{ "model": { "rank": 4127, "code": "thing-q130825", "model_id": "vr.tr.particle-accelerator", "name": "particle accelerator", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a particle accelerator, assess its beam-producing capabilities and operating state, and identify which actions its configuration, authorisations and protection systems permit.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q130825/", "tier": 2, "score": 78, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Cockcroft–Walton generator", "Synchrophasotron", "isotron", "Acceleratorer i Sverige", "heavy ion accelerator", "cyclic particle accelerator", "collider", "pelletron", "electrostatic particle accelerator", "Energy recovery linac", "booster synchrotron", "muon collider", "B-factory", "linear particle accelerator", "hadron collider", "Tandem accelerator" ], "aliasCount": 16, "merged": 16, "knownIn": 78, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q130825", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130825", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:32:06Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 24.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a6-dcf6-7062-80be-86ca46d57e5b\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: particle accelerator\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 71.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087a6-dcf3-7620-822f-2f1820c61cf7\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: particle accelerator\nRegistry id: vr.tr.particle-accelerator\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into thi" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q130825", "registryId": "vr.tr.particle-accelerator", "name": "particle accelerator", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q130825/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.particle-accelerator", "name": "particle accelerator", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a particle accelerator, assess its beam-producing capabilities and operating state, and identify which actions its configuration, authorisations and protection systems permit.", "definition": "A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to increase the kinetic energy of charged particles and, where required, magnetic or electric fields to guide and focus them into controlled beams.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the particle accelerator as a kind of physical machine that uses electric fields to increase the kinetic energy of charged particles, including the beam-generation, acceleration, transport, control and protection functions needed to describe an installation without confusing the kind with a product model, individual unit or whole facility.", "in_scope": [ "Accelerated particle species, charge states, injection arrangements and intended beam delivery", "Acceleration mechanism, machine geometry and staged energy gain", "Beam energy, intensity, timing, quality and operating envelope", "Vacuum, magnets, electrical power, cooling and configuration-dependent cryogenic systems", "Beam control, diagnostics, machine protection, personnel protection and maintenance states" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The accelerator facility as an organisation, site or civil-engineering project", "Standalone detectors and experimental apparatus receiving the beam", "Clinical treatment planning, patient dosimetry and medical decisions", "Downstream production processes for isotopes, materials or radiation", "Theories of particle interactions and analysis of experimental results", "Product catalogues, manufacturing records and individual asset identities except through links" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its intended function includes increasing charged-particle kinetic energy through electric fields; a transport line that only redirects or focuses a beam does not independently satisfy this test.", "It has an identifiable acceleration region or sequence and an associated particle trajectory, even when the acceleration structure is a plasma rather than a conventional cavity.", "An ion or electron source supplies particles; source extraction and accelerator stages must be distinguished by their documented roles, since one assembly can perform both.", "A storage ring qualifies through its acceleration functions, including energy replenishment where present; storage or circulation alone is insufficient.", "A neutron source, photon source or irradiation system may contain an accelerator, but its downstream neutral-particle or radiation output is distinct from the charged beam being accelerated." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Accelerated species and charge state", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Particle species; ion isotope and charge state where applicable; single-species or multi-species capability", "why_it_matters": "Determines compatible sources, acceleration settings, magnetic rigidity and interpretation of beam energy." }, { "name": "Acceleration mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Electrostatic, radio-frequency, induction, plasma-based or documented combination", "why_it_matters": "Identifies how energy is transferred and which supporting systems and constraints apply." }, { "name": "Machine geometry and staging", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Linear, circular, recirculating or hybrid; named injection, acceleration and extraction stages", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes a single accelerator from a chain and identifies where particles gain energy." }, { "name": "Injection and delivered kinetic energy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "eV and multiples; explicitly distinguish energy per particle from energy per nucleon", "why_it_matters": "Establishes energy gain and prevents incompatible comparisons between electron, proton and ion machines." }, { "name": "Beam intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "A, particles/s or particles/bunch; specify peak or average and measurement location", "why_it_matters": "Constrains usable output, thermal loads and protection requirements." }, { "name": "Beam timing", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Continuous or pulsed; pulse duration in s, repetition rate in Hz, bunch spacing in s and duty factor", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes beams with similar average intensity but different instantaneous effects." }, { "name": "Beam quality", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Emittance in m·rad with geometric or normalised convention; relative energy spread; beam size in m at a stated location", "why_it_matters": "Determines compatibility with apertures, downstream acceptance and intended beam use." }, { "name": "Acceleration and transport settings", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Applicable voltage in V, gradient in V/m, RF frequency in Hz, magnetic field in T and magnetic rigidity in T·m", "why_it_matters": "Relates commanded settings to attainable energy, orbit and focusing." }, { "name": "Physical extent and interfaces", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Length, circumference and aperture in m; interface locations and reference coordinate system", "why_it_matters": "Supports identification, integration and checking beam-path compatibility." }, { "name": "Supporting-system condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Vacuum, power, cooling and applicable cryogenic readiness; measured values and local acceptance limits", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the selected operating mode is supportable." }, { "name": "Operating and protection state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Off, maintenance, conditioning, standby, injection, acceleration, beam delivery or fault; local state definitions and independent permit states", "why_it_matters": "Separates a requested operating mode from actual beam readiness and authorised access." }, { "name": "Delivery and governance interfaces", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked injector, receiving beamline, target or dump; responsible operator; applicable authorisations and controlled procedures", "why_it_matters": "Defines handoffs and establishes who may approve actions under which requirements." } ], "affordances": [ "Compare a requested particle species, energy, intensity and timing pattern with a documented operating envelope.", "Trace the beam path through injection, acceleration and delivery interfaces to identify configuration dependencies.", "Assess readiness from current diagnostics, support-system conditions and independently reported protection permits.", "Propose an authorised operating procedure or configuration for qualified review using validated settings and local limits.", "Classify a fault or maintenance need and identify the required isolation, access and return-to-service evidence.", "Record delivered beam conditions and deviations with timestamps, measurement locations and uncertainty." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "accelerator-identity-and-boundary", "name": "Accelerator identity and boundary", "description": "Establishes what machine is being described and which acceleration functions it owns.", "rationale": "Accelerator names often refer interchangeably to one stage, an accelerator chain or an entire research facility.", "layers": [ { "id": "acceleration-principle", "name": "Acceleration principle", "description": "Identifies the particles and mechanism responsible for their kinetic-energy gain.", "findings": [ { "id": "charged-particle-energy-gain", "name": "Charged-particle energy gain", "description": "Record the accelerated species, charge states and electric-field mechanism without assuming that every accelerator uses RF cavities or bending magnets.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which charged particles are accelerated, and by what electric-field mechanism is their kinetic energy increased?", "kind": "definition", "id": "charged-particle-energy-gain-q01" }, { "text": "Which technical description establishes the mechanism and distinguishes it from particle generation, focusing or transport?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "charged-particle-energy-gain-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "machine-and-chain-boundaries", "name": "Machine and chain boundaries", "description": "Separates the accelerator from its injectors, downstream systems and host facility.", "findings": [ { "id": "stage-ownership-and-handoffs", "name": "Stage ownership and handoffs", "description": "Identify included stages and explicit beam interfaces, including whether a source, booster, storage ring or extraction line belongs to this machine.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where do this accelerator's injection and delivery boundaries lie, and which stages are included?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "stage-ownership-and-handoffs-q01" }, { "text": "Does the registered name denote one accelerator, a coordinated accelerator chain or a facility name used informally for its machine?", "kind": "definition", "id": "stage-ownership-and-handoffs-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "beam-capability-and-delivery", "name": "Beam capability and delivery", "description": "Describes what charged beam the machine can produce and where that capability is established.", "rationale": "Energy alone does not establish whether an accelerator can meet a particular experimental, industrial or medical beam requirement.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-intensity-and-timing", "name": "Energy, intensity and timing", "description": "Captures compatible beam parameters and their operating-mode dependencies.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-beam-envelope", "name": "Qualified beam envelope", "description": "Record demonstrated and authorised parameter combinations separately from design maxima; preserve energy and current conventions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What injection and output energies, intensities and timing patterns are supported together for each species and mode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "qualified-beam-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which measurements or acceptance records distinguish demonstrated performance from design capability and authorised limits?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "qualified-beam-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "beam-quality-and-receiving-interface", "name": "Beam quality and receiving interface", "description": "Relates the delivered beam to the acceptance of its destination.", "findings": [ { "id": "delivery-acceptance", "name": "Delivery acceptance", "description": "Describe beam size, emittance, energy spread and trajectory at a named interface, with the receiving system's acceptance conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "At which interface and under which conventions are beam size, emittance, trajectory and energy spread measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "delivery-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence must show that the selected destination can accept this beam before delivery is permitted?", "kind": "action", "id": "delivery-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "acceleration-and-support-systems", "name": "Acceleration and support systems", "description": "Connects energy gain and beam transport to the installed hardware and its supporting services.", "rationale": "Available beam modes depend on the actual acceleration structures, optics and support systems, which vary substantially across accelerator families.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-gain-and-beam-optics", "name": "Energy gain and beam optics", "description": "Captures applicable acceleration structures, guiding elements and synchronisation requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "validated-acceleration-configuration", "name": "Validated acceleration configuration", "description": "Associate an operating mode with its controlled acceleration settings, focusing or bending elements, timing and alignment references.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which accelerating elements and beam-guiding elements are required for the selected species, energy and trajectory?", "kind": "definition", "id": "validated-acceleration-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "Which validated configuration establishes the required field, voltage, frequency and timing relationships?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "validated-acceleration-configuration-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "vacuum-thermal-and-power-dependencies", "name": "Vacuum, thermal and power dependencies", "description": "Identifies supporting conditions needed for stable operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "mode-specific-support-readiness", "name": "Mode-specific support readiness", "description": "Record required vacuum, electrical and cooling conditions, adding cryogenic or plasma-production dependencies only where installed.", "questions": [ { "text": "What pressure, temperature, flow and electrical conditions must hold in each relevant subsystem for this mode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "mode-specific-support-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Which support-system deviations inhibit operation or require a controlled shutdown under the approved procedure?", "kind": "action", "id": "mode-specific-support-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "beam-control-and-protection", "name": "Beam control and protection", "description": "Represents observable machine states and the protections governing beam production and access.", "rationale": "A configured accelerator may still lack beam permission, and machine protection and personnel protection answer different readiness questions.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostics-and-operating-state", "name": "Diagnostics and operating state", "description": "Distinguishes requested settings, measured beam behaviour and confirmed state transitions.", "findings": [ { "id": "observable-beam-state", "name": "Observable beam state", "description": "Tie operating-state claims to applicable beam diagnostics, control readbacks and data freshness.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diagnostics establish beam presence, energy, intensity, position and loss for the current mode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observable-beam-state-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence confirms each permitted transition between standby, injection, acceleration and delivery?", "kind": "action", "id": "observable-beam-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "personnel-and-machine-permits", "name": "Personnel and machine permits", "description": "Captures independent access and beam permits, protective responses and authority to restore operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "protection-enforced-operating-permission", "name": "Protection-enforced operating permission", "description": "Record the protection conditions applicable to beam loss, occupied areas, electrical hazards and other installed-system hazards, without treating a control command as a safety permit.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which personnel-protection and machine-protection conditions must independently permit beam operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "protection-enforced-operating-permission-q01" }, { "text": "Which controlled safety documentation establishes protective responses, access conditions and authority for reset?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "protection-enforced-operating-permission-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "integrity-maintenance-and-authorisation", "name": "Integrity, maintenance and authorisation", "description": "Tracks whether the accelerator remains fit and authorised for its intended operating modes.", "rationale": "Wear, faults, activation and configuration changes can invalidate previously acceptable operating conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "degradation-and-intervention", "name": "Degradation and intervention", "description": "Connects accelerator-specific symptoms to inspection, isolation and maintenance evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "fault-and-maintenance-disposition", "name": "Fault and maintenance disposition", "description": "Record applicable failure modes such as vacuum leaks, electrical breakdown, RF detuning, magnet faults or superconducting quenches, alongside service-life limits and required interventions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observed trends or faults indicate degraded beam performance or compromised hardware integrity in the installed technology?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fault-and-maintenance-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "What isolation, residual-radiation assessment where applicable, servicing and verification are required before intervention and return to service?", "kind": "action", "id": "fault-and-maintenance-disposition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "requirements-and-change-control", "name": "Requirements and change control", "description": "Links use-specific obligations and operating permissions to the current configuration.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-requirements-and-acceptance", "name": "Applicable requirements and acceptance", "description": "Identify applicable standards by issuer and edition, regulatory or institutional authorisations, acceptance evidence and changes requiring renewed review.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which jurisdiction, intended use and installed technologies determine the applicable standards, issuing bodies and authorisations?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-requirements-and-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "Which configuration changes require new commissioning evidence, protection validation or authorisation before beam operation resumes?", "kind": "action", "id": "applicable-requirements-and-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the device class, not a particular facility, product model or installed unit; recalled information has not been checked against sources.", "Accelerator categories overlap: geometry, acceleration mechanism, particle species and application provide different classification axes.", "Energy ranges are illustrative and application-specific; verify applicable standard editions and local regulatory requirements before using them in a technical specification." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Electrostatic accelerator", "Linear accelerator", "Cyclotron", "Synchrocyclotron", "Synchrotron", "Betatron" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IAEA General Safety Requirements Part 3: Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources - International Basic Safety Standards.", "IEC 60601-2-1, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, addresses the basic safety and essential performance of medical electron accelerators operating from 1 MeV to 50 MeV.", "National radiation-protection regulations govern applicable accelerator installation, operation, shielding, occupational exposure and radioactive waste management." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Fundamental research using particle collisions, fixed targets and nuclear reactions.", "Cancer radiotherapy using electron, proton or ion beams, or accelerator-generated X-rays.", "Production of medical and research radionuclides.", "Industrial irradiation, material modification and semiconductor ion implantation.", "Generation of synchrotron radiation and spallation neutrons for investigating materials and biological structures." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Particle kinetic energy", "typical_range": "Application-dependent: commonly keV to MeV for implantation and irradiation, MeV to hundreds of MeV for therapy, and GeV to TeV for high-energy research", "unit": "eV and its multiples" }, { "quantity": "Clinical proton beam kinetic energy", "typical_range": "Approximately 70-250", "unit": "MeV per proton" }, { "quantity": "Clinical electron beam kinetic energy", "typical_range": "Approximately 4-25", "unit": "MeV per electron" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Beam loss or missteering can damage components and produce unintended radiation fields.", "Shielding deficiencies or access-interlock failures can expose people to prompt ionizing radiation.", "High-voltage systems and stored electrical energy present shock and arc hazards.", "Vacuum degradation and electrical breakdown can destabilize or interrupt beam operation.", "Depending on particle species, energy and target materials, irradiation can activate components and generate secondary neutrons; superconducting installations also introduce cryogenic hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Licensing authorities, authorization thresholds and inspection arrangements differ between jurisdictions.", "Medical accelerators are subject to jurisdiction-specific medical-device requirements as well as radiation-protection controls." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Particle collider", "difference": "A collider arranges collisions between opposing particle beams; many accelerators instead deliver beams to fixed targets or other applications." }, { "name": "Storage ring", "difference": "A storage ring primarily maintains circulating beams at a selected energy; increasing their energy is not its defining function." }, { "name": "Nuclear reactor", "difference": "A nuclear reactor sustains a controlled nuclear chain reaction, whereas an accelerator transfers energy to charged particles through electric fields." }, { "name": "Particle detector", "difference": "A detector measures particles or their interactions rather than primarily increasing particle kinetic energy." }, { "name": "Synchrotron light source", "difference": "A synchrotron light source is a facility organized to deliver radiation emitted by accelerated charged particles, typically incorporating accelerators, a storage ring and experimental beamlines." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of particle accelerator this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the existing Vercy catalogue already contain a world model covering particle accelerators that should remain the single source of truth?", "What boundary convention should govern integrated source-accelerators, accelerator chains, storage rings and energy-recovery machines?", "Which authoritative references establish representative capabilities and dimensions for each accelerator family without implying universal ranges?", "Which standards, certification requirements and authorisations apply to research, industrial and medical accelerators in the intended jurisdictions?", "Which diagnostic uncertainties, failure criteria and access-release conditions can be generalised, and which must remain specific to an installation and operating mode?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a particle accelerator, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a particle accelerator, assess its beam-producing capabilities and operating state, and identify which actions its configuration, authorisations and protection systems permit.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Cockcroft–Walton generator, Synchrophasotron, isotron, Acceleratorer i Sverige, heavy ion accelerator, cyclic particle accelerator, collider, pelletron, electrostatic particle accelerator, Energy recovery linac, booster synchrotron, muon collider.", "16 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a particle accelerator, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Cockcroft–Walton generator", "Synchrophasotron", "isotron", "Acceleratorer i Sverige", "heavy ion accelerator", "cyclic particle accelerator", "collider", "pelletron", "electrostatic particle accelerator", "Energy recovery linac", "booster synchrotron", "muon collider" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 78 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 16 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one particle accelerator from another, and a particle accelerator from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a particle accelerator sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a particle accelerator from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a particle accelerator is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a particle accelerator is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a particle accelerator is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a particle accelerator is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a particle accelerator is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a particle accelerator is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a particle accelerator passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a particle accelerator between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a particle accelerator, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a particle accelerator is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What particle accelerator is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does particle accelerator perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise particle accelerator, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How particle accelerator is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does particle accelerator have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does particle accelerator need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about particle accelerator is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about particle accelerator hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern particle accelerator, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a particle accelerator came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a particle accelerator and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a particle accelerator is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a particle accelerator, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a particle accelerator, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a particle accelerator is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }