{ "model": { "rank": 2592, "code": "thing-q128234", "model_id": "vr.tr.case", "name": "case", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammatical case by language, case inventory, forms and usage, for learning and translation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QTY", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q128234/", "tier": 2, "score": 101, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Iḍāfah", "adnominal case", "local case", "deep case", "inherent case", "cases of Russian nouns", "Finnish noun case", "marginal case" ], "aliasCount": 8, "merged": 8, "knownIn": 101, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.case-6", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q128234", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128234", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T07:03:19Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q128234", "registryId": "vr.tr.case", "name": "case", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QTY" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q128234/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.case", "name": "case", "purpose": "Let an agent handle grammatical case by language, case inventory, forms and usage, for learning and translation.", "definition": "A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns and adjectives marking their function in a clause, such as nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and locative, expressed by inflection or particles.", "what_it_is_for": "Marking relationships between words in a sentence.", "affordances": [ "identify the case of a word", "decline nouns", "learn case usage", "translate case meanings" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Marks grammatical function", "Languages have from zero to dozens of cases", "Expressed by inflection or adpositions", "Legal case or container case are other senses" ], "appearance": "Word endings, particles or word order in text.", "visual_identification": [ "Case endings in declension tables", "Case names such as genitive", "Deep case is a semantic role concept" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "core cases: nominative, accusative, ergative, absolutive", "oblique cases: genitive, dative", "local cases: locative, ablative, allative", "deep cases (semantic roles)" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "grammatical category", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is marked on", "target": "noun and pronoun", "why": "words" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "linguistics", "why": "field" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "legal case", "why": "another sense" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Leipzig Glossing Rules abbreviations" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Mislabelling cases across traditions", "Translating case literally" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "system", "name": "System", "description": "Case inventory.", "rationale": "Languages differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "language", "name": "Language", "description": "Which language.", "findings": [ { "id": "language-finding", "name": "Language", "description": "Language.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which language is concerned, and how many cases does it have?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is it nominative-accusative or ergative?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "names", "name": "Names", "description": "Case labels.", "findings": [ { "id": "names-finding", "name": "Names", "description": "Case names.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is this case called in this tradition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What gloss abbreviation applies?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "forms", "name": "Forms", "description": "Declension.", "rationale": "Forms vary by class.", "layers": [ { "id": "declension", "name": "Declension", "description": "Endings.", "findings": [ { "id": "declension-finding", "name": "Declension", "description": "Declension.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the form of this word in this case?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which declension class does it belong to?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "irregular", "name": "Irregular", "description": "Exceptions.", "findings": [ { "id": "irregular-finding", "name": "Irregular", "description": "Irregular forms.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the form irregular?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which reference grammar confirms it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "usage", "name": "Usage", "description": "When to use.", "rationale": "Usage decides case.", "layers": [ { "id": "governance", "name": "Governance", "description": "Verbs and prepositions.", "findings": [ { "id": "governance-finding", "name": "Governance", "description": "Case government.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which case does this verb or preposition require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Are there exceptions?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "meaning", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Function.", "findings": [ { "id": "meaning-finding", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Case meaning.", "questions": [ { "text": "What meaning does the case express here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How would it be rendered in English?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "senses", "name": "Senses", "description": "Disambiguation.", "rationale": "Case has many senses.", "layers": [ { "id": "other", "name": "Other senses", "description": "Legal, medical, container.", "findings": [ { "id": "other-finding", "name": "Senses", "description": "Other senses.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a legal, medical or container case meant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Study.", "findings": [ { "id": "learning-finding", "name": "Learning", "description": "Learning cases.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can learners master case usage?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which resources help?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should individual cases be separate entries?", "How should case systems per language be linked?", "How should other senses be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "unit, quantity or measure", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a case, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle grammatical case by language, case inventory, forms and usage, for learning and translation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Iḍāfah, adnominal case, local case, deep case, inherent case, cases of Russian nouns, Finnish noun case, marginal case.", "8 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a case, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see: a unit is a convention. What is seen is an instrument reading in it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Iḍāfah", "adnominal case", "local case", "deep case", "inherent case", "cases of Russian nouns", "Finnish noun case", "marginal case" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 101 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 8 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one case from another, and a case from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a case sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a case from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a case passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a case between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a case, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a case is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definition-and-realisation", "name": "Definition, dimension and realisation", "description": "What case is defined as and how it is realised in practice.", "rationale": "A unit is not the quantity it measures, and its definition has a history that older data still depends on.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition and dimension", "description": "The defining relation and the quantity it measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-record", "name": "Definition, body and date", "description": "What defines it now, and what defined it before.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-record-q01", "text": "How is case defined, by which body, and since when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-record-q02", "text": "What was the previous definition, and what data still depends on it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion", "name": "Conversion and compatibility", "description": "Relations to other units, exact or approximate.", "findings": [ { "id": "conversion-record", "name": "Conversions and their exactness", "description": "Factors, and whether each is exact by definition.", "questions": [ { "id": "conversion-record-q01", "text": "What conversions relate case to other units, and which are exact by definition?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "conversion-record-q02", "text": "Where does rounding a conversion change a decision, and how should that be recorded?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a case came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a case and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a case is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a case, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a case, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a case is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 10, "questions": 28 } } } }