{ "model": { "rank": 3209, "code": "thing-q131361", "model_id": "vr.tr.irony", "name": "irony", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate instances of irony, record competing interpretations and supporting cues, and choose a response appropriate to the audience and context.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q131361/", "tier": 2, "score": 89, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "irony in Hafez poetry", "Socratic irony" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 89, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q131361", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131361", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:09:00Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 29.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c32-5a18-71e1-9173-b6f11d35e24c\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: irony\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 546 things:\n# Batch 003: 1001 registered", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 71.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c32-5a0c-7100-bf31-ab53076a459e\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: irony\nRegistry id: vr.tr.irony\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext for " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q131361", "registryId": "vr.tr.irony", "name": "irony", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q131361/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.irony", "name": "irony", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate instances of irony, record competing interpretations and supporting cues, and choose a response appropriate to the audience and context.", "definition": "Irony is a family of communicative and narrative devices, and interpretations of events, in which an utterance, appearance, or expectation is understood against a contrasting meaning, reality, or outcome, though theories disagree about what makes that contrast specifically ironic.", "scope_statement": "This model owns irony as a communicative, narrative, or situational phenomenon involving a significant discrepancy between expression, expectation, knowledge, and an interpreted stance or outcome; it preserves disagreement about which discrepancies qualify and does not assume every instance is intentional.", "in_scope": [ "Verbal irony in speech, writing, and multimodal expression", "Dramatic irony arising from differences between audience and character knowledge", "Situational irony involving a meaningful reversal or frustration of expectations", "Competing explanations of irony and their criteria for identifying instances", "Contextual cues, audience uptake, interpretive uncertainty, and consequences of ironic communication" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Humour generally, including jokes without an ironic discrepancy", "Sarcasm as a broader practice of pointed mockery, except where it operates through irony", "Deception, lying, and misinformation without evidence supporting an ironic interpretation", "Metaphor, hyperbole, parody, and satire except where they participate in irony", "Coincidence, contradiction, hypocrisy, and unexpected outcomes without an articulated basis for calling them ironic" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An ironic reading must identify a relevant discrepancy and explain why it matters; a surprising event alone does not establish situational irony.", "For verbal irony, test whether the expression invites an interpretation of the speaker's stance beyond literal endorsement; simple factual falsity is insufficient.", "Unlike a straightforward lie, intentional verbal irony normally depends on some audience recognising the nonliteral stance, although different audiences may receive different messages.", "Dramatic irony requires an identifiable knowledge gap that changes how an audience understands a character's words or actions; suspense alone is insufficient.", "Mockery and amusement are optional: an instance may be ironic without being sarcastic or funny." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Irony form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "verbal; dramatic; situational; mixed; disputed", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether to investigate communicative stance, distributed knowledge, or an expectation-outcome relationship." }, { "name": "Discrepancy relation", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "expression-stance; character-audience knowledge; expectation-outcome; overlapping relations", "why_it_matters": "Makes the proposed basis of irony inspectable." }, { "name": "Attributed intention", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "explicitly acknowledged; inferred; denied; unknown; not applicable", "why_it_matters": "Separates speaker intention from audience interpretation and avoids attributing intention to events." }, { "name": "Invoked expectation or viewpoint", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links the instance to a prior utterance, social norm, character belief, prediction, promise, or purpose, with its holder identified.", "why_it_matters": "Shows whose expectation or position supplies the contrast." }, { "name": "Expressed stance", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "critical; amused; affectionate; resigned; self-directed; ambivalent; other; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Prevents automatic treatment of irony as hostile ridicule." }, { "name": "Knowledge distribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "What each speaker, character, addressee, and audience knows at the relevant moment", "why_it_matters": "Supports dramatic-irony judgments and explains differences in uptake." }, { "name": "Interpretation status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "candidate; supported; contested; rejected; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Keeps uncertain ironic readings from becoming asserted facts." }, { "name": "Audience uptake", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "recognised; taken literally; misunderstood in another way; disputed; unobserved", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes an attempted ironic act from its observed reception." } ], "affordances": [ "Annotate a candidate instance with its literal content, relevant contrast, stance, and contextual evidence.", "Compare literal, ironic, sarcastic, deceptive, and merely coincidental interpretations.", "Track who can recognise the irony at a particular point in a conversation or narrative.", "Explain an ironic reading while preserving ambiguity and avoiding unrequested narrative spoilers.", "Choose whether to acknowledge the irony, answer literally, request clarification, or repair a misunderstanding.", "Assess whether translation or quotation preserves the cues needed for the intended interpretation." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "forms-and-boundaries", "name": "Forms and boundaries", "description": "Identify the kind of irony proposed and the evidence that distinguishes it from neighbouring phenomena.", "rationale": "Verbal, dramatic, and situational irony require different recognition tests.", "layers": [ { "id": "verbal-irony", "name": "Verbal irony", "description": "Examine the relation between an expression and the stance attributed to its speaker.", "findings": [ { "id": "expression-and-stance", "name": "Expression and stance", "description": "Record the expression, its literal reading, and the proposed ironic stance without assuming that the intended meaning is always the literal opposite.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does the expression literally convey, and what stance does the ironic reading attribute to its speaker?", "kind": "definition", "id": "expression-and-stance-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes this reading from a lie, a mistake, hyperbole, or straightforward mockery?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "expression-and-stance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dramatic-and-situational-irony", "name": "Dramatic and situational irony", "description": "Distinguish discrepancies in knowledge from discrepancies between expectations and outcomes.", "findings": [ { "id": "knowledge-or-outcome-contrast", "name": "Knowledge or outcome contrast", "description": "Specify the knowledge gap or expectation reversal that makes an event or scene a candidate instance.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the proposed irony depend on an audience knowing something a character does not, or on an outcome frustrating an identifiable expectation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "knowledge-or-outcome-contrast-q01" }, { "text": "What makes this contrast ironic rather than merely suspenseful, unfortunate, contradictory, or surprising?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "knowledge-or-outcome-contrast-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "competing-accounts", "name": "Competing accounts", "description": "Preserve alternative explanations of how irony works and how they classify disputed examples.", "rationale": "A model should expose the consequences of adopting a definition instead of silently treating one account as settled.", "layers": [ { "id": "explanatory-commitments", "name": "Explanatory commitments", "description": "Record what an account considers necessary for irony and who advances that account.", "findings": [ { "id": "account-specific-criteria", "name": "Account-specific criteria", "description": "Compare candidate accounts involving meaning opposition, echoed viewpoints, pretended performance, or incongruity without assuming they cover the same phenomena.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which account is being applied, who advances it, and what source establishes its criteria?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "account-specific-criteria-q01" }, { "text": "Does this account require opposition of meaning, an invoked viewpoint, pretence, evaluative distance, or some other condition?", "kind": "definition", "id": "account-specific-criteria-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-procedures", "name": "Classification procedures", "description": "Make practical identification methods and their limitations explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "operationalisation-and-disagreement", "name": "Operationalisation and disagreement", "description": "Record whether a classification rests on participant reports, contextual interpretation, annotation rules, or another procedure.", "questions": [ { "text": "What instructions and evidence would an annotator use to classify this example as ironic?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "operationalisation-and-disagreement-q01" }, { "text": "Which examples change classification under another account, and what criterion causes the disagreement?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "operationalisation-and-disagreement-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context-and-cues", "name": "Context and cues", "description": "Capture the contextual contrasts and expressive signals that support an ironic reading.", "rationale": "An isolated sentence or outcome often lacks the information needed to identify irony.", "layers": [ { "id": "invoked-background", "name": "Invoked background", "description": "Identify the expectation, utterance, norm, or purpose against which the instance is interpreted.", "findings": [ { "id": "recoverable-reference-point", "name": "Recoverable reference point", "description": "Record the reference point and its holder, distinguishing documented background from an interpreter's reconstruction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Whose statement, expectation, norm, or purpose supplies the relevant contrast?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "recoverable-reference-point-q01" }, { "text": "Was that reference point available before the utterance or outcome, or reconstructed after it?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "recoverable-reference-point-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "expressive-signals", "name": "Expressive signals", "description": "Assess wording, delivery, visual presentation, and contextual mismatch as possible cues.", "findings": [ { "id": "cue-evidence", "name": "Cue evidence", "description": "Record observable cues separately from interpretive conclusions; no single tone, punctuation mark, or phrase is treated as sufficient by itself.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which words, prosodic features, gestures, images, or contextual mismatches support the ironic interpretation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cue-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Would the interpretation remain supported if the suspected cue were removed or the expression appeared in another context?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cue-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "perspectives-and-uptake", "name": "Perspectives and uptake", "description": "Represent differences between intended, available, and actually observed interpretations.", "rationale": "Irony can be recognised by one audience and missed by another, or attributed without evidence of intention.", "layers": [ { "id": "intention-and-attribution", "name": "Intention and attribution", "description": "Separate what a speaker intended from what interpreters infer.", "findings": [ { "id": "attribution-basis", "name": "Attribution basis", "description": "Record acknowledgements, denials, and contextual inferences while leaving non-agentic situational irony without a presumed author.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is ironic intent acknowledged, inferred, denied, unknown, or inapplicable, and what supports that status?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "attribution-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Can the example remain ironic under the chosen account if no participant intended it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "attribution-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "audience-access", "name": "Audience access", "description": "Track the background knowledge available to each audience at the relevant time.", "findings": [ { "id": "recognition-and-knowledge-gap", "name": "Recognition and knowledge gap", "description": "Distinguish the possibility of recognising irony from evidence that recognition occurred.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who knows the facts needed to recognise the irony at this moment, and who lacks them?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "recognition-and-knowledge-gap-q01" }, { "text": "What observed response supports recognition or misunderstanding, rather than merely an interpreter's assumption?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "recognition-and-knowledge-gap-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "response-and-recontextualisation", "name": "Response and recontextualisation", "description": "Support appropriate responses and preserve interpretable irony when content moves between contexts.", "rationale": "An agent must decide how to act on an uncertain reading and anticipate what quotation or translation removes.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-and-repair", "name": "Interaction and repair", "description": "Relate the inferred stance, target, and audience uptake to the next conversational action.", "findings": [ { "id": "response-selection", "name": "Response selection", "description": "Choose a response based on the strength of the interpretation and the consequences of misunderstanding.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who or what is evaluated by the irony, and what evidence supports an affectionate, critical, resigned, or other stance?", "kind": "definition", "id": "response-selection-q01" }, { "text": "Should the agent acknowledge the irony, answer the underlying concern, seek clarification, or repair a literal misunderstanding?", "kind": "action", "id": "response-selection-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "quotation-and-translation", "name": "Quotation and translation", "description": "Track changes to irony when expressions are excerpted, translated, summarised, or explained.", "findings": [ { "id": "preserving-interpretive-support", "name": "Preserving interpretive support", "description": "Identify which cues and knowledge relations must survive a transformation and when explanation would reveal narrative information prematurely.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cues or background facts disappear in the proposed quotation, translation, or summary?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "preserving-interpretive-support-q01" }, { "text": "What context or wording should be retained to preserve the ironic reading without overstating certainty or introducing an unwanted spoiler?", "kind": "action", "id": "preserving-interpretive-support-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "No sense is recorded, so this description covers the broad concept rather than verbal irony alone.", "Traditional opposite-meaning accounts, Gricean pragmatic accounts, echoic accounts associated with Sperber and Wilson, and pretense accounts offer competing explanations of verbal irony; no single account is assumed here.", "The boundaries among situational, cosmic, and other literary varieties are not a universally agreed taxonomy; measurement procedures likewise depend on the study." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Verbal irony", "Situational irony", "Dramatic irony", "Socratic irony", "Romantic irony", "Cosmic irony" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Indirect criticism, mock praise, and humorous evaluation in conversation.", "Creating audience awareness that exceeds a character's knowledge in drama and fiction.", "Exposing contradictions between professed ideals and conduct in satire.", "Expressing affiliation or distance through shared recognition of an ironic attitude.", "Studying pragmatic inference and nonliteral language comprehension." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Accuracy in identifying intended irony in experimental utterances", "typical_range": "0-100; results depend on materials, context, and participant population", "unit": "percent correct" }, { "quantity": "Rated degree of perceived irony", "typical_range": "Study-specific ordinal scale; no universal range or cutoff", "unit": "rating scale points" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Listeners may interpret an ironic utterance literally when contextual cues or shared knowledge are missing.", "Ironic criticism can humiliate or alienate its target despite a humorous intention.", "Written communication can lose vocal and situational cues needed for interpretation.", "Analysts may incorrectly classify any coincidence, disappointment, or unexpected outcome as situational irony.", "Research labels can conflate irony, sarcasm, humor, and sentiment, weakening comparisons across studies." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Conventions for signaling and accepting irony vary across languages, communities, genres, and relationships.", "Cross-language interpretation can fail when speakers do not share relevant expectations or evaluative assumptions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "sarcasm", "difference": "Sarcasm typically conveys pointed mockery or scorn; irony can lack a target or hostile attitude, and accounts differ on whether all sarcasm is ironic." }, { "name": "satire", "difference": "Satire is a practice or genre of critical representation that may use irony alongside exaggeration, parody, and other devices." }, { "name": "lying", "difference": "A lie aims to have its false content accepted as true; verbal irony ordinarily invites recognition that the surface utterance does not straightforwardly express the speaker's position." }, { "name": "paradox", "difference": "A paradox involves an apparent contradiction or conflict in reasoning; irony depends on a contextual contrast and need not contain a logical contradiction." }, { "name": "coincidence", "difference": "A coincidence is a conjunction of events; situational irony additionally requires a meaningful reversal or undermining of an expectation." }, { "name": "understatement", "difference": "Understatement presents something as less significant or intense than it is; it becomes ironic only under an interpretation that supplies the relevant ironic stance or contrast." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of irony this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which researched accounts best support a common model across verbal, dramatic, and situational irony, and where should their criteria remain separate?", "What defensible criterion distinguishes situational irony from coincidence or surprise without relying on expectations reconstructed after the event?", "How should the model adjudicate disagreement between a speaker's denial of ironic intent and an audience's well-supported ironic interpretation?", "Which annotation procedures reliably distinguish irony from sarcasm, teasing, parody, and hyperbole across languages and communities?", "When does sustained ironic ambiguity prevent a stable stance from being recovered, and how should an agent represent that unresolved interpretation?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a irony, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise candidate instances of irony, record competing interpretations and supporting cues, and choose a response appropriate to the audience and context.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: irony in Hafez poetry, Socratic irony.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 89 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a irony, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "irony in Hafez poetry", "Socratic irony" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 89 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one irony from another, and a irony from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a irony sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a irony from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a irony passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a irony between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a irony, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a irony is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a irony proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a irony, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a irony and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a irony consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a irony takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What irony is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of irony are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is irony operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of irony and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of irony?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as irony?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a irony came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a irony and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a irony is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a irony, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a irony, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a irony is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }