{ "model": { "rank": 3885, "code": "thing-q127900", "model_id": "vr.tr.lactose", "name": "β-lactose", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify β-lactose, assess the anomeric composition and physical state of a sample, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q127900/", "tier": 2, "score": 81, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 81, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q127900", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127900", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T18:59:49Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08789-34ce-7df3-b4fa-078ddba6bc2b\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: β-lactose\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 78.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08789-34c7-7e90-8403-0bfb773b989c\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: β-lactose\nRegistry id: vr.tr.lactose\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q127900", "registryId": "vr.tr.lactose", "name": "β-lactose", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q127900/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.lactose", "name": "β-lactose", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify β-lactose, assess the anomeric composition and physical state of a sample, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "definition": "β-Lactose is the anomer of lactose, a reducing disaccharide, whose free anomeric carbon on the D-glucose residue has the β configuration, with a β-D-galactopyranosyl residue linked to glucose through a β(1→4) glycosidic bond.", "scope_statement": "This PHY / PHY.MAT model owns the β-lactose sense of vr.tr.lactose: the β-anomer of lactose and the evidence needed to characterize material represented as β-lactose; the broader registry identifier requires a scope check before publication.", "in_scope": [ "Molecular identity and stereochemical distinction from α-lactose", "β-anomer fraction separately from total lactose purity", "Solid form, water content, particle properties and storage state", "Solution conditions and time-dependent anomeric composition", "Condition-specific physical measurements and transformation evidence", "Grade, traceability and documented suitability for handling or use" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Milk, whey and formulated products containing lactose", "α-lactose as an independently characterized substance", "Lactase enzymes and industrial lactose production processes", "Human lactose intolerance, diagnosis and dietary treatment", "Covalently modified lactosides and larger lactose-containing molecules" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Confirm β configuration at the glucose reducing-end anomeric centre; the β-(1→4) glycosidic linkage alone does not distinguish β-lactose from α-lactose. [ChEBI lactose](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=17716)", "Match β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranose, including residue identities and linkage position. [ChEBI β-lactose](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:36218)", "Require a stereochemistry-resolving identity check: molecular formula C12H22O11 alone cannot establish the β-anomer. [ChEBI β-lactose](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:36218)", "Distinguish the molecular species from commercial material labelled β-lactose: a supplier specification explicitly describes approximately 80% β and 20% α material. [Supplier specification](https://assets.thermofisher.com/chem-specs-pdf/retrievePdf?countryCode=cn&erp_type=CN_E1_LCD&rootSku=41298&sku=412980020)", "Require separate evidence for crystal form and hydration rather than inferring either from the β-lactose name." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Stereochemical identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranose; confirmed, unresolved or contradicted", "why_it_matters": "Defines the intended molecular species. [ChEBI β-lactose](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:36218)" }, { "name": "External chemical identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "CHEBI:36218; CAS 5965-66-2; other identifiers with verified scope", "why_it_matters": "Connects records while retaining anomer specificity. [ChEBI β-lactose](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:36218)" }, { "name": "β-anomer fraction", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mol% of total lactose; method, uncertainty and sampling time", "why_it_matters": "Separates anomeric enrichment from chemical purity." }, { "name": "Total lactose assay", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass; as-received or dry basis", "why_it_matters": "Quantifies lactose independently of its α-to-β distribution." }, { "name": "Water content and hydration assignment", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% water by mass; assigned hydrate stoichiometry where demonstrated", "why_it_matters": "Supports mass corrections and prevents moisture from being mistaken for a defined hydrate." }, { "name": "Physical and solid-state form", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Solid or dissolved; crystalline, amorphous or mixed; phase assignment with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Qualifies comparisons of stability, dissolution and handling." }, { "name": "Solution history", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Solvent, concentration, temperature in °C, pH and elapsed time", "why_it_matters": "Makes anomer measurements interpretable after dissolution." }, { "name": "Solubility and dissolution behaviour", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g/L with concentration basis; dissolution time in s or min under a defined protocol", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes preparation performance from equilibrium concentration." }, { "name": "Thermal behaviour", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Event temperatures in °C; pressure, heating rate and event assignment", "why_it_matters": "Prevents dehydration, phase change or decomposition from being reported indiscriminately as melting or boiling." }, { "name": "Particle-size distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "D10, D50 and D90 in µm with method and distribution basis", "why_it_matters": "Supports evaluation of powder handling and dissolution reproducibility." }, { "name": "Grade and use qualification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared grade, applicable specification and qualified, unqualified or unknown status", "why_it_matters": "Prevents chemical identity alone from authorizing food, pharmaceutical or analytical use." }, { "name": "Handling classification evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Applicable SDS, jurisdiction, revision date, classification and exposure-limit evidence", "why_it_matters": "Ties handling decisions to the actual material and current documentation." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve a β-lactose label against stereochemical identity evidence and external identifiers.", "Accept, quarantine or reject a lot against separate lactose-purity and β-anomer requirements.", "Prepare a solution with a defined observation time and verify its anomeric composition.", "Select storage and conditioning conditions supported by moisture and solid-form evidence.", "Compare dissolution or thermal results only when form, method and conditions are compatible.", "Determine whether a lot has sufficient grade, impurity and handling evidence for a requested use." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "anomer-identity", "name": "Anomer identity", "description": "Establish which lactose species the registry entry and sample represent.", "rationale": "The β designation concerns a specific stereocentre, while the registry identifier itself says only lactose.", "layers": [ { "id": "molecular-boundary", "name": "Molecular boundary", "description": "Resolve the structural meaning of β-lactose.", "findings": [ { "id": "reducing-end-configuration", "name": "Reducing-end configuration", "description": "Identify the glucose anomeric configuration separately from the inter-residue linkage.", "questions": [ { "text": "What structural evidence establishes β configuration at the glucose reducing end?", "kind": "definition", "id": "reducing-end-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "Does the identity method distinguish α-lactose from β-lactose rather than merely detect lactose?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "reducing-end-configuration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "registry-resolution", "name": "Registry resolution", "description": "Align the requested anomer with registry and external-record scope.", "findings": [ { "id": "identifier-scope", "name": "Identifier scope", "description": "Keep anomer-specific identifiers distinct from generic lactose and product identifiers.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does vr.tr.lactose intentionally denote β-lactose or lactose without specified anomer?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identifier-scope-q01" }, { "text": "Which inspected authority records support each identifier and synonym?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identifier-scope-q02" }, { "text": "Does an existing catalogue model already own this concept and require linking instead of publication?", "kind": "action", "id": "identifier-scope-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "lot-composition", "name": "Lot composition", "description": "Determine how much lactose and how much β-anomer a material actually contains.", "rationale": "A β-lactose product label does not establish either total chemical purity or anomeric purity.", "layers": [ { "id": "anomeric-assay", "name": "Anomeric assay", "description": "Measure the α-to-β distribution using a stated analytical basis.", "findings": [ { "id": "beta-fraction", "name": "β fraction", "description": "Record the β fraction, denominator, uncertainty and sample preparation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fraction of total lactose is β-lactose, and is it measured or merely specified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "beta-fraction-q01" }, { "text": "How does the method account for composition changes during dissolution and analysis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "beta-fraction-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "chemical-purity", "name": "Chemical purity", "description": "Characterize non-lactose components independently of the anomer ratio.", "findings": [ { "id": "assay-and-impurities", "name": "Assay and impurities", "description": "Connect lactose assay, water and relevant impurities to lot acceptance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the total lactose assay on both the reported basis and the basis required for use?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "assay-and-impurities-q01" }, { "text": "Which limits apply to other sugars, residual proteins, process residues and microbial contamination for the intended grade?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "assay-and-impurities-q02" }, { "text": "Which lot-specific results justify acceptance against those limits?", "kind": "action", "id": "assay-and-impurities-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "solid-form-and-storage", "name": "Solid form and storage", "description": "Characterize the physical material behind the molecular name.", "rationale": "Anomer identity alone does not establish hydration, crystallinity or powder performance.", "layers": [ { "id": "phase-and-water", "name": "Phase and water", "description": "Identify solid phases and distinguish lattice water from other moisture.", "findings": [ { "id": "solid-state-assignment", "name": "Solid-state assignment", "description": "Require evidence for crystalline β-lactose, mixed phases and any hydration claim.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diffraction or complementary measurements support the assigned phases and amorphous fraction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "solid-state-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "Does measured water represent a defined hydrate, adsorbed moisture or an unresolved combination?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "solid-state-assignment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "powder-condition", "name": "Powder condition", "description": "Relate particle properties and storage exposure to usability.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioning-and-retest", "name": "Conditioning and retest", "description": "Define evidence-based handling of moisture exposure, caking and physical change.", "questions": [ { "text": "What particle-size distribution, agglomeration and flow measurements characterize the lot?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioning-and-retest-q01" }, { "text": "What temperature, humidity and packaging history accompanies its current condition?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "conditioning-and-retest-q02" }, { "text": "Which observed changes require retesting before weighing, dissolving or blending?", "kind": "action", "id": "conditioning-and-retest-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "solution-and-thermal-behaviour", "name": "Solution and thermal behaviour", "description": "Qualify β-lactose measurements by conditions and observation history.", "rationale": "Solution composition and thermal events need explicit interpretation before they can guide preparation or processing.", "layers": [ { "id": "dissolution-and-anomerization", "name": "Dissolution and anomerization", "description": "Track solution preparation, anomeric evolution and the meaning of reported solubility.", "findings": [ { "id": "time-resolved-solution-state", "name": "Time-resolved solution state", "description": "Avoid treating a starting solid label as a complete description of a later solution.", "questions": [ { "text": "What solvent, temperature, pH, concentration and elapsed time define the reported α-to-β ratio?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "time-resolved-solution-state-q01" }, { "text": "Does the solubility result describe initial dissolution or equilibrium with an identified residual solid?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "time-resolved-solution-state-q02" }, { "text": "When must an agent remeasure composition before using the solution as a β-lactose reference?", "kind": "action", "id": "time-resolved-solution-state-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-events", "name": "Thermal events", "description": "Interpret heating measurements without assigning unsupported constants.", "findings": [ { "id": "event-assignment", "name": "Event assignment", "description": "Separate measured thermal signals from conclusions about melting, water loss or degradation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under what pressure, atmosphere and heating rate were thermal events measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "event-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes melting, dehydration, phase conversion and decomposition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "event-assignment-q02" }, { "text": "Is a boiling point experimentally meaningful for this material, or should its absence be explicitly recorded?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "event-assignment-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "qualified-use-and-handling", "name": "Qualified use and handling", "description": "Translate β-lactose characterization into supported decisions for a particular lot.", "rationale": "Anomeric composition, grade and supplier documentation jointly determine whether a material meets a requested use.", "layers": [ { "id": "use-specific-release", "name": "Use-specific release", "description": "Match measured composition and physical properties to the actual application.", "findings": [ { "id": "fitness-for-purpose", "name": "Fitness for purpose", "description": "Require explicit acceptance criteria for reference, reagent, food or excipient roles.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the application require a minimum β fraction, total lactose content, specific solid form or particular particle distribution?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "fitness-for-purpose-q01" }, { "text": "Which certificate, specification and analytical results demonstrate suitability of this lot?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "fitness-for-purpose-q02" }, { "text": "Should the agent release, quarantine or reject the lot against those requirements?", "kind": "action", "id": "fitness-for-purpose-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "documented-handling", "name": "Documented handling", "description": "Connect the supplied material to applicable safety and regulatory records.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-and-controls", "name": "Classification and controls", "description": "Resolve identity, jurisdiction and powder-handling requirements from applicable evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which current SDS covers this β-lactose material, including its declared α-lactose content?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "classification-and-controls-q01" }, { "text": "What EC identifier, GHS classification and exposure limits are documented for the relevant jurisdiction, and which remain unverified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-and-controls-q02" }, { "text": "What dust-control, storage and disposal actions does the applicable documentation require?", "kind": "action", "id": "classification-and-controls-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This description interprets the name as β-D-lactose.", "Verify anomer-specific CAS, PubChem and EC identifiers before assigning them; generic lactose records may not distinguish anomers.", "Solid-state properties, thermal behaviour and applicable specifications require confirmation for the particular hydration state, anomeric purity and commercial grade." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Molecular formula", "value_or_pattern": "C12H22O11", "note": "Formula of anhydrous lactose; it does not distinguish the α and β anomers." }, { "scheme": "Carbohydrate structural nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranose", "note": "The terminal β specifies the configuration at the reducing glucose end." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "β-Lactose-containing lactose grades are used as pharmaceutical fillers and binders, including in tableting.", "Used in studies of sugar crystallization, anomeric composition and mutarotation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molar mass of anhydrous β-lactose", "typical_range": "342.30", "unit": "g/mol" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "In aqueous solution, mutarotation interconverts β-lactose and α-lactose, so a dissolved sample does not retain its initial anomeric purity.", "As a reducing sugar, it can undergo Maillard reactions with amino compounds, affecting colour and stability.", "Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal symptoms in people with lactose malabsorption; this is a lactose-wide property." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Lactose", "difference": "Lactose is the parent substance without specification of the reducing-end anomer; β-lactose specifies that configuration." }, { "name": "α-Lactose", "difference": "The free anomeric carbon on glucose has the α configuration rather than the β configuration; the galactose-to-glucose linkage remains β(1→4)." }, { "name": "α-Lactose monohydrate", "difference": "This crystalline material contains the α anomer and one molecule of water of crystallization per lactose molecule." }, { "name": "Lactulose", "difference": "Lactulose contains a fructose residue in place of lactose's glucose residue." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of β-lactose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.lactose intentionally cover only β-lactose, and does an existing world model already provide the authoritative publication?", "Which validated methods and sample-preparation controls reliably distinguish solid-state β content from anomeric composition measured after dissolution?", "What solid-phase, hydration and moisture-stability evidence supports the storage limits of the relevant β-lactose grades?", "Which primary measurements establish condition-specific solubility, mutarotation behaviour and thermal events without importing values for generic lactose or α-lactose monohydrate?", "Which jurisdiction-specific identity, safety and grade records apply to the actual supplied material, including any mixed-anomer composition?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 16, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a β-lactose, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify β-lactose, assess the anomeric composition and physical state of a sample, and determine its suitability for a specified use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 81 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a β-lactose, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 81 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one β-lactose from another, and a β-lactose from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a β-lactose sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a β-lactose from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a β-lactose is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a β-lactose is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a β-lactose is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a β-lactose is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a β-lactose is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a β-lactose is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a β-lactose passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a β-lactose between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a β-lactose, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a β-lactose is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a β-lactose and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a β-lactose is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a β-lactose performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a β-lactose.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a β-lactose at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a β-lactose there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What β-lactose is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name β-lactose unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of β-lactose exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How β-lactose behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of β-lactose, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is β-lactose incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How β-lactose can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is β-lactose classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover β-lactose, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a β-lactose came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a β-lactose and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a β-lactose is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a β-lactose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a β-lactose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a β-lactose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }