{ "model": { "rank": 988, "code": "thing-q12483", "model_id": "vr.tr.statistics", "name": "statistics", "purpose": "Let an agent handle statistics by method, data source, interpretation and communication, citing official statistics and avoiding misuse.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.KNW", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q12483/", "tier": 2, "score": 207, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "census data", "statistical data", "funnel analysis", "statistical hydrology", "forensic statistics", "branch of statistics", "circular analysis", "demographic statistics", "geostatistics", "health statistics", "statistical machine translation", "museum statistics", "intrinsic geostatistics", "economic statistics", "birth statistics", "statistics of legitimated children", "marriage statistics", "vital statistics", "stochastic analysis and modelling", "time series and spatial modelling", "library statistics", "time series analysis", "communication statistics", "cultural statistics", "science statistics", "regional statistics", "agricultural statistics in the Netherlands", "City statistics", "Plastic waste statistics", "Literature statistics", "finance statistics", "military statistics", "statistical genetics", "dimensionality reduction", "parametric statistics", "multivariate statistics", "applied statistics", "Sanitary statistics", "statistics in sports", "statistical biochemistry" ], "aliasCount": 78, "merged": 79, "knownIn": 207, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.statistics", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q12483", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T10:49:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q12483", "registryId": "vr.tr.statistics", "name": "statistics", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.KNW" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q12483/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.statistics", "name": "statistics", "purpose": "Let an agent handle statistics by method, data source, interpretation and communication, citing official statistics and avoiding misuse.", "definition": "The discipline concerned with collecting, analysing, interpreting and presenting data, including descriptive and inferential statistics, probability models and official statistics produced by national agencies.", "what_it_is_for": "Evidence-based decisions in science, government and business.", "affordances": [ "find official statistics", "choose appropriate methods", "interpret uncertainty and significance", "spot misleading statistics" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Studies data and uncertainty", "Descriptive and inferential", "Official statistics are regulated", "Easily misused" ], "appearance": "Tables, charts, models and reports.", "visual_identification": [ "Means, medians, confidence intervals", "Official statistics releases", "A single statistic is one number, not the discipline" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "descriptive statistics", "inferential statistics", "Bayesian statistics", "official statistics", "applied fields such as forensic statistics" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "formal science", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "uses", "target": "probability", "why": "foundation" }, { "relation": "is produced by", "target": "national statistics office", "why": "official source" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "cognitive bias", "why": "misinterpretation" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics", "European Statistics Code of Practice", "ISO 3534 vocabulary" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Misleading charts", "P-hacking and misuse of p-values", "Confusing correlation and causation" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "data", "name": "Data", "description": "Sources.", "rationale": "Sources determine quality.", "layers": [ { "id": "source", "name": "Source", "description": "Official data.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-finding", "name": "Source", "description": "Data source.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which official or peer-reviewed source provides this statistic?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "For which period and population?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quality", "name": "Quality", "description": "Methods.", "findings": [ { "id": "quality-finding", "name": "Quality", "description": "Data quality.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was the data collected and how large is the sample?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What are the known limitations?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "analysis", "name": "Analysis", "description": "Methods.", "rationale": "Methods must fit.", "layers": [ { "id": "method", "name": "Method", "description": "Choice.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-finding", "name": "Method", "description": "Method choice.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which statistical method suits this question and data?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What assumptions does it make?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "uncertainty", "name": "Uncertainty", "description": "Intervals.", "findings": [ { "id": "uncertainty-finding", "name": "Uncertainty", "description": "Uncertainty.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the margin of error or confidence interval?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Is the result statistically and practically significant?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "interpretation", "name": "Interpretation", "description": "Meaning.", "rationale": "Interpretation needs care.", "layers": [ { "id": "causation", "name": "Causation", "description": "Correlation.", "findings": [ { "id": "causation-finding", "name": "Causation", "description": "Correlation and causation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the evidence support causation or only correlation?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What design would test causation?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "misleading", "name": "Misleading", "description": "Red flags.", "findings": [ { "id": "misleading-finding", "name": "Misleading", "description": "Misleading statistics.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the chart or claim misleading, for example by truncated axes?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How can it be presented fairly?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Skills.", "rationale": "Statistical literacy helps.", "layers": [ { "id": "literacy", "name": "Literacy", "description": "Understanding.", "findings": [ { "id": "literacy-finding", "name": "Literacy", "description": "Statistical literacy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can this statistic be explained in plain language?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Would natural frequencies help?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "tools", "name": "Tools", "description": "Software.", "findings": [ { "id": "tools-finding", "name": "Tools", "description": "Tools.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which software can perform this analysis?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it reproducible?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should statistical methods be separate entries?", "How should official statistics be linked?", "How should uncertainty be communicated?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "discipline or field of knowledge", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a statistics, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle statistics by method, data source, interpretation and communication, citing official statistics and avoiding misuse.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: census data, statistical data, funnel analysis, statistical hydrology, forensic statistics, branch of statistics, circular analysis, demographic statistics, geostatistics, health statistics, statistical machine translation, museum statistics.", "79 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 207 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a statistics, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says" ], "howItIsRecognised": [], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "census data", "statistical data", "funnel analysis", "statistical hydrology", "forensic statistics", "branch of statistics", "circular analysis", "demographic statistics", "geostatistics", "health statistics", "statistical machine translation", "museum statistics" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 207 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 79 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one statistics from another, and a statistics from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a statistics sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a statistics from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a statistics passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a statistics between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a statistics, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a statistics is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a statistics says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a statistics contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a statistics and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "subject-and-method", "name": "Subject matter and method", "description": "What statistics studies and how it establishes anything.", "rationale": "A field is identified by its questions and its methods, and those are what distinguish it from the fields next to it.", "layers": [ { "id": "subject", "name": "Subject matter", "description": "The questions it takes as its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "subject-record", "name": "Questions and objects of study", "description": "What it is about, stated so a neighbouring field can be told apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "subject-record-q01", "text": "What questions and objects does statistics take as its own?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "subject-record-q02", "text": "Which questions does it share with a neighbouring field, and who claims them?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method", "name": "Method and evidence", "description": "How claims are established and what counts as evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-record", "name": "Methods and standards of evidence", "description": "The methods used and what they are taken to establish.", "questions": [ { "id": "method-record-q01", "text": "By what methods does statistics establish claims, and what counts as sufficient evidence?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "method-record-q02", "text": "What kind of claim can this field not settle, and where should an agent look instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "institutions-and-classification", "name": "Institutions and classification", "description": "Where statistics is practised and how catalogues place it.", "rationale": "The institutional footprint is the evidence that a field exists as a field rather than as a topic.", "layers": [ { "id": "institutions", "name": "Institutional markers", "description": "Societies, journals, degrees and departments.", "findings": [ { "id": "institution-record", "name": "Bodies and venues", "description": "Where the field organises itself.", "questions": [ { "id": "institution-record-q01", "text": "Which societies, journals or degrees mark statistics as an established field?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "institution-record-q02", "text": "What would show that it is emerging or dissolving rather than established?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification", "name": "Classification schemes", "description": "Where library and research classifications put it.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-record", "name": "Codes and their disagreements", "description": "The classification codes that place it, and where they differ.", "questions": [ { "id": "classification-record-q01", "text": "Which classification schemes place statistics, under what codes?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classification-record-q02", "text": "Where do those schemes disagree about its scope?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a statistics came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a statistics and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a statistics is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a statistics, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a statistics, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a statistics is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }