRI ID or FRS Registry ID)", "note": "US environmental facility keys; not a global naming scheme." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119 Process Safety Management (US Department of Labor)", "EPA 40 CFR 68 Risk Management Program (US EPA)", "EPA 40 CFR 60 Subparts J and Ja New Source Performance Standards for petroleum refineries (US EPA)", "EPA 40 CFR 63 Subpart CC (Refinery MACT 1) and Subpart UUU (catalytic cracking, reforming, sulfur recovery) (US EPA)", "EU Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU, applied through the JRC BREF for refining of mineral oil and gas (European Commission)", "Seveso III Directive 2012/18/EU on major-accident hazards (European Union); UK COMAH Regulations 2015 (HSE)", "API Standard 650 welded tanks for oil storage; API 510/570/653 in-service inspection codes (American Petroleum Institute)", "NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA); ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII for process vessels (ASME)", "IEC 61511 / ISA 61511 functional safety for the process industry sector (IEC / ISA)", "Product specs that drive unit configuration: ASTM D4814 gasoline and D975 diesel (ASTM); EN 228 and EN 590 (CEN); ISO 8217 marine fuels and MARPOL Annex VI sulfur limits (ISO / IMO)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Coastal or pipeline-connected plants receive crude by tanker, pipeline, barge, or rail, then ship gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, fuel oil, LPG, asphalt, and petrochemical naphtha by the same modes.", "Integrated oil companies run refineries against their own crude and marketing systems; merchant refiners buy crude and sell products on the open market.", "Capacity and configuration are managed around crude slate (light sweet vs heavy sour), seasonal gasoline/diesel splits, and mandated sulfur and bio-blend rules.", "Major maintenance is done in multi-week turnarounds; between turnarounds the plant is a continuously staffed hazardous-process site with tank farms, flares, sulfur plants, and hydrogen systems.", "National fuel security and military jet-fuel supply often treat large refineries as critical infrastructure." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Atmospheric crude distillation capacity", "typical_range": "about 20,000-400,000 for most commercial plants; world extremes roughly 5,000-1,240,000", "unit": "barrels per calendar day" }, { "quantity": "Nelson Complexity Index", "typical_range": "about 2 (topping) to 5-7 (hydroskimming/cracking) to 10-15 (deep conversion); US average near 11", "unit": "dimensionless index" }, { "quantity": "Operable utilization", "typical_range": "about 80-95 in tight markets; can fall below 70 in surplus or outage years", "unit": "percent of operable CDU capacity" }, { "quantity": "Crude API gravity of typical slates", "typical_range": "about 20-45 (heavy sour to light sweet); condensate splitters higher", "unit": "degrees API" }, { "quantity": "Finished-gasoline sulfur (regulated markets)", "typical_range": "10 annual average in US Tier 3 and Euro 5/6-type specs", "unit": "mg/kg (ppm by mass)" }, { "quantity": "Direct CO2 intensity of processing", "typical_range": "roughly 0.15-0.40 depending on complexity, hydrogen source, and residue conversion", "unit": "tonnes CO2 per tonne of crude processed" }, { "quantity": "Process plus cooling water withdrawal (highly site-specific)", "typical_range": "on the order of 0.5-2.5 with recycle; once-through coastal plants can be much higher", "unit": "cubic metres water per cubic metre crude" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Vapor-cloud explosion or flash fire from a loss of containment of light hydrocarbons (historic examples include tank-farm overfill and isomerization-unit blowdown).", "Toxic release of hydrogen sulfide from crude units, amine treating, or sulfur recovery; hydrogen fluoride from HF alkylation.", "Hydrocracker or hydrotreater temperature runaway, reactor leak, or emergency depressuring fire.", "FCC regenerator afterburn, slide-valve failure, or power-recovery expander incidents.", "Delayed-coker drum unheading, blowout, or coke-cutting injuries.", "High-temperature hydrogen attack, sulfidic corrosion, and naphthenic-acid corrosion of piping and vessels.", "Tank or pipeline spill creating LNAPL and benzene groundwater plumes; wastewater oil and phenol discharges.", "Flaring and SO2/NOx/particulate exceedances during upsets; air-toxics (benzene, 1,3-butadiene) from equipment leaks and storage.", "Boiler, furnace, or heater tube rupture; loss of steam or electric power forcing emergency shutdown.", "Major-accident escalation under Seveso/COMAH-type inventories of flammable and toxic materials." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States: high gasoline yield, high average complexity, PADD-based logistics; California plants also meet CARB gasoline rules that other US regions do not.", "Europe: historically more diesel-oriented product slate, shrinking capacity, IED/Seveso permitting.", "China: large state majors plus independent \"teapot\" refiners with different crude access and product-quality enforcement.", "Middle East and India: new export mega-refineries, often petrochemical-integrated; Reliance Jamnagar is the usual upper bound on CDU capacity.", "Russia and some older plants elsewhere: simpler, fuel-oil-heavy configurations still being upgraded toward residue conversion.", "Africa: few large operable refineries relative to product demand; several countries remain net importers of fuels despite crude production.", "Naming: official US statistics say \"petroleum refinery\"; everyday English \"oil refinery\"; condensate splitters in the Gulf and East Asia are often debated as whether they count as full refineries." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Crude oil terminal / tank farm", "difference": "Receives, stores, and ships crude or products but has no crude distillation or conversion units." }, { "name": "Fuel blending terminal or depot", "difference": "Blends finished or near-finished components to spec; no atmospheric crude distillation column." }, { "name": "Petrochemical complex (steam cracker, aromatics plant)", "difference": "Converts naphtha, LPG, or ethane into chemicals rather than a fuels slate; often co-located with, but not the same plant as, a refinery." }, { "name": "Natural gas processing plant", "difference": "Treats raw natural gas and recovers NGLs; feed is gas, not crude oil." }, { "name": "Oil-sands upgrader", "difference": "Converts bitumen to synthetic crude oil; may lack a full gasoline/diesel/jet product slate unless it is also configured as a fuels refinery." }, { "name": "Lubricant blending plant", "difference": "Blends base oils and additives; does not refine crude (base-oil manufacture inside a lube refinery is the exception)." }, { "name": "Biorefinery or co-processing unit", "difference": "Primary feed is biomass, lipids, or waste oils rather than crude; a conventional oil refinery may co-process bio-feeds without becoming one." }, { "name": "Oil-fired power station", "difference": "Combusts residual fuel or crude for electricity; does not separate and convert crude into a product slate." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of oil refinery this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover oil refineries, requiring this registry entry to link to it instead of receiving a separate model?", "Should the registry's oil refinery category include standalone condensate splitters, used-oil re-refineries or facilities converted entirely to renewable feedstocks?", "Which authoritative site records establish the refinery boundary, especially for shared terminals, utilities and petrochemical units?", "Which feed envelopes, product capabilities and sustainable capacities are demonstrated rather than inferred from installed equipment or nameplate figures?", "Which jurisdiction-specific permits, approved operating limits and decision authorities must be resolved before the model can support site-specific action judgments?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a oil refinery, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an oil refinery, assess its processing capability and operating constraints, and determine which interventions require further evidence or authorisation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a oil refinery, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one oil refinery from another, and a oil refinery from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a oil refinery sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a oil refinery from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a oil refinery is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a oil refinery is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a oil refinery is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a oil refinery is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a oil refinery is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a oil refinery is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a oil refinery passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a oil refinery between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a oil refinery, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a oil refinery is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What oil refinery is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does oil refinery perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise oil refinery, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How oil refinery is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does oil refinery have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does oil refinery need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about oil refinery is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about oil refinery hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern oil refinery, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a oil refinery came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a oil refinery and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a oil refinery is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a oil refinery, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a oil refinery, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a oil refinery is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }