{ "model": { "rank": 3538, "code": "thing-q128991", "model_id": "vr.tr.biofuel", "name": "biofuel", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a biofuel, assess its usable condition and provenance, and determine which fuel applications its documented properties support.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q128991/", "tier": 2, "score": 84, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "biodiesel", "hydrotreated vegetable oil", "NexBTL", "algal biofuel", "phytofuel", "liquid biofuel", "gas biofuel", "solid biofuel", "jatropha oil", "algae fuel", "ethanol fuel", "Seaweed fuel", "sustainable biofuels", "aviation biofuel", "dung cake", "second-generation biofuels", "bioethanol", "Sustainable Aviation Fuel" ], "aliasCount": 18, "merged": 18, "knownIn": 84, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q128991", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128991", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:29:56Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 29.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c45-88ee-7c53-b510-c6ffeabfdf25\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: biofuel\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 registe", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 70.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c45-88f7-7de3-9ad4-6d697a5ced91\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: biofuel\nRegistry id: vr.tr.biofuel\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q128991", "registryId": "vr.tr.biofuel", "name": "biofuel", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q128991/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.biofuel", "name": "biofuel", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a biofuel, assess its usable condition and provenance, and determine which fuel applications its documented properties support.", "definition": "Biofuel is a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel produced from biomass, distinguished by its biological feedstock origin rather than by a single chemical composition or guaranteed environmental benefit.", "scope_statement": "This model owns biofuel as a biomass-derived fuel material, including solid, liquid and gaseous forms, with batch-level composition, biogenic content, quality, handling constraints and provenance; blends require explicit separation of biogenic and non-biogenic contributions.", "in_scope": [ "Fuel identity, physical form, grade and intended energy use", "Biomass feedstock origin, conversion pathway and batch traceability", "Biogenic content, blend composition, impurities and additives", "Measured fuel properties and compatibility with specified equipment", "Storage condition, deterioration and material-specific hazards", "Evidence supporting lifecycle emissions and sustainability claims" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Design and operation of farms, forests and feedstock collection systems", "Engineering and control of biofuel production facilities", "Design of engines, burners, boilers and fuel distribution infrastructure", "Biobased materials whose intended function is not fuel", "Operation of certification schemes, credit markets and subsidy programmes" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish both biomass-derived origin and intended energy use; biological origin alone does not distinguish a fuel from food, feed or a biobased chemical.", "Distinguish biological origin from molecular identity: chemically similar fuels may require provenance or biogenic-content evidence to separate biomass and fossil contributions.", "Identify the fuel family and conversion pathway rather than treating ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, biogas and solid biomass fuels as interchangeable.", "Record biogenic fraction and its measurement basis for mixed fuels rather than assigning an unqualified biofuel label to the entire blend.", "Assess sustainability separately from identity; biomass origin alone does not establish a lifecycle emissions benefit." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Fuel family and physical form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared fuel family; solid, liquid or gas at stated temperature and pressure", "why_it_matters": "Determines which property measurements, handling constraints and application checks apply." }, { "name": "Feedstock and conversion provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to biomass inputs, origin records, conversion pathway and production batch", "why_it_matters": "Supports origin verification and interpretation of quality and environmental claims." }, { "name": "Biogenic fraction", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% with explicit basis, such as carbon, mass, volume or energy; method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Prevents incompatible blend percentages or accounting claims from being treated as equivalent." }, { "name": "Composition and contaminants", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Constituent-specific mass or volume fractions, mg/kg or mg/m³ under stated conditions", "why_it_matters": "Connects fuel identity and quality to equipment compatibility, emissions and handling." }, { "name": "Heating value", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "MJ/kg or MJ/m³; lower or higher heating value; moisture basis and reference conditions", "why_it_matters": "Allows meaningful comparison of usable energy across batches and fuel forms." }, { "name": "Water content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass %, mg/kg or gas water dew point in °C at stated pressure, as applicable", "why_it_matters": "Informs energy yield, phase behaviour, storage stability and acceptance checks." }, { "name": "Application-specific performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Applicable properties such as viscosity in mm²/s, cold-flow temperatures in °C, cetane or octane rating, ash mass %, or Wobbe index in MJ/m³", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a particular fuel can serve a particular combustion system." }, { "name": "Condition and stability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Assessed condition with evidence, including phase separation, oxidation, microbial contamination or moisture ingress where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes original certification from the fuel's present usability." }, { "name": "Grade and acceptance status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Declared specification and edition; conforming, nonconforming or unassessed against a named application", "why_it_matters": "Makes acceptance conditional on documented requirements and current evidence." }, { "name": "Lifecycle greenhouse-gas intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g CO₂e/MJ with lifecycle boundary, allocation method, data period and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Makes environmental comparisons interpretable without assuming all biofuels have the same impact." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a fuel batch by family, physical form and documented biogenic contribution.", "Compare measured quality with a specified equipment or fuel-grade requirement.", "Evaluate a proposed blend using component properties and explicit blend limits.", "Identify missing tests or condition evidence before accepting, storing or using a batch.", "Select handling constraints from the fuel's documented hazards and storage condition.", "Audit provenance and compare environmental claims under consistent accounting boundaries." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "biofuel-identity", "name": "Biofuel identity", "description": "Establish what material is being called biofuel and which portion of it has biomass-derived origin.", "rationale": "Biofuel is an origin-and-use category spanning different materials, rather than one chemical substance.", "layers": [ { "id": "fuel-family-and-boundary", "name": "Fuel family and boundary", "description": "Identify the fuel material and distinguish it from feedstock, intermediates and nonfuel products.", "findings": [ { "id": "declared-fuel-identity", "name": "Declared fuel identity", "description": "Record fuel family, intended energy use and the material boundary of the assessed batch.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which fuel family and intended energy use identify this material as a biofuel?", "kind": "definition", "id": "declared-fuel-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Is the assessed material a usable fuel, a blend component or a precursor requiring further conversion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "declared-fuel-identity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "biogenic-share", "name": "Biogenic share", "description": "Separate physical biomass-derived content from fossil content and attributed claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "origin-fraction-evidence", "name": "Origin fraction evidence", "description": "Capture the basis and evidence for the claimed biogenic fraction.", "questions": [ { "text": "What biogenic fraction is reported, on what basis, and with which measurement or calculation method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "origin-fraction-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does the claim describe physical batch content or an allocation under a chain-of-custody system?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "origin-fraction-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "feedstock-and-conversion", "name": "Feedstock and conversion", "description": "Connect the fuel to its biological inputs and the transformations that produced it.", "rationale": "Feedstock and conversion history help explain fuel differences and substantiate origin claims.", "layers": [ { "id": "biomass-inputs", "name": "Biomass inputs", "description": "Describe the biomass sources contributing to the batch.", "findings": [ { "id": "feedstock-origin", "name": "Feedstock origin", "description": "Record feedstock identity, source location and evidence for any waste or residue designation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which crops, residues, wastes or other biomass inputs contributed to this fuel batch?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "feedstock-origin-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports their geographic origin and any claimed waste or residue status?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "feedstock-origin-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion-and-custody", "name": "Conversion and custody", "description": "Track relevant transformations and transfers without modelling the production plant.", "findings": [ { "id": "batch-transformation-record", "name": "Batch transformation record", "description": "Connect production, upgrading and blending records to the assessed material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which conversion and upgrading steps produced this fuel, and which batch records support that pathway?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "batch-transformation-record-q01" }, { "text": "Where did blending, aggregation or custody changes limit traceability to individual biomass inputs?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "batch-transformation-record-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fuel-quality-and-use", "name": "Fuel quality and use", "description": "Relate measured composition and performance to an intended fuel application.", "rationale": "Biomass origin does not establish fitness for a particular engine, burner or boiler.", "layers": [ { "id": "composition-and-energy", "name": "Composition and energy", "description": "Characterise the constituents and energy properties relevant to the fuel family.", "findings": [ { "id": "measured-fuel-properties", "name": "Measured fuel properties", "description": "Capture representative batch measurements with their methods and reporting bases.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which constituents, water levels and contaminants must be measured for this fuel family?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measured-fuel-properties-q01" }, { "text": "What is the heating value, and are moisture basis, lower or higher value, and reference conditions stated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measured-fuel-properties-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-acceptance", "name": "Application acceptance", "description": "Assess a fuel or proposed blend against named use requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "equipment-and-grade-fit", "name": "Equipment and grade fit", "description": "Make acceptance depend on the applicable specification, equipment and operating conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which specification edition and equipment requirements govern acceptance, and which test results demonstrate compliance?", "kind": "action", "id": "equipment-and-grade-fit-q01" }, { "text": "What blend limits or operating constraints apply to the proposed use, and what evidence supports them?", "kind": "action", "id": "equipment-and-grade-fit-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-condition-and-hazards", "name": "Storage condition and hazards", "description": "Assess present fuel condition and constraints on storage, transfer and handling.", "rationale": "Different biofuel forms have different deterioration mechanisms and hazards that require material-specific evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "condition-over-time", "name": "Condition over time", "description": "Track whether storage and transport have altered usable quality.", "findings": [ { "id": "deterioration-assessment", "name": "Deterioration assessment", "description": "Record relevant degradation indicators and the conditions under which they were assessed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which deterioration mechanisms are relevant to this fuel, and what observations or tests establish its current condition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "deterioration-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "What storage history or elapsed time triggers retesting before use?", "kind": "action", "id": "deterioration-assessment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-constraints", "name": "Handling constraints", "description": "Connect physical form and composition to documented hazard controls.", "findings": [ { "id": "material-specific-hazard-evidence", "name": "Material-specific hazard evidence", "description": "Identify applicable hazards and safe handling requirements for the actual fuel or blend.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which documented hazards apply, including flammability, dust explosion, self-heating, toxicity or oxygen displacement where relevant?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "material-specific-hazard-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which safety data, classification and material-compatibility records determine storage and transfer requirements?", "kind": "action", "id": "material-specific-hazard-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "environmental-and-eligibility-evidence", "name": "Environmental and eligibility evidence", "description": "Evaluate environmental performance and the evidence behind application-specific eligibility claims.", "rationale": "Biofuel identity, environmental benefit and regulatory eligibility are separate determinations.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-performance", "name": "Lifecycle performance", "description": "Make emissions estimates and resource-impact claims conditional on stated boundaries and assumptions.", "findings": [ { "id": "lifecycle-accounting-basis", "name": "Lifecycle accounting basis", "description": "Record how lifecycle results were calculated and which effects remain uncertain.", "questions": [ { "text": "What lifecycle greenhouse-gas intensity is supported, using which boundary, allocation method and energy basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "lifecycle-accounting-basis-q01" }, { "text": "How are land-use change, biogenic carbon timing, coproducts and the alternative fate of feedstocks addressed or excluded?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "lifecycle-accounting-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "claim-and-scheme-eligibility", "name": "Claim and scheme eligibility", "description": "Link specific sustainability or eligibility claims to applicable rules and evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-claim-scope", "name": "Documented claim scope", "description": "Constrain claims to the batch, jurisdiction, period and criteria actually supported.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which jurisdiction, scheme version, intended use and validity period govern the claimed eligibility?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "documented-claim-scope-q01" }, { "text": "Which certificates and custody records support the claim for this batch, and which criteria remain unverified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-claim-scope-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This description uses the broad solid, liquid and gaseous sense; the registry's intended boundary should be checked.", "Heating values are approximate lower heating values; moisture, composition and measurement basis must accompany comparisons.", "Standard editions, jurisdiction-specific requirements and lifecycle emissions need verification; biomass origin alone does not establish carbon neutrality or sustainability." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Solid biomass fuels, including fuelwood and pellets", "Bioethanol", "Biodiesel consisting of fatty acid alkyl esters", "Hydrotreated renewable diesel", "Biogas and upgraded biomethane", "Bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "Assigned to particular substances or specified mixtures, not to biofuel as a whole", "note": "Ethanol has CAS number 64-17-5, but this identifier does not distinguish biological from synthetic origin; biofuels do not share one formula, purity grade or chemical identifier." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ASTM International ASTM D6751: biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels.", "ASTM International ASTM D4806: denatured fuel ethanol for blending with gasoline.", "European Committee for Standardization EN 14214: requirements and test methods for fatty acid methyl esters used in diesel engines and heating applications.", "European Committee for Standardization EN 15376: requirements and test methods for ethanol used as a petrol blending component.", "International Organization for Standardization ISO 17225 series: solid biofuel specifications and classes." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Blending ethanol into petrol for spark-ignition engines", "Using biodiesel blends or approved renewable diesel in compression-ignition engines", "Burning solid biomass for domestic or industrial heating", "Generating electricity and useful heat from biomass or biogas", "Upgrading biogas to biomethane for gas-grid injection or vehicle fuel" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Lower heating value of nearly anhydrous ethanol", "typical_range": "26-27", "unit": "MJ/kg" }, { "quantity": "Lower heating value of fatty acid methyl ester biodiesel", "typical_range": "36-38", "unit": "MJ/kg" }, { "quantity": "Lower heating value of dry wood", "typical_range": "18-20", "unit": "MJ/kg" }, { "quantity": "Methane fraction in raw anaerobic-digestion biogas", "typical_range": "50-70", "unit": "% by volume" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Combustible liquids, gases and biomass dust can cause fires or explosions; applicable hazard classifications depend on the actual fuel and formulation.", "Incomplete combustion can produce carbon monoxide and particulate pollution.", "Water contamination, microbial growth and oxidation can degrade stored fuels, obstruct filters or promote corrosion.", "Unsuitable viscosity, cold-flow properties or blend composition can impair engines, burners, seals and fuel systems.", "Methane leakage and hydrogen sulfide in raw biogas create climate, toxicity and corrosion risks; oxygen displacement can cause asphyxiation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Definitions vary: some statistical and policy frameworks reserve biofuel for transport fuels, while broader technical usage includes solid biomass and gaseous fuels.", "Fuel grades, permitted blends, labeling and equipment approvals differ between markets.", "Sustainability and emissions accounting differ in their treatment of feedstocks, land-use change, processing energy and coproducts." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "biomass", "difference": "Biomass is biological material; biofuel is biomass or a biomass-derived material used as fuel." }, { "name": "fossil fuel", "difference": "Fossil fuel derives from geologically transformed organic matter; biological ancestry alone does not make it biofuel." }, { "name": "bioenergy", "difference": "Biofuel is an energy-bearing material; bioenergy is energy obtained from biomass." }, { "name": "biodiesel", "difference": "Biodiesel is the fatty acid alkyl ester subset of biofuels, rather than every biologically derived diesel substitute." }, { "name": "renewable diesel", "difference": "Renewable diesel is a hydrocarbon diesel fuel from renewable feedstocks; it is chemically distinct from ester-based biodiesel." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of biofuel this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend biofuel to include solid biomass fuels, or does its local vocabulary reserve the term for liquid and gaseous fuels?", "Which existing Vercy models cover fuel, biomass and individual biofuel families, and which properties should this model inherit or reference?", "How should fuels combining biomass-derived and non-biogenic inputs represent physical origin separately from certification allocations?", "Which authoritative specifications, chemical identifiers and hazard sources apply to each included fuel family and target jurisdiction?", "Which lifecycle accounting methods and evidence thresholds should govern comparisons when land-use effects, carbon timing or feedstock counterfactuals remain disputed?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a biofuel, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a biofuel, assess its usable condition and provenance, and determine which fuel applications its documented properties support.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: biodiesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil, NexBTL, algal biofuel, phytofuel, liquid biofuel, gas biofuel, solid biofuel, jatropha oil, algae fuel, ethanol fuel, Seaweed fuel.", "18 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 84 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a biofuel, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "biodiesel", "hydrotreated vegetable oil", "NexBTL", "algal biofuel", "phytofuel", "liquid biofuel", "gas biofuel", "solid biofuel", "jatropha oil", "algae fuel", "ethanol fuel", "Seaweed fuel" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 84 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 18 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one biofuel from another, and a biofuel from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a biofuel sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a biofuel from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a biofuel is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a biofuel is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a biofuel is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a biofuel is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a biofuel is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a biofuel is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a biofuel passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a biofuel between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a biofuel, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a biofuel is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a biofuel and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a biofuel is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a biofuel performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a biofuel.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a biofuel at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a biofuel there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What biofuel is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name biofuel unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of biofuel exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How biofuel behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of biofuel, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is biofuel incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How biofuel can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is biofuel classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover biofuel, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a biofuel came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a biofuel and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a biofuel is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a biofuel, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a biofuel, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a biofuel is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }