{ "model": { "rank": 4291, "code": "thing-q130760", "model_id": "vr.tr.turbine", "name": "turbine", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a turbine, record its fluid-to-shaft energy conversion and condition, and determine which operating or maintenance actions its configuration permits.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q130760/", "tier": 2, "score": 77, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "gas turbine", "out-flow radial turbine", "windmill fantail", "SETUR turbine", "Tesla turbine", "extraction condensing turbine", "turboexpander", "Geared turbine", "axial turbine", "ram air turbine", "steam turbine", "Parsons turbine", "Steffturbine", "TD-1500", "Microturbine", "windmill winding", "compound turbine", "water turbine", "Mercury vapour turbine", "radial turbine", "DR990", "Siemens Energy SGT5-9000HL", "General Electric LM2500", "Fiat type 8001", "Holzwarth gas turbine", "Rolls-Royce MT30", "Rolls-Royce Marine Olympus", "Turbomeca Palouste", "exhaust turbine", "aeroderivative gas turbine", "Chrysler turbine engines", "GE 9E.03", "General Electric E-class gas turbine", "GE 7E.03", "GE GT13E2", "Turbomeca Turmo 1 gas producer", "Velox boiler", "Klimov TV3-117", "CAT 16CM32C", "Alstom GT13E2" ], "aliasCount": 63, "merged": 63, "knownIn": 77, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q130760", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:53:39Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 27.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ba-ba6c-7ab1-9b6e-fb755240ff14\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: turbine\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 register", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 62.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ba-ba68-7920-89cf-b5685d9f56c8\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: turbine\nRegistry id: vr.tr.turbine\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q130760", "registryId": "vr.tr.turbine", "name": "turbine", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q130760/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.turbine", "name": "turbine", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a turbine, record its fluid-to-shaft energy conversion and condition, and determine which operating or maintenance actions its configuration permits.", "definition": "A turbine is a rotary machine that extracts energy from a flowing liquid or gas through its interaction with a bladed or bucketed rotor, producing mechanical power at a shaft.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the turbine kind: a rotary machine that extracts energy from a flowing fluid to produce mechanical shaft work, including the configuration, operating limits and condition evidence needed to assess instances; it distinguishes the turbine component from a complete generating or propulsion installation.", "in_scope": [ "Working fluid, energy source and turbine conversion principle", "Rotor, flow-path and stage configuration", "Shaft output, performance and operating envelope", "Admission, load regulation, protection and operating states", "Turbine-specific degradation, inspection and maintenance requirements" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Generators, electrical converters and grid connections", "Boilers, reactors, combustors and upstream heat-production systems", "Complete aircraft engines, power stations and hydraulic installations", "Wind-turbine-specific towers, foundations, yaw systems and siting", "Product-line catalogues and individual asset identity records" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A flowing fluid transfers energy to a rotating member and produces shaft torque; a pump or compressor primarily transfers shaft energy into the fluid.", "Energy conversion uses continuous rotary motion rather than the reciprocating piston cycle of a piston engine.", "A turbine extracts useful mechanical work; a nozzle alone changes fluid velocity without providing rotating shaft output.", "A turbine can drive a generator but does not itself require electromagnetic generation.", "Wind turbine is a narrower registered kind that adds wind-specific capture and installation features; those features do not define every turbine." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Working fluid and phase", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Water, steam, combustion gas, air or another identified fluid; liquid, gas or multiphase", "why_it_matters": "Determines which thermodynamic, erosion, corrosion and flow constraints need assessment." }, { "name": "Conversion and flow configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Impulse, reaction or mixed where applicable; axial, radial, mixed or cross-flow; open or enclosed flow path", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes turbine arrangements and identifies the appropriate performance description." }, { "name": "Stage and shaft arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Stage count; rotor and shaft count; direct or geared output connection", "why_it_matters": "Locates energy extraction and identifies mechanically coupled components." }, { "name": "Fluid conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Pressure in Pa, temperature in K and mass flow in kg/s at named stations; head in m where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Establishes available fluid energy and whether conditions remain within the approved envelope." }, { "name": "Mechanical output", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Shaft power in W, torque in N·m and rotational speed in rpm at a stated operating point", "why_it_matters": "Connects useful output to load, speed limits and performance evidence." }, { "name": "Characteristic dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Rotor or runner diameter in m; other flow-path dimensions identified by turbine family", "why_it_matters": "Supports scale identification and interpretation of speed and flow measurements." }, { "name": "Performance measure", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless efficiency or power coefficient, with definition, reference conditions and measurement boundary", "why_it_matters": "Prevents comparisons between incompatible measures of turbine performance." }, { "name": "Operating state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Stopped, starting, running, shutting down, tripped, isolated or under maintenance", "why_it_matters": "Determines which transitions and interventions can be considered." }, { "name": "Condition indicators", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Vibration in m/s² or mm/s, bearing temperature in K, clearances in m and family-specific indicators", "why_it_matters": "Provides evidence of developing damage when interpreted against applicable limits and trends." }, { "name": "Applicable technical authority", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to manufacturer limits, approved procedures, standards with issuer and edition, and applicable conformity records", "why_it_matters": "Grounds judgments and permitted actions in requirements for the actual turbine family and service." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a turbine by working fluid, conversion principle and flow configuration.", "Locate the turbine boundary within a larger energy-conversion installation.", "Compare measured output and fluid conditions with a compatible performance map.", "Assess operating-state transitions against documented permissives and protection status.", "Identify inspection needs from turbine-specific symptoms and service history.", "Route proposed operation or maintenance actions to the applicable procedure and responsible authority." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "turbine-identity-and-boundary", "name": "Turbine identity and boundary", "description": "Establishes what performs the turbine function and how it relates to narrower kinds and surrounding machinery.", "rationale": "The name turbine can refer to a rotor assembly or an entire installation, producing materially different assessments.", "layers": [ { "id": "conversion-identity", "name": "Conversion identity", "description": "Identifies fluid-driven rotary work extraction.", "findings": [ { "id": "fluid-to-shaft-work", "name": "Fluid-to-shaft work", "description": "Recognition requires evidence that fluid energy produces mechanical work on a rotating member.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which flowing fluid drives the rotor, and where is useful shaft torque delivered?", "kind": "definition", "id": "fluid-to-shaft-work-q01" }, { "text": "What distinguishes this operating function from pumping, compression or nozzle-only expansion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "fluid-to-shaft-work-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assembly-and-subtype-boundaries", "name": "Assembly and subtype boundaries", "description": "Separates the turbine from its host system and specialised registered kinds.", "findings": [ { "id": "turbine-component-extent", "name": "Turbine component extent", "description": "The model must identify the included flow path and rotor assembly while linking surrounding equipment and subtype extensions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the name refer to the turbine component, a complete gas-turbine engine or a larger generating installation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "turbine-component-extent-q01" }, { "text": "Which properties belong to this general turbine model, and which are additions owned by the registered wind turbine model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "turbine-component-extent-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fluid-path-and-rotor", "name": "Fluid path and rotor", "description": "Describes how the working fluid transfers energy through the turbine's rotating and stationary parts.", "rationale": "Flow arrangement and rotor architecture determine which measurements, limits and failure mechanisms apply.", "layers": [ { "id": "working-fluid-energy", "name": "Working-fluid energy", "description": "Records the fluid state and energy supply at explicit reference locations.", "findings": [ { "id": "fluid-state-and-driving-energy", "name": "Fluid state and driving energy", "description": "The available driving energy must be described in terms appropriate to the working fluid and open or enclosed flow path.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the driving resource characterised by hydraulic head, thermodynamic state change or kinetic energy in an open stream?", "kind": "definition", "id": "fluid-state-and-driving-energy-q01" }, { "text": "At which locations and operating conditions are pressure, temperature, flow, head or free-stream velocity measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fluid-state-and-driving-energy-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy-transfer-architecture", "name": "Energy-transfer architecture", "description": "Identifies rotor geometry, stationary flow-guiding elements and stage connections.", "findings": [ { "id": "rotor-and-stage-arrangement", "name": "Rotor and stage arrangement", "description": "The configuration record distinguishes blades, buckets or runner passages and identifies applicable staging and shaft arrangements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What rotor or runner geometry, flow direction and impulse or reaction classification describe this turbine?", "kind": "definition", "id": "rotor-and-stage-arrangement-q01" }, { "text": "Which drawings or manufacturer records establish stage count, rotor dimensions, shaft arrangement and adjustable flow elements?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "rotor-and-stage-arrangement-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "output-and-operating-envelope", "name": "Output and operating envelope", "description": "Relates shaft work and efficiency to fluid conditions and allowable operation.", "rationale": "A rated power alone cannot establish suitability, performance or an acceptable operating point.", "layers": [ { "id": "shaft-performance", "name": "Shaft performance", "description": "Defines useful output and comparable performance measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "performance-reference-boundary", "name": "Performance reference boundary", "description": "Power and efficiency records require an operating point, a measurement boundary and a defined treatment of losses.", "questions": [ { "text": "What shaft power, torque and speed occur at the recorded fluid conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "performance-reference-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Which efficiency or power-coefficient definition is used, and which mechanical or auxiliary losses does it include?", "kind": "definition", "id": "performance-reference-boundary-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "permitted-operating-region", "name": "Permitted operating region", "description": "Captures continuous, transient and excluded operating conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "configuration-specific-limits", "name": "Configuration-specific limits", "description": "Operating judgments depend on documented limits for the configuration and working fluid.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which speed, load, fluid-condition and ramp-rate limits apply, including any prohibited speed or load regions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "configuration-specific-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which approved map or limit document determines whether the current operating point is permitted?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "configuration-specific-limits-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulation-and-protection", "name": "Regulation and protection", "description": "Connects energy admission, shaft loading and protective responses to operating states.", "rationale": "Changes in fluid input or driven load can rapidly change rotor speed and require turbine-specific protective responses.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-admission-and-load-control", "name": "Energy admission and load control", "description": "Identifies how the turbine regulates input energy and output speed or load.", "findings": [ { "id": "governing-authority", "name": "Governing authority", "description": "Control capability depends on the installed admission devices, adjustable geometry and driven-load interface.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which valves, gates, guide vanes, blade adjustments or load controls regulate this turbine, and where are they modelled?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "governing-authority-q01" }, { "text": "What documented permissives and control authority are required before starting or changing speed or load?", "kind": "action", "id": "governing-authority-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "trip-and-safe-state", "name": "Trip and safe state", "description": "Records protective functions and the evidence needed to establish a safe stopped or isolated condition.", "findings": [ { "id": "overspeed-and-energy-isolation", "name": "Overspeed and energy isolation", "description": "Protection assessment must address loss of load, continuing fluid input, rotor run-down and residual energy.", "questions": [ { "text": "What detects overspeed or other trip conditions, and what documented response follows sudden loss of shaft load?", "kind": "definition", "id": "overspeed-and-energy-isolation-q01" }, { "text": "What approved procedure and verification establish isolation from driving fluid, rotation and residual pressure or heat before intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "overspeed-and-energy-isolation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "degradation-and-service-evidence", "name": "Degradation and service evidence", "description": "Connects turbine-specific damage mechanisms, condition observations and service requirements.", "rationale": "The significance of wear or abnormal behaviour depends on working fluid, rotor dynamics, materials and operating history.", "layers": [ { "id": "fluid-path-and-rotor-condition", "name": "Fluid-path and rotor condition", "description": "Identifies applicable degradation mechanisms and evidence of their progression.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-damage-mechanisms", "name": "Applicable damage mechanisms", "description": "Condition assessment selects relevant mechanisms rather than assuming every turbine shares the same failure modes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which mechanisms apply here: cavitation, droplet or particle erosion, fouling, corrosion, creep, fatigue, rubbing or rotor imbalance?", "kind": "definition", "id": "applicable-damage-mechanisms-q01" }, { "text": "What inspections and trends in vibration, temperature, clearance or performance support the current condition judgment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "applicable-damage-mechanisms-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "maintenance-and-acceptance", "name": "Maintenance and acceptance", "description": "Records service obligations and the authority for continued operation or return to service.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-basis-and-release", "name": "Service basis and release", "description": "Maintenance decisions require configuration-specific inspection criteria, applicable consumables and documented acceptance requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which manufacturer instructions and standards, identified by issuer and edition, govern inspection, acceptance and any required certification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "service-basis-and-release-q01" }, { "text": "Which lubrication, cooling, seal, cleaning or component-replacement tasks apply, and what evidence permits return to service?", "kind": "action", "id": "service-basis-and-release-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the machine kind, not a particular product or installed unit; terminology sometimes uses turbine for a larger engine or generating assembly.", "The kinds overlap: working-fluid categories and impulse/reaction operating principles are different classification axes.", "Standards are recalled without checking editions or applicability; measurement examples apply only to the stated steam-turbine configurations." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Steam turbine", "Hydraulic turbine", "Wind turbine", "Gas expansion turbine", "Impulse turbine", "Reaction turbine" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Manufacturer model designation", "value_or_pattern": "Manufacturer-specific series and model code", "note": "Identifies a design or product family; a serial number identifies an individual unit." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60045-1, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: specifications for steam turbines.", "IEC 60193, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: model acceptance tests for hydraulic turbines, storage pumps and pump-turbines.", "IEC 61400 series, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: wind energy generation systems.", "API Standard 611, issued by the American Petroleum Institute: general-purpose steam turbines for petroleum, chemical and gas industry services.", "API Standard 612, issued by the American Petroleum Institute: special-purpose steam turbines for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Driving electrical generators in thermal, hydroelectric and wind power systems.", "Driving industrial compressors and pumps.", "Extracting work in aircraft gas-turbine engines to drive compressors and fans.", "Driving turbocharger compressors using engine exhaust energy.", "Recovering energy during industrial gas pressure reduction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Shaft power of utility-scale steam turbines", "typical_range": "Approximately 100-1500", "unit": "MW" }, { "quantity": "Rated shaft speed of large steam turbines directly coupled to two-pole or four-pole synchronous generators", "typical_range": "1500 or 3000 at 50 Hz; 1800 or 3600 at 60 Hz", "unit": "rpm" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Overspeed can cause rotor or blade failure and high-energy fragment release; protective trip systems limit this risk.", "Blade fatigue, resonance or rotor imbalance can produce damaging vibration and component fracture.", "Bearing or lubrication failure can cause overheating, seizure and secondary rotor damage.", "Erosion, corrosion, deposits or foreign-object impacts can damage flow passages and reduce performance.", "Working-fluid hazards depend on the application: hydraulic turbines can suffer cavitation, while steam and hot-gas turbines present pressure and burn hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Grid frequency affects the rotational speed of directly coupled synchronous generating sets.", "Applicable machinery, pressure-equipment, electrical and environmental requirements depend on jurisdiction and installation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "wind turbine", "difference": "A narrower turbine kind that extracts energy from ambient wind; turbine also includes machines using water, steam and other gas flows." }, { "name": "pump", "difference": "A pump transfers mechanical energy into a liquid; a turbine extracts mechanical energy from a fluid." }, { "name": "compressor", "difference": "A compressor consumes mechanical work to raise gas pressure; a turbine extracts work from a fluid." }, { "name": "electric generator", "difference": "A generator converts mechanical power into electrical power; a turbine supplies mechanical power and need not drive a generator." }, { "name": "gas turbine engine", "difference": "The complete engine includes a compressor, combustor and turbine; its turbine component extracts work from the hot gas." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of turbine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend turbine to include complete gas-turbine engines in ordinary usage, or only their energy-extracting turbine components?", "Which specialised turbine kinds already have authoritative models, and how should their shared properties link to this model?", "Which standards, issuing bodies, editions and conformity requirements apply to each turbine family and intended jurisdiction?", "What sourced capacity, speed, dimension and efficiency ranges are representative of each family without implying a universal turbine range?", "Which condition thresholds and safe-state criteria can be generalised by turbine family, and which must remain manufacturer- and installation-specific?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a turbine, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a turbine, record its fluid-to-shaft energy conversion and condition, and determine which operating or maintenance actions its configuration permits.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: gas turbine, out-flow radial turbine, windmill fantail, SETUR turbine, Tesla turbine, extraction condensing turbine, turboexpander, Geared turbine, axial turbine, ram air turbine, steam turbine, Parsons turbine.", "63 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 77 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a turbine, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "gas turbine", "out-flow radial turbine", "windmill fantail", "SETUR turbine", "Tesla turbine", "extraction condensing turbine", "turboexpander", "Geared turbine", "axial turbine", "ram air turbine", "steam turbine", "Parsons turbine" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 77 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 63 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one turbine from another, and a turbine from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a turbine sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a turbine from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a turbine is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a turbine is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a turbine is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a turbine is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a turbine is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a turbine is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a turbine passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a turbine between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a turbine, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a turbine is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What turbine is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does turbine perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise turbine, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How turbine is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does turbine have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does turbine need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about turbine is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about turbine hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern turbine, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a turbine came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a turbine and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a turbine is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a turbine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a turbine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a turbine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }