{ "model": { "rank": 3793, "code": "thing-q128709", "model_id": "vr.tr.viscosity", "name": "viscosity", "purpose": "Let an agent define viscosity and its kinds, relay values, units and measurement methods from reference sources, explain Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviour, and describe applications across fields.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q128709/", "tier": 2, "score": 82, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "kinematic viscosity", "dynamic viscosity", "viscosity of solution", "viscosity of solvent", "extensional viscosity", "time-dependent viscosity", "intrinsic viscosity", "volume viscosity", "inherent viscosity" ], "aliasCount": 9, "merged": 9, "knownIn": 82, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q128709", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T00:46:58Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q128709", "registryId": "vr.tr.viscosity", "name": "viscosity", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q128709/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.viscosity", "name": "viscosity", "purpose": "Let an agent define viscosity and its kinds, relay values, units and measurement methods from reference sources, explain Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviour, and describe applications across fields.", "definition": "A measure of a fluid resistance to flow or deformation, expressed as dynamic viscosity in pascal-seconds or poise and as kinematic viscosity, the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density, in square metres per second or stokes, with extensions such as extensional viscosity for stretching flows and time-dependent viscosity in thixotropic and rheopectic fluids; viscosity depends strongly on temperature, distinguishes Newtonian from non-Newtonian fluids, and matters in lubrication, food, blood flow, polymers and geology.", "what_it_is_for": "Characterising resistance to flow.", "affordances": [ "define and explain kinds", "relay values and units", "explain measurement", "describe applications" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Shear stress to strain rate ratio", "Temperature dependence", "Newtonian and non-Newtonian", "Many measurement methods" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; seen as how slowly a liquid pours.", "visual_identification": [ "Resistance of a fluid to flow", "Dynamic, kinematic, extensional and time-dependent viscosity", "Density is mass per volume; surface tension is a different property" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "water dynamic viscosity at 20 C", "typical_range": "about 1.0", "unit": "mPa s", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "honey dynamic viscosity", "typical_range": "about 2000-10000", "unit": "mPa s", "note": "varies" }, { "quantity": "air dynamic viscosity at 20 C", "typical_range": "about 0.018", "unit": "mPa s", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "dynamic viscosity", "kinematic viscosity", "viscosity of solutions and solvents, including intrinsic viscosity", "extensional viscosity", "time-dependent viscosity in thixotropic and rheopectic fluids", "apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "intensive quantity", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "resistance force", "why": "in registry terms, loosely" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "rheology", "why": "the field" }, { "relation": "is measured by", "target": "viscometer", "why": "and rheometers" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "SI unit", "value_or_pattern": "Pa s", "note": "dynamic" }, { "scheme": "SI unit", "value_or_pattern": "m2/s", "note": "kinematic" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO and ASTM viscosity measurement standards", "SAE and ISO viscosity grades for lubricants", "Pharmacopoeial viscosity tests" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Unit confusion between dynamic and kinematic", "Ignoring temperature dependence", "Applying Newtonian assumptions to non-Newtonian fluids" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "define", "name": "Define", "description": "Definition and kinds.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is viscosity, and how do dynamic and kinematic viscosity differ?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about viscosity or another fluid property?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "behaviour", "name": "Behaviour", "description": "Newtonian and non-Newtonian.", "findings": [ { "id": "behaviour-finding", "name": "Behaviour", "description": "Behaviour.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do Newtonian, shear-thinning, shear-thickening and time-dependent fluids differ?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific behaviour?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measure", "name": "Measure", "description": "Measurement and values.", "rationale": "Metrology.", "layers": [ { "id": "methods", "name": "Methods", "description": "Methods.", "findings": [ { "id": "methods-finding", "name": "Methods", "description": "Methods.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is viscosity measured with capillary, rotational, falling ball and other viscometers?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "values", "name": "Values", "description": "Values and units.", "findings": [ { "id": "values-finding", "name": "Values", "description": "Values.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are typical viscosities of common fluids, and how are units converted?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which entry fits unit conversion?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "science", "name": "Science", "description": "Physics and theory.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "physics", "name": "Physics", "description": "Molecular origin.", "findings": [ { "id": "physics-finding", "name": "Physics", "description": "Physics.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the molecular origin of viscosity in gases and liquids, and why does temperature matter?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flow", "name": "Flow", "description": "Role in fluid dynamics.", "findings": [ { "id": "flow-finding", "name": "Flow", "description": "Flow.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does viscosity enter the Navier-Stokes equations and the Reynolds number?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits fluid dynamics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Applications.", "rationale": "Application.", "layers": [ { "id": "engineering", "name": "Engineering", "description": "Engineering.", "findings": [ { "id": "engineering-finding", "name": "Engineering", "description": "Engineering.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does viscosity matter in lubrication, pipelines, polymers and food processing?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific application?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "nature", "name": "Nature", "description": "Nature and body.", "findings": [ { "id": "nature-finding", "name": "Nature", "description": "Nature.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does viscosity matter in blood flow, magma and the Earth mantle?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific field?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should kinematic viscosity be a separate entry?", "How should reference tables be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming kinds and contexts; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a viscosity, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent define viscosity and its kinds, relay values, units and measurement methods from reference sources, explain Newtonian and non-Newtonian behaviour, and describe applications across fields.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: kinematic viscosity, dynamic viscosity, viscosity of solution, viscosity of solvent, extensional viscosity, time-dependent viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, volume viscosity, inherent viscosity.", "9 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 82 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a viscosity, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "kinematic viscosity", "dynamic viscosity", "viscosity of solution", "viscosity of solvent", "extensional viscosity", "time-dependent viscosity", "intrinsic viscosity", "volume viscosity", "inherent viscosity" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 82 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 9 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one viscosity from another, and a viscosity from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a viscosity sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a viscosity from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a viscosity passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a viscosity between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a viscosity, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a viscosity is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What viscosity is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of viscosity are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is viscosity operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of viscosity and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of viscosity?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as viscosity?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a viscosity came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a viscosity and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a viscosity is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a viscosity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a viscosity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a viscosity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }