{ "model": { "rank": 4651, "code": "thing-q131777", "model_id": "vr.tr.corundum", "name": "corundum", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify corundum, assess its composition and condition, and determine whether a specimen or material lot is suitable for a proposed use or treatment.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q131777/", "tier": 2, "score": 73, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "VK-94-1", "Yogo sapphire", "Golden sheen sapphire", "leukosapphire", "yahkont", "adamantine spar" ], "aliasCount": 6, "merged": 6, "knownIn": 73, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q131777", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131777", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:42:54Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087e7-947b-7a93-8cc9-8d85c3761a7e\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: corundum\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 78.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087e7-9479-7421-a44d-e84420da662f\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: corundum\nRegistry id: vr.tr.corundum\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q131777", "registryId": "vr.tr.corundum", "name": "corundum", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q131777/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.corundum", "name": "corundum", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify corundum, assess its composition and condition, and determine whether a specimen or material lot is suitable for a proposed use or treatment.", "definition": "Corundum is the crystalline mineral form of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) with the alpha-alumina structure, belonging to the trigonal crystal system and including the gem varieties ruby and sapphire.", "scope_statement": "This model owns vr.tr.corundum in PHY / PHY.MAT: corundum as crystalline alpha-aluminium oxide, including natural material, synthetic equivalents, ruby and sapphire varieties, and the corundum phase within mixtures; it records material identity and fitness without owning the products or processes that use it.", "in_scope": [ "Corundum phase identification and distinction from other forms of alumina", "Composition, purity, trace elements, inclusions and associated phases", "Natural or synthetic origin, variety assignment and treatment evidence", "Crystal, grain and aggregate condition and measured material properties", "Grade suitability, handling constraints and applicable substance identifiers" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Other alumina phases and aluminium compounds as independent substances", "Corundum-bearing rocks, deposits and mining operations as whole systems", "Jewellery, abrasive tools, optical components and ceramic products as finished objects", "Crystal-growth, refining, cutting and heat-treatment processes as operational models", "Gemstone pricing, ownership and commercial transactions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require composition consistent with Al2O3 together with a matching corundum diffraction or spectroscopic signature; chemistry alone does not establish the crystalline phase. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/corundum.pdf).", "Use hardness near Mohs 9 and density near 4 g/cm³ as supporting checks, with test limitations recorded; neither measurement establishes identity alone. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/corundum.pdf).", "For suitable transparent crystals, compare measured refractive indices and optical behaviour with corundum references to test visually similar gemstone candidates. Reference: [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/corundum.pdf).", "Treat ruby and sapphire as varieties of corundum rather than separate mineral species; record the naming convention for borderline colours. Reference: [GIA sapphire overview](https://www.gia.edu/sapphire?lang=en).", "Distinguish synthetic corundum from simulants: synthetic material shares the natural counterpart's principal material properties, so origin requires additional evidence. Reference: [GIA synthetic gem materials](https://www.gia.edu/gem-synthetic)." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Phase identity and phase fraction", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Identified phases; corundum mass fraction in wt%; method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes corundum from other alumina phases and prevents treating a mixture as pure material." }, { "name": "Chemical purity and trace-element profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Al2O3 wt%; trace elements in mg/kg or atomic ppm with basis and detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Supports grade selection and investigation of colour, contamination and deliberate doping." }, { "name": "Material form and microstructure", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Single crystal, polycrystalline aggregate, grain or powder; grain size in µm; porosity in vol%", "why_it_matters": "Determines which measurements and application criteria are meaningful." }, { "name": "Origin assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Natural, synthetic, mixed-origin assembly or undetermined; evidence and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Separates mineral identity from formation history and identifies unresolved origin claims." }, { "name": "Colour and variety", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Observed colour under specified illumination; ruby, sapphire, unassigned or not applicable", "why_it_matters": "Makes variety labels traceable without equating colour with origin or purity." }, { "name": "Optical response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Refractive indices, birefringence, transmission %, absorption spectrum and fluorescence conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports identification and optical suitability when specimen form permits measurement." }, { "name": "Mechanical response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mohs hardness or indentation hardness in GPa; fracture toughness in MPa·√m; method and orientation", "why_it_matters": "Separates scratch resistance from resistance to cracking or impact." }, { "name": "Density", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g/cm³; true, apparent or bulk density; temperature and method", "why_it_matters": "Supports identification and reveals effects of porosity or associated material." }, { "name": "Thermal behaviour", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Conductivity in W/(m·K), expansion in K⁻¹ and transition temperatures in °C with pressure and atmosphere", "why_it_matters": "Supports evaluation of temperature exposure without assuming melting temperature is a service limit." }, { "name": "Treatment and damage state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Documented or detected treatments, untested treatments, cracks, chips, fillings and surface alterations", "why_it_matters": "Conditions processing, cleaning, identification and acceptance decisions." }, { "name": "Source and lot linkage", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Specimen or lot linked to locality, producer, certificate and analytical report", "why_it_matters": "Keeps measurements and provenance claims attached to the material actually examined." }, { "name": "Substance identity and handling classification", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Verified CAS, EC and PubChem records where applicable; dated SDS and jurisdiction-specific classification", "why_it_matters": "Prevents applying generic alumina records or handling assumptions to an unverified grade or mixture." } ], "affordances": [ "Select suitable phase, chemical and optical tests to resolve a corundum identification.", "Compare a specimen or lot with explicit gem, abrasive, optical or ceramic material requirements.", "Assess natural-origin and treatment claims against laboratory evidence and retain unresolved status.", "Evaluate proposed cutting, grinding, polishing, cleaning or heating against material condition and treatment history.", "Separate corundum properties from those of inclusions, coatings, fillers and surrounding material.", "Request missing analytical or handling evidence before accepting a material for a specified use." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "mineral-identity", "name": "Mineral identity", "description": "Establish whether the examined material contains corundum and what the identification covers.", "rationale": "A corundum label must distinguish crystalline phase identity from bulk alumina chemistry and commercial naming.", "layers": [ { "id": "phase-confirmation", "name": "Phase confirmation", "description": "Connect chemical and structural evidence to the corundum identification.", "findings": [ { "id": "corundum-phase-evidence", "name": "Corundum phase evidence", "description": "Record the tests, reference matches and limitations supporting identification of alpha-Al2O3.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diffraction or spectroscopic observations establish the corundum phase rather than another alumina phase?", "kind": "definition", "id": "corundum-phase-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does chemical analysis support the identification, and what sampling or detection limitations remain?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "corundum-phase-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-boundary", "name": "Material boundary", "description": "Determine whether the record concerns an individual crystal, a lot or a constituent of another material.", "findings": [ { "id": "corundum-versus-containing-material", "name": "Corundum versus containing material", "description": "Separate the corundum phase from host rock, binders, coatings, fillers and other mineral grains.", "questions": [ { "text": "What physical specimen or lot does this identification cover, and which portions were tested?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "corundum-versus-containing-material-q01" }, { "text": "Which accompanying phases or added materials require separate records rather than being attributed to corundum?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "corundum-versus-containing-material-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-variety", "name": "Composition and variety", "description": "Describe chemical variation and the evidence behind optical appearance and variety names.", "rationale": "Purity, trace constituents and colour affect corundum's interpretation and suitability without necessarily changing its phase identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "purity-and-constituents", "name": "Purity and constituents", "description": "Distinguish lattice constituents from inclusions and external contamination.", "findings": [ { "id": "constituent-distribution", "name": "Constituent distribution", "description": "Record assay results with their spatial distribution, analytical basis and detection limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the measured Al2O3 purity and concentrations of relevant trace elements, including chromium, iron and titanium?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "constituent-distribution-q01" }, { "text": "Which constituents occupy the corundum lattice, occur as inclusions or reside on the surface?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "constituent-distribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "colour-and-variety-assignment", "name": "Colour and variety assignment", "description": "Connect observed appearance to a qualified ruby or sapphire designation.", "findings": [ { "id": "variety-evidence", "name": "Variety evidence", "description": "Preserve observed colour separately from naming conventions and proposed colour mechanisms.", "questions": [ { "text": "What colour, zoning and optical effects are observed under specified illumination and viewing orientation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "variety-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which convention supports the ruby or sapphire designation, especially at the pink-to-red boundary?", "kind": "definition", "id": "variety-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "origin-and-treatment", "name": "Origin and treatment", "description": "Track formation history, provenance and subsequent modification.", "rationale": "Corundum identity alone cannot establish natural origin, geographic source or treatment status.", "layers": [ { "id": "formation-and-provenance", "name": "Formation and provenance", "description": "Separate evidence of natural or synthetic formation from claimed geographic or producer origin.", "findings": [ { "id": "origin-claim-support", "name": "Origin claim support", "description": "Attach origin conclusions to observed growth features, analytical results and traceable records.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports natural, synthetic or undetermined origin for the examined corundum?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "origin-claim-support-q01" }, { "text": "Which locality, producer or growth-method claims are documented, analytically inferred or unsupported?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "origin-claim-support-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "modification-history", "name": "Modification history", "description": "Record treatment evidence and distinguish absence of detection from proof of no treatment.", "findings": [ { "id": "treatment-assessment", "name": "Treatment assessment", "description": "Assess heating, diffusion, filling and coating individually, including the limits of available tests.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which treatments are documented, detected, not detected within test limits or untested?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "treatment-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "What treatment depth or distribution must be known before recutting, polishing, cleaning or heating this material?", "kind": "action", "id": "treatment-assessment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "structure-and-performance", "name": "Structure and performance", "description": "Connect crystal or aggregate structure to measured mechanical, optical and thermal behaviour.", "rationale": "Reference mineral properties cannot substitute for measurements of a cracked crystal, porous aggregate or graded powder.", "layers": [ { "id": "microstructure-and-integrity", "name": "Microstructure and integrity", "description": "Describe orientation, grains, pores and defects relevant to material integrity.", "findings": [ { "id": "structural-condition", "name": "Structural condition", "description": "Record the distribution and significance of defects at the scale relevant to the proposed use.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the crystal orientation, grain-size distribution, porosity and inclusion distribution?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "structural-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Which cracks, parting planes, chips or residual stresses could control failure during the proposed operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "structural-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conditional-material-properties", "name": "Conditional material properties", "description": "Capture measured properties with conditions and distinguish reference values from specimen results.", "findings": [ { "id": "property-evidence", "name": "Property evidence", "description": "Associate performance claims with methods, orientation, temperature and specimen form.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which density, hardness, fracture, optical and thermal properties were measured on this material rather than copied from a reference?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "property-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "At what temperature, pressure, wavelength and crystal orientation do the relevant values apply?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "property-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence defines an acceptable operating range for the proposed use?", "kind": "action", "id": "property-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-handling-decisions", "name": "Grade and handling decisions", "description": "Turn material evidence into qualified acceptance and handling decisions.", "rationale": "Corundum's suitability depends on grade, physical form, treatment and the requirements of the intended operation.", "layers": [ { "id": "application-qualification", "name": "Application qualification", "description": "Evaluate material against explicit criteria for a named use.", "findings": [ { "id": "grade-acceptance", "name": "Grade acceptance", "description": "Express grade as supported acceptance criteria rather than an unexplained supplier label.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which purity, particle-size, defect, transparency or orientation requirements define the proposed grade?", "kind": "definition", "id": "grade-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "Which results justify acceptance, rejection or further testing for the intended gem, abrasive, optical or ceramic use?", "kind": "action", "id": "grade-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "identity-linked-handling", "name": "Identity-linked handling", "description": "Connect substance records and handling requirements to the actual material and operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-records-and-controls", "name": "Applicable records and controls", "description": "Verify identifiers, classification and exposure guidance without transferring assumptions between intact crystals, powders and mixtures.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which CAS, EC and PubChem records apply to this corundum material, and do they identify the phase specifically or aluminium oxide more broadly?", "kind": "definition", "id": "applicable-records-and-controls-q01" }, { "text": "Which current SDS, GHS classification and exposure limits apply to the grade, particle fraction and jurisdiction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-records-and-controls-q02" }, { "text": "What controls are required for dust, contaminants or treatment-derived constituents during the proposed handling operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "applicable-records-and-controls-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge, without consulted sources; numerical properties depend on purity, temperature, wavelength and crystal orientation.", "Confirm the phase-specific chemical identifiers and applicable product standards before assigning a regulatory identity.", "Hazard classification and exposure limits require checking the supplied material, particle size, impurities and jurisdiction; no universal classification is asserted here." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Ruby", "Blue sapphire", "Fancy-colour sapphire", "Colourless sapphire", "Common non-gem corundum", "Synthetic corundum" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Chemical formula", "value_or_pattern": "Al₂O₃", "note": "Identifies the ideal composition; the corundum crystal structure distinguishes it from other alumina phases." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "1344-28-1", "note": "A general aluminium oxide identifier, not an exclusive identifier for natural corundum or a particular gem variety." }, { "scheme": "Hermann-Mauguin space-group notation", "value_or_pattern": "R-3c", "note": "Space group of the ideal corundum structure." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Ruby and sapphire gemstones for jewellery.", "Natural and synthetic abrasive grains for grinding and polishing.", "Synthetic sapphire windows and optical components.", "Synthetic sapphire substrates for semiconductor growth.", "Chromium-doped synthetic ruby as a laser gain medium." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mohs hardness", "typical_range": "9", "unit": "Mohs scale" }, { "quantity": "Density near room temperature", "typical_range": "3.97-4.05", "unit": "g/cm³" }, { "quantity": "Melting temperature of high-purity material near atmospheric pressure", "typical_range": "2040-2055", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Refractive indices at visible wavelengths", "typical_range": "1.76-1.77", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Birefringence at visible wavelengths", "typical_range": "0.008-0.010", "unit": "dimensionless" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "High scratch hardness does not prevent brittle fracture, impact chipping or failure at existing flaws.", "Rapid or uneven heating can produce thermal stresses and cracking.", "Grinding and cutting generate airborne particulate; impurities in natural abrasive mixtures can introduce additional hazards.", "Twinning and other structural weaknesses can produce parting despite the absence of true cleavage.", "Fracture fillings and other gemstone treatments can affect durability and response to heat or chemicals." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The trade boundary between ruby and pink sapphire varies among markets and gemmological practices.", "Geographic deposits differ in trace elements, inclusions and typical appearance, but these differences do not create separate mineral species." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Alumina", "difference": "Alumina denotes aluminium oxide more broadly; corundum specifies its alpha crystalline structure." }, { "name": "Ruby", "difference": "Ruby is the red gem variety of corundum, with its characteristic colour principally produced by chromium." }, { "name": "Sapphire", "difference": "Sapphire is gem corundum other than ruby; it is not restricted to blue material." }, { "name": "Emery", "difference": "Emery is a natural abrasive rock containing corundum mixed with other minerals, rather than pure corundum." }, { "name": "Spinel", "difference": "Gem spinel is principally MgAl₂O₄ with a cubic structure, rather than trigonal Al₂O₃." }, { "name": "Silicon carbide", "difference": "Silicon carbide is SiC, a chemically distinct abrasive sometimes confused with corundum through the trade name carborundum." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of corundum this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative CAS, EC and PubChem records distinguish corundum from broader aluminium oxide entries, and how should overlapping identifiers be represented?", "Which application-specific standards define acceptable corundum purity, grit size, optical quality and mechanical performance?", "Which laboratory conventions govern the ruby versus pink sapphire boundary, and how should conflicting variety assignments be retained?", "What detection limits constrain natural-origin and treatment conclusions, particularly for subtle heating, diffusion or mixed-origin material?", "Which sources establish phase stability, melting and any meaningful boiling or decomposition data under stated conditions, and which current exposure limits apply to the actual powder grade and contaminants?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a corundum, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify corundum, assess its composition and condition, and determine whether a specimen or material lot is suitable for a proposed use or treatment.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: VK-94-1, Yogo sapphire, Golden sheen sapphire, leukosapphire, yahkont, adamantine spar.", "6 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a corundum, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "VK-94-1", "Yogo sapphire", "Golden sheen sapphire", "leukosapphire", "yahkont", "adamantine spar" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 6 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one corundum from another, and a corundum from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a corundum sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a corundum from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a corundum is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a corundum is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a corundum is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a corundum is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a corundum is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a corundum is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a corundum passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a corundum between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a corundum, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a corundum is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a corundum and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a corundum is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a corundum performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a corundum.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a corundum at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a corundum there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What corundum is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name corundum unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of corundum exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How corundum behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of corundum, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is corundum incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How corundum can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is corundum classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover corundum, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a corundum came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a corundum and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a corundum is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a corundum, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a corundum, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a corundum is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }