{ "model": { "rank": 2966, "code": "thing-q133235", "model_id": "vr.tr.combustion", "name": "combustion", "purpose": "Let an agent handle combustion scientifically and for safety: fuels, conditions, products, efficiency and fire prevention, without facilitating harm.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.PRC", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q133235/", "tier": 2, "score": 93, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "auto-da-fé", "necklacing", "money burning", "barking dog reaction", "death by burning", "flag burning", "paoluo", "execution by molten metal", "vivi crematio", "incineration", "open burning of waste", "plastic incineration", "fossil fuel combustion", "cultural burning", "pressure gain combustion", "FLOX", "smudging", "fluidized bed combustion", "Incomplete combustion", "singe", "fart lighting", "staged combustion", "smouldering" ], "aliasCount": 23, "merged": 23, "knownIn": 93, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.combustion", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q133235", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T06:37:34Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q133235", "registryId": "vr.tr.combustion", "name": "combustion", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q133235/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.combustion", "name": "combustion", "purpose": "Let an agent handle combustion scientifically and for safety: fuels, conditions, products, efficiency and fire prevention, without facilitating harm.", "definition": "A high-temperature exothermic reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually oxygen, producing heat, light and combustion products such as carbon dioxide, water and smoke.", "what_it_is_for": "Combustion powers engines, heating and cooking, and is the chemistry of fire.", "affordances": [ "use it in engines and heating", "improve efficiency and reduce emissions", "prevent and extinguish fires", "study it in chemistry" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Fuel plus oxidant plus heat (fire triangle)", "Exothermic redox reaction", "Complete and incomplete combustion", "Produces pollutants and carbon dioxide" ], "appearance": "Flames, glow, heat and smoke.", "visual_identification": [ "Flame and heat", "Smoke and soot", "Clean and incomplete combustion differ in colour and smoke" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "adiabatic flame temperature of methane in air", "typical_range": "about 1950", "unit": "degrees C", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "oxygen needed to sustain most fires", "typical_range": "above about 15", "unit": "percent by volume", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "complete and incomplete combustion", "flaming and smouldering", "engine and boiler combustion", "explosions as rapid combustion" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "chemical reaction", "why": "redox" }, { "relation": "produces", "target": "smoke and energy", "why": "products" }, { "relation": "causes", "target": "fire and conflagration", "why": "events" }, { "relation": "emits", "target": "carbon dioxide", "why": "emissions" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Emission standards for engines and boilers", "Fire safety regulations", "EU Industrial Emissions Directive" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Fires and burns", "Carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion", "Air pollution", "Requests to cause harm with fire, which must be refused" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "chemistry", "name": "Chemistry", "description": "What happens.", "rationale": "Chemistry explains combustion.", "layers": [ { "id": "reaction", "name": "Reaction", "description": "Fuel and oxidant.", "findings": [ { "id": "reaction-finding", "name": "Reaction", "description": "Combustion reaction.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fuel and oxidant are involved?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What products form?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "completeness", "name": "Completeness", "description": "Complete or not.", "findings": [ { "id": "completeness-finding", "name": "Completeness", "description": "Combustion quality.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is combustion complete, or is carbon monoxide produced?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Energy from combustion.", "rationale": "Combustion powers much of the world.", "layers": [ { "id": "efficiency", "name": "Efficiency", "description": "Energy conversion.", "findings": [ { "id": "efficiency-finding", "name": "Efficiency", "description": "Efficiency.", "questions": [ { "text": "How efficient is the combustion system?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How can it be improved?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "emissions", "name": "Emissions", "description": "Pollutants.", "findings": [ { "id": "emissions-finding", "name": "Emissions", "description": "Emissions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does it emit?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which standards apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety", "name": "Safety", "description": "Fire and CO.", "rationale": "Combustion causes fires and poisoning.", "layers": [ { "id": "fire", "name": "Fire prevention", "description": "Fire triangle.", "findings": [ { "id": "fire-finding", "name": "Fire prevention", "description": "Fire prevention.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can fires be prevented here?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which extinguisher suits this fuel?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "co", "name": "Carbon monoxide", "description": "Poisoning.", "findings": [ { "id": "co-finding", "name": "Carbon monoxide", "description": "CO safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are CO alarms fitted near combustion appliances?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "limits", "name": "Limits", "description": "No harmful help.", "rationale": "The agent must not facilitate harm.", "layers": [ { "id": "refusal", "name": "Refusal", "description": "Harmful requests.", "findings": [ { "id": "refusal-finding", "name": "Refusal", "description": "When to decline.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the request about causing harm with fire?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How should the agent decline?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "education", "name": "Education", "description": "Safe teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "education-finding", "name": "Education", "description": "Safe teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can this be taught safely at this level?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What supervision is needed?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should combustion regimes be separate entries?", "How should emissions data be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming acts of violence; they should be removed from display." ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a combustion, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle combustion scientifically and for safety: fuels, conditions, products, efficiency and fire prevention, without facilitating harm.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: auto-da-fé, necklacing, money burning, barking dog reaction, death by burning, flag burning, paoluo, execution by molten metal, vivi crematio, incineration, open burning of waste, plastic incineration.", "23 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 93 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a combustion, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "auto-da-fé", "necklacing", "money burning", "barking dog reaction", "death by burning", "flag burning", "paoluo", "execution by molten metal", "vivi crematio", "incineration", "open burning of waste", "plastic incineration" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 93 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 23 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one combustion from another, and a combustion from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a combustion sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a combustion from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a combustion passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a combustion between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a combustion, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a combustion is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a combustion proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a combustion, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a combustion and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a combustion consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a combustion takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What combustion is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of combustion are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is combustion operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of combustion and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of combustion?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as combustion?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a combustion came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a combustion and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a combustion is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a combustion, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a combustion, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a combustion is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }