{ "model": { "rank": 4178, "code": "thing-q124313", "model_id": "vr.tr.apparent-magnitude", "name": "apparent magnitude", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, interpret, compare and use apparent-magnitude measurements while preserving their observing conditions, calibration conventions and uncertainty.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q124313/", "tier": 2, "score": 77, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 77, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q124313", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124313", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:38:51Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ad-2a11-7db0-b1f3-8b3f239611d1\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: apparent magnitude\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 10", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ad-2a0d-71c2-a58d-2eb08c4b96f0\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: apparent magnitude\nRegistry id: vr.tr.apparent-magnitude\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this en" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q124313", "registryId": "vr.tr.apparent-magnitude", "name": "apparent magnitude", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q124313/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.apparent-magnitude", "name": "apparent magnitude", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, interpret, compare and use apparent-magnitude measurements while preserving their observing conditions, calibration conventions and uncertainty.", "definition": "Apparent magnitude is a logarithmic measure of the radiation flux received from an astronomical source in a specified passband, or integrated over all wavelengths for bolometric magnitude, relative to a defined reference, with smaller values indicating greater received flux.", "scope_statement": "This model owns apparent magnitude in the astronomical sense: a logarithmic expression of received brightness relative to a specified photometric reference, including the context required to interpret a value for a source as observed.", "in_scope": [ "Logarithmic magnitude values and their relation to received flux", "Photometric passbands, magnitude systems and zero-point conventions", "Observer location, observation epoch and temporal aggregation", "Measurement uncertainty, detection limits and calibration state", "Extinction treatment, source extraction and comparability" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Absolute magnitude and intrinsic luminosity as independent source properties", "Distance estimation and distance-modulus inference", "Complete physical models of stars, galaxies or Solar System bodies", "Instrument engineering and detector construction", "Surface brightness expressed per unit angular area", "Human visual perception of brightness outside astronomical magnitude conventions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An apparent magnitude describes brightness received by an observer; it does not standardise the source to the reference distance used for absolute magnitude.", "Within the same passband and reference convention, smaller magnitude values denote brighter sources, and a difference of five magnitudes corresponds to a factor of 100 in flux.", "A numerical value requires a passband or an explicit bolometric interpretation and a photometric reference; an unqualified magnitude number is insufficient for reliable comparison.", "Apparent magnitude expresses flux logarithmically, whereas luminosity describes emitted power and linear flux measures received power per area.", "A source magnitude is distinct from surface brightness in magnitudes per square angular unit, even when both describe the same extended source." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Magnitude value", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless logarithmic value conventionally labelled mag", "why_it_matters": "Provides the reported brightness coordinate, with a scale direction opposite to linear flux." }, { "name": "Photometric coverage", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Named passband with response definition, or explicitly bolometric", "why_it_matters": "Determines which spectral contribution the value represents." }, { "name": "Magnitude system and reference", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "AB, ST, Vega-based, instrumental or another explicitly defined convention", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the reference against which received brightness is expressed." }, { "name": "Zero-point calibration", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Calibration solution, reference standards, version and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Connects the reported number to its photometric scale and exposes shared systematic errors." }, { "name": "Observation timing", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Timestamp and time standard, exposure interval or aggregation window", "why_it_matters": "Makes a value interpretable for variable or moving sources." }, { "name": "Observer context", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Observatory or spacecraft, location and relevant observing geometry", "why_it_matters": "Identifies where the received brightness was measured." }, { "name": "Photometric extraction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Aperture, point-spread-function fit, profile fit or another specified estimator", "why_it_matters": "Determines how much source light and contaminating light enter the estimate." }, { "name": "Uncertainty representation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Magnitude interval or distribution, flux uncertainty and systematic components", "why_it_matters": "Controls whether a brightness difference or derived quantity is supported." }, { "name": "Measurement validity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Detection, nondetection, saturated, contaminated or otherwise qualified", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes usable estimates from limits and compromised measurements." }, { "name": "Extinction treatment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Explicit treatment of atmospheric, interstellar and other relevant attenuation", "why_it_matters": "Prevents comparisons between values corrected to different reference conditions." } ], "affordances": [ "Determine whether two reported magnitudes have compatible passbands, references, correction states and observation contexts.", "Convert a compatible magnitude difference into a received-flux ratio.", "Recover the corresponding flux measure when the reference convention and required calibration are available.", "Construct a colour index from specified passbands while retaining timing and calibration qualifications.", "Assess apparent-brightness changes across epochs with measurement and systematic uncertainties.", "Route nondetections, saturation and contaminated measurements into analyses that respect their limitations." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "brightness-meaning", "name": "Brightness meaning", "description": "Establishes what an apparent-magnitude value represents and how its scale behaves.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish received brightness from intrinsic output before interpreting or using the number.", "layers": [ { "id": "received-brightness", "name": "Received brightness", "description": "Locates the quantity at the observer and identifies its spectral scope.", "findings": [ { "id": "observer-relative-quantity", "name": "Observer-relative quantity", "description": "Apparent magnitude concerns received brightness in a stated band or bolometric convention, rather than a source's intrinsic luminosity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this value describe brightness at the observer, or has it been normalised to the distance convention of an absolute magnitude?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "observer-relative-quantity-q01" }, { "text": "Which passband does the value represent, or is it explicitly an apparent bolometric magnitude?", "kind": "definition", "id": "observer-relative-quantity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "logarithmic-scale", "name": "Logarithmic scale", "description": "Defines scale direction and the conditions for interpreting magnitude differences.", "findings": [ { "id": "magnitude-flux-relation", "name": "Magnitude-flux relation", "description": "For positive flux measures sharing a band and reference, m1 − m2 = −2.5 log10(F1/F2); lower magnitudes indicate greater received brightness.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do the two values share the band and reference required to interpret their difference as a flux ratio?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "magnitude-flux-relation-q01" }, { "text": "Does the reported quantity use the conventional logarithmic definition or an explicitly different transform?", "kind": "definition", "id": "magnitude-flux-relation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "photometric-reference", "name": "Photometric reference", "description": "Records the spectral response and reference scale that make a magnitude interpretable.", "rationale": "Equal numerical magnitudes need not represent equal received flux when their photometric conventions differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "passband-definition", "name": "Passband definition", "description": "Identifies the actual response underlying a named filter or band.", "findings": [ { "id": "response-specific-band", "name": "Response-specific band", "description": "A band label should resolve to the relevant instrument or standard-system response; a shared filter name alone does not establish equivalence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which response curve and instrument or standard-system version define this passband?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "response-specific-band-q01" }, { "text": "Would comparison with the other dataset require a colour term or another spectral transformation?", "kind": "action", "id": "response-specific-band-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reference-and-calibration", "name": "Reference and calibration", "description": "Separates the magnitude convention from the calibration that realises it.", "findings": [ { "id": "reference-scale-realisation", "name": "Reference scale realisation", "description": "The magnitude system specifies the reference convention, while a calibration solution connects the observation to that convention.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this an AB, ST, Vega-based, instrumental or otherwise defined magnitude, and where is its reference specified?", "kind": "definition", "id": "reference-scale-realisation-q01" }, { "text": "Which standards and zero-point solution calibrated the measurement, and what uncertainty do they contribute?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "reference-scale-realisation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observation-and-extraction", "name": "Observation and extraction", "description": "Identifies when, where and from which image contribution the brightness was estimated.", "rationale": "Apparent magnitude can change with time and geometry, and its measured value depends on the light assigned to the source.", "layers": [ { "id": "epoch-and-vantage", "name": "Epoch and vantage", "description": "Records the temporal support and observer context of the value.", "findings": [ { "id": "time-supported-brightness", "name": "Time-supported brightness", "description": "A measurement represents an exposure or aggregation interval; a variable source's mean magnitude need not equal the magnitude of its mean flux.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observation interval, time standard and observer location apply to this value?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "time-supported-brightness-q01" }, { "text": "If observations were combined, were fluxes or magnitudes averaged, and with what weighting?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "time-supported-brightness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assigned-source-light", "name": "Assigned source light", "description": "Defines the source contribution included by the extraction method.", "findings": [ { "id": "extraction-boundary", "name": "Extraction boundary", "description": "Aperture choice, profile fitting, background subtraction and blending determine which light contributes to the reported magnitude.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which aperture or fitting method was used, and is the value aperture-limited or corrected toward a total-source estimate?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "extraction-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Could neighbouring sources, unresolved components or background structure materially affect the assigned brightness?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "extraction-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "validity-and-corrections", "name": "Validity and corrections", "description": "Qualifies the estimate through uncertainty, detection state and attenuation treatment.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish a supported magnitude measurement from a limit, an invalid transform or a differently corrected estimate.", "layers": [ { "id": "uncertainty-and-limits", "name": "Uncertainty and limits", "description": "Preserves statistical meaning when brightness estimates are weak or compromised.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurement-or-bound", "name": "Measurement or bound", "description": "A nondetection is not an ordinary magnitude measurement; an upper bound on positive flux corresponds to a lower bound on conventional magnitude, and nonpositive measured flux cannot be directly logarithmically converted.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the reported value a detection, a limiting magnitude or a saturated measurement, and what threshold or confidence convention applies?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measurement-or-bound-q01" }, { "text": "Does the available uncertainty support a magnitude-space approximation, or should analysis retain the flux estimate and its likelihood?", "kind": "action", "id": "measurement-or-bound-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "attenuation-treatment", "name": "Attenuation treatment", "description": "Records the reference conditions implied by applied extinction corrections.", "findings": [ { "id": "explicit-correction-state", "name": "Explicit correction state", "description": "Atmospheric and interstellar extinction treatments must be distinguished so a corrected value can be interpreted and compared without applying a correction twice.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which attenuation corrections have already been applied, and to what reference conditions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "explicit-correction-state-q01" }, { "text": "Which correction models, coefficients and uncertainties are required before comparison with the target dataset?", "kind": "action", "id": "explicit-correction-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "comparisons-and-derived-use", "name": "Comparisons and derived use", "description": "Defines supported operations on magnitudes and the information those operations require.", "rationale": "Magnitude arithmetic can yield useful brightness comparisons or misleading results depending on compatibility and the intended operation.", "layers": [ { "id": "differences-and-colours", "name": "Differences and colours", "description": "Distinguishes brightness changes within a band from colour indices across bands.", "findings": [ { "id": "typed-magnitude-difference", "name": "Typed magnitude difference", "description": "A same-band difference can describe a brightness ratio or temporal change; a specified cross-band difference defines a colour index whose interpretation depends on its systems and observation timing.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the intended difference a same-band brightness comparison, a temporal change or a named colour index?", "kind": "definition", "id": "typed-magnitude-difference-q01" }, { "text": "Are the epochs, correction states and calibration uncertainties compatible with the proposed interpretation?", "kind": "action", "id": "typed-magnitude-difference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flux-space-operations", "name": "Flux-space operations", "description": "Handles combination and conversion through the appropriate linear brightness measure.", "findings": [ { "id": "combine-light-through-flux", "name": "Combine light through flux", "description": "The combined magnitude of multiple light contributions is obtained by adding compatible fluxes and converting back; adding their magnitude numbers does not combine their light.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which reference flux measure is needed to convert these magnitudes into compatible linear quantities?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "combine-light-through-flux-q01" }, { "text": "Does the requested operation combine source light, average observations or infer intrinsic output, and what additional model does that operation require?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "combine-light-through-flux-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This covers the astronomical sense; no alternative sense was supplied.", "Any numerical magnitude requires its passband, reference system and correction conventions to be interpretable.", "The visual examples are approximate; this account is recalled knowledge rather than source-verified research." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Broadband apparent magnitude", "Narrowband apparent magnitude", "Apparent bolometric magnitude" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "IVOA Unified Content Descriptors", "value_or_pattern": "phot.mag", "note": "Identifies magnitude data in astronomical metadata; additional descriptors specify the spectral band and context." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Reporting source brightness in astronomical catalogues.", "Constructing light curves of variable stars, transients and exoplanet transits.", "Expressing survey detection limits and selecting observation exposure times.", "Calculating colour indices from magnitudes in different passbands.", "Estimating distances when absolute magnitude and extinction are independently constrained." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Apparent magnitude", "typical_range": "No universal bounds; representative visual values extend from approximately -26.7 for the Sun to about +6 for the faintest stars commonly visible unaided under dark skies, with telescopes reaching much fainter sources.", "unit": "mag, a dimensionless logarithmic measure" }, { "quantity": "Magnitude difference within the same passband and reference system", "typical_range": "m1 - m2 = -2.5 log10(F1/F2); a source five magnitudes fainter has one hundredth the received flux.", "unit": "mag" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Comparing values without identifying the passband and magnitude system, such as Vega, AB or ST.", "Treating apparent brightness as intrinsic luminosity without accounting for distance and extinction.", "Confusing integrated magnitude with surface brightness for extended sources.", "Ignoring atmospheric extinction, blending, detector saturation or calibration uncertainty.", "Applying the conventional logarithmic definition to nonpositive measured flux, or confusing it with alternative representations such as asinh magnitudes." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Absolute magnitude", "difference": "Uses a standardized distance or observing geometry to describe intrinsic brightness; apparent magnitude describes brightness at the observer." }, { "name": "Flux", "difference": "Expresses received radiant power per area, possibly per spectral interval; magnitude expresses flux logarithmically relative to a reference." }, { "name": "Luminosity", "difference": "Measures emitted power rather than the flux reaching an observer." }, { "name": "Surface brightness", "difference": "Measures brightness per angular area rather than the integrated brightness of a source." }, { "name": "Colour index", "difference": "Is a difference between magnitudes in two passbands rather than a magnitude in one passband." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of apparent magnitude this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should apparent bolometric magnitude remain a qualified case within this entry, and what minimum provenance should its spectral extrapolation require?", "Should nonlogarithmic magnitude-like conventions such as asinh magnitudes be represented as explicit variants or linked neighbouring quantities?", "Which authoritative passband and reference-standard resources should resolve ambiguous catalogue band labels and Vega-based calibrations?", "How should the model distinguish observed, atmosphere-corrected and dereddened apparent magnitudes across catalogues with inconsistent terminology?", "What minimum uncertainty, detection-limit and temporal-aggregation information should be required before an agent can approve automated comparisons?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a apparent magnitude, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise, interpret, compare and use apparent-magnitude measurements while preserving their observing conditions, calibration conventions and uncertainty.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 77 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a apparent magnitude, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 77 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one apparent magnitude from another, and a apparent magnitude from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a apparent magnitude sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a apparent magnitude from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a apparent magnitude passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a apparent magnitude between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a apparent magnitude, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a apparent magnitude is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What apparent magnitude is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of apparent magnitude are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is apparent magnitude operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of apparent magnitude and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of apparent magnitude?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as apparent magnitude?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a apparent magnitude came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a apparent magnitude and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a apparent magnitude is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a apparent magnitude, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a apparent magnitude, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a apparent magnitude is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }