{ "model": { "rank": 2681, "code": "thing-q128015", "model_id": "vr.tr.guillotine", "name": "guillotine", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a guillotine, assess its configuration and condition, and determine whether documentation, conservation, access restriction or authorised specialist intervention is appropriate.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q128015/", "tier": 2, "score": 99, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 99, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.guillotine", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q128015", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128015", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:04:56Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.032708, "turns": 4, "seconds": 243.3, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 67.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b86-8e19-7d72-ac77-0c72ffec1765\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: guillotine\nRegistry id: vr.tr.guillotine\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA V" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q128015", "registryId": "vr.tr.guillotine", "name": "guillotine", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q128015/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.guillotine", "name": "guillotine", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a guillotine, assess its configuration and condition, and determine whether documentation, conservation, access restriction or authorised specialist intervention is appropriate.", "definition": "A purpose-built judicial beheading machine in which a weighted, typically oblique, blade is released to fall in grooves between two uprights and sever the neck held in a two-part lunette.", "scope_statement": "This draft owns the physical identity, blade-and-frame configuration, intended use, condition and intervention constraints of a guillotine, provisionally centred on the execution apparatus while leaving the registry boundary with cutting machines called guillotines unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "Identification as an execution apparatus, cutting machine, replica, fragment or unresolved candidate", "Relationships among the frame, guided blade assembly, support and release mechanism", "Execution-specific fittings where present, including the neck restraint and body support", "Completeness, structural condition, blade accessibility and stored mechanical energy", "Evidence of manufacture, alteration, historical use and reconstruction", "Conditions governing display, handling, conservation and specialist assessment" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Judicial sentences, execution procedures and legal institutions", "Biographies and personal records of people associated with the apparatus", "Detailed operating, construction or performance-optimisation instructions", "The building, exhibition or collection containing the apparatus", "General models of cutting processes and materials processed by industrial machines" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether a blade-bearing assembly moves along guides in a frame, rather than swinging as an axe or rotating as a saw.", "Look for a neck restraint and body-support arrangement to distinguish an execution configuration from a material-cutting machine.", "Distinguish the guided blade arrangement from a hinged paper trimmer whose blade sweeps about a pivot.", "Establish whether the object contains the relevant mechanism or merely reproduces its visible silhouette as a prop, miniature or static replica.", "Require configuration or documentary evidence in addition to the label 'guillotine', because the name alone does not settle the object's subtype." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification and confidence", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Execution apparatus; cutting machine; replica or prop; fragment; unresolved, with evidence and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Controls which interpretation and assessment questions apply without relying solely on the object's name." }, { "name": "Blade motion arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Guided descent; other guided motion; hinged motion; static representation; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Helps recognise the mechanism and distinguish superficially similar objects." }, { "name": "Principal component relationships", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Frame, guides, blade carrier, blade, support, lifting and release components: attached, detached, missing or uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Makes completeness and configuration assessable even when the apparatus is dismantled." }, { "name": "Execution-specific fittings", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Neck restraint and body support: present, absent, reconstructed, not applicable or uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Supports subtype identification and records features that may have been removed or reconstructed." }, { "name": "Physical envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Height, width and depth in millimetres; mass in kilograms where reliably established", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of display clearance, support requirements and specialist handling." }, { "name": "Blade assembly and energy state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Position, attachment, restraint and possible stored energy: observed, documented or unknown", "why_it_matters": "An apparently inactive apparatus may still contain a raised mass or another source of hazardous movement." }, { "name": "Structural and edge condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Observed frame damage, loose joints, guide deterioration, blade damage and edge accessibility, with assessment date", "why_it_matters": "Informs access restrictions and whether movement or intervention requires specialist assessment." }, { "name": "Historical component attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Component linked to manufacture, replacement, restoration or reconstruction evidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a composite or restored object from being treated as wholly original." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify the apparatus provisionally from visible configuration and documentary evidence.", "Record blade, frame and restraint components without activating the mechanism.", "Compare current condition with earlier photographs and conservation records.", "Flag uncertain restraint, accessible blade edges or unstable structural members for restricted access and specialist review.", "Prepare an evidence-based conservation or display assessment.", "Link documented historical claims to the specific apparatus or component they concern." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "SRC-001", "title": "Guillotine", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/guillotine", "what_it_supports": "Device anatomy (weighted oblique blade, uprights, lunette), Guillotin's proposal versus Louis-Schmidt construction, first Paris use in 1792, last French use in 1977, and abolition in 1981.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "SRC-002", "title": "guillotine (Q128015)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128015", "what_it_supports": "Canonical identifier for the execution apparatus as a physical object, distinct from the paper-cutting machine and from named predecessor devices.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "SRC-003", "title": "La Guillotine et l'imaginaire de la Terreur", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "How the French machine was designed, staged and understood as a uniform egalitarian method of death during the Revolution and the Terror (Daniel Arasse, Flammarion, 1987)." }, { "id": "SRC-004", "title": "Loi n° 81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "French statutory abolition of capital punishment, ending lawful use of the machine; published in the Journal officiel de la République française." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "guillotine-identity", "name": "Guillotine identity", "description": "Establish what the registered object is and which sense of guillotine applies.", "rationale": "The name can refer to materially different apparatuses, and appearance alone cannot establish intended use or authenticity.", "layers": [ { "id": "mechanism-and-use", "name": "Mechanism and use", "description": "Separate mechanical recognition from attribution of intended use.", "findings": [ { "id": "configuration-based-identification", "name": "Configuration-based identification", "description": "Record the evidence supporting identification as a guillotine and its provisional subtype.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observable blade-and-guide arrangement supports identification as a guillotine?", "kind": "definition", "id": "configuration-based-identification-q01" }, { "text": "What fittings or records distinguish an execution apparatus from a material-cutting machine?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "configuration-based-identification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "object-boundary", "name": "Object boundary", "description": "Identify whether the record concerns an assembled apparatus, a component group or a representation.", "findings": [ { "id": "assembly-or-representation", "name": "Assembly or representation", "description": "Make the physical extent and representational status of the recorded thing explicit.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record concern a complete apparatus, a dismantled assembly, an isolated component or a replica?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "assembly-or-representation-q01" }, { "text": "Which detached blade, frame or support components have evidence linking them to this apparatus?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "assembly-or-representation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "blade-frame-and-fittings", "name": "Blade, frame and fittings", "description": "Record the physical arrangement that gives this guillotine its identity and mechanical constraints.", "rationale": "Assessment depends on the relationships among the guided blade, supporting frame and use-specific fittings.", "layers": [ { "id": "guided-blade-assembly", "name": "Guided blade assembly", "description": "Describe the blade, carrier and guides as observed components.", "findings": [ { "id": "blade-and-guide-configuration", "name": "Blade and guide configuration", "description": "Record blade attachment, guide arrangement and visible departures from the documented configuration.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which blade, carrier and guide components are present, missing or substituted?", "kind": "definition", "id": "blade-and-guide-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "What visible damage, displacement or obstruction affects the relationship between the carrier and its guides?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "blade-and-guide-configuration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "support-and-use-fittings", "name": "Support and use fittings", "description": "Describe structural support and fittings that establish how the apparatus was configured.", "findings": [ { "id": "frame-and-restraint-arrangement", "name": "Frame and restraint arrangement", "description": "Record the frame and any neck restraint, body support or alternative work-support fittings without assuming all variants share them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which support and restraint fittings are present, and what evidence identifies their intended role?", "kind": "definition", "id": "frame-and-restraint-arrangement-q01" }, { "text": "Which fittings belong to the documented historical configuration, and which were added for restoration or display?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "frame-and-restraint-arrangement-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "mechanical-state-and-access", "name": "Mechanical state and access", "description": "Establish the current physical hazards and the evidence needed before handling or intervention.", "rationale": "Blade mass, accessible edges and uncertain retention can remain consequential even in a museum object or replica.", "layers": [ { "id": "blade-retention-and-energy", "name": "Blade retention and energy", "description": "Record the blade assembly's current position and the basis for judging unintended movement.", "findings": [ { "id": "retention-state", "name": "Retention state", "description": "Distinguish directly observed restraint from an unverified assumption that the mechanism is inactive.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is the blade assembly, and what evidence establishes whether its current retention has been assessed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "retention-state-q01" }, { "text": "Does uncertainty about raised mass, connected drive components or retention require access restriction pending specialist assessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "retention-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "structural-condition-and-intervention", "name": "Structural condition and intervention", "description": "Connect deterioration of the apparatus to permissible handling, display and conservation actions.", "findings": [ { "id": "handling-and-display-constraints", "name": "Handling and display constraints", "description": "Record how frame stability, blade accessibility and component attachment constrain proposed actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What cracks, corrosion, loose joints or detached parts affect the frame's support of the blade assembly?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "handling-and-display-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "What documented conditions must be met before this apparatus can be moved, displayed or conserved?", "kind": "action", "id": "handling-and-display-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "historical-identity-and-conservation", "name": "Historical identity and conservation", "description": "Track evidence of the apparatus's origin, attributed use and material changes.", "rationale": "A guillotine's historical identity may depend on disputed attribution or replacement components, which directly affects interpretation and conservation.", "layers": [ { "id": "attribution-and-use-evidence", "name": "Attribution and use evidence", "description": "Separate documented associations from inference or repeated labels.", "findings": [ { "id": "apparatus-specific-attribution", "name": "Apparatus-specific attribution", "description": "Tie claims about manufacture, location and historical use to evidence identifying this particular object.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which marks, inventories, photographs or custody records identify this particular apparatus?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "apparatus-specific-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Which claims of historical use are supported for this object, and which concern only a similar apparatus or general type?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "apparatus-specific-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "alteration-and-material-integrity", "name": "Alteration and material integrity", "description": "Record replacement, reconstruction and conservation changes that affect interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "component-change-history", "name": "Component change history", "description": "Preserve distinctions among surviving historical material, later repairs and reconstructed parts.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which blade, frame, lifting or restraint components were replaced or modified, and what records support those dates?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "component-change-history-q01" }, { "text": "Would a proposed conservation or display change remove evidence needed to distinguish historical material from reconstruction?", "kind": "action", "id": "component-change-history-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "1792 Louis-Schmidt Revolutionary machine (the first French judicial pattern, briefly also called louisette)", "Berger-pattern French machine (1870s redesign used in France into the late twentieth century)", "Portable or demountable travelling machine assembled at the place of execution in the French provinces", "Prison-fixed twentieth-century French machine (Santé, Fresnes, Baumettes and similar installations)", "German and Austrian Fallbeil (heavier falling axe, usually shorter drop, often in a wooden housing)", "Conserved historical original held as a museum or state-custody object", "Non-functional exhibition, theatre or film replica" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q128015", "note": "Item for the execution apparatus; the paper-cutting machine is a different item (Q5450227)." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "Guillotine", "note": "Authorized subject heading for the beheading machine." }, { "scheme": "Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus", "value_or_pattern": "guillotines (execution equipment)", "note": "AAT class for the execution device; numeric AAT ID not confirmed in this pass." }, { "scheme": "WordNet", "value_or_pattern": "instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles; used for beheading people", "note": "Sense aligned with this PHY.OBJ entry; numeric synset offset not confirmed in this pass." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "French Penal Code of 1791 (Assemblée nationale constituante / French state): death by simple decapitation as the uniform capital method, replacing rank-based and aggravated killings.", "Legislative Assembly decisions of March 1792 (France): adoption of the Louis-Schmidt machine as the instrument of that method.", "Loi n° 81-908 du 9 octobre 1981 portant abolition de la peine de mort (French Parliament / Journal officiel): ended lawful executions in France.", "Article 66-1 of the French Constitution (constitutional revision of 2007): prohibition of the death penalty.", "Protocol No. 6 (1983) and Protocol No. 13 (2002) to the European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe): abolition of the death penalty in peacetime and in all circumstances among parties." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Judicial execution in France from the first public use on Nicolas Jacques Pelletier (Paris, 25 April 1792) to the last, Hamida Djandoubi (Baumettes, Marseille, 10 September 1977).", "Mass public use during the Terror and later as a prison-yard instrument after public executions ended in France (1939).", "Colonial and extra-metropolitan use under French administration (Maghreb, Indochina, Caribbean) and related falling-blade machines in other European jurisdictions.", "German Fallbeil use at scale under the Nazi regime, and limited successor use in German jurisdictions into the mid-twentieth century.", "Surviving originals held in museum or state custody; replicas used in film, theatre and historical display; the machine remains a political emblem of the Terror and of egalitarian capital punishment." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "overall height of a typical French machine", "typical_range": "3.5-4.5 (commonly cited around 4)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "mass of the falling assembly (blade and mouton) on a French machine", "typical_range": "30-40", "unit": "kg" }, { "quantity": "free-fall drop of the blade on a French machine", "typical_range": "2.0-2.5", "unit": "m" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Incomplete or prolonged decapitation when the blade is dull, misaligned, or the neck is not fully seated in the lunette.", "Release-mechanism failure: premature drop during preparation, or failure of the mouton to fall when the trigger is operated.", "Binding of the blade in the upright grooves from warping, debris, or poor assembly of a portable machine.", "Injury to attendants while erecting, testing, or dismantling a travelling machine.", "On surviving examples: timber decay, corrosion, and loss of edge geometry that make the object unsafe to move or historically misleading if restored without record.", "The device's designed function is lethal; historically it enabled high-throughput judicial killing." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "French and English name the machine after Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, who proposed a uniform humane method in 1789 but did not design or build it; contemporaries also used louisette/louison after Antoine Louis.", "In German-speaking practice the usual term is Fallbeil: typically a heavier blade, shorter drop, and often an enclosed wooden frame rather than the tall open French scaffold.", "Britain had earlier sliding-axe machines (Halifax Gibbet, Scottish Maiden) but did not adopt the 1792 French machine; the United States never made it a standard method. French colonial use left local names (for example Vietnamese máy chém)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "paper-cutting guillotine (stack cutter)", "difference": "Cuts clamped stacks of sheet material on a table; it is a print-shop or office machine (Wikidata Q5450227), not a lunette-and-uprights beheading apparatus." }, { "name": "Halifax Gibbet", "difference": "An earlier English sliding-axe beheading machine at Halifax; same falling-blade principle, but a distinct pre-1792 device not built to the Louis-Schmidt pattern." }, { "name": "Scottish Maiden", "difference": "A sixteenth-eighteenth-century Scottish falling-blade machine; predecessor, not a French guillotine." }, { "name": "executioner's sword or axe", "difference": "Decapitation by a hand-delivered blow; no grooved uprights, mouton, or triggered drop." }, { "name": "gallows", "difference": "Kills by hanging, not by a falling blade through the neck." }, { "name": "tonsil guillotine (surgical)", "difference": "A small handheld instrument for amputating tonsils; named by analogy, not a judicial machine." }, { "name": "flying guillotine", "difference": "A legendary or cinematic thrown-collar weapon (separate registry item), not a scaffold-mounted falling blade." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of guillotine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.guillotine cover only execution apparatuses, or also industrial and office cutting machines bearing the name?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover this concept and therefore need to be linked rather than duplicated?", "Which configuration differences across documented guillotine variants require optional features rather than identification requirements?", "What evidence threshold should distinguish an original apparatus, a composite restoration, a reconstruction and a replica?", "Which specialist assessment criteria and applicable local requirements should govern handling, display and conservation for each included subtype?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a guillotine, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a guillotine, assess its configuration and condition, and determine whether documentation, conservation, access restriction or authorised specialist intervention is appropriate.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 99 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a guillotine, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 99 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one guillotine from another, and a guillotine from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a guillotine sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a guillotine from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a guillotine is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a guillotine is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a guillotine is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a guillotine is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a guillotine is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a guillotine is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a guillotine passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a guillotine between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a guillotine, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a guillotine is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What guillotine is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does guillotine perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise guillotine, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How guillotine is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does guillotine have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does guillotine need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about guillotine is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about guillotine hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern guillotine, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a guillotine came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a guillotine and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a guillotine is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a guillotine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a guillotine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a guillotine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }