{ "model": { "rank": 5302, "code": "thing-q134161", "model_id": "vr.tr.joint-stock-company", "name": "joint-stock company", "purpose": "Let an agent explain joint-stock companies by legal form, governance, shareholder rights and filings, help people check company registers, and avoid investment advice.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Society, people and institutions", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "SOC", "domain": "SOC.ORG", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q134161/", "tier": 2, "score": 68, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "perseroan terbatas", "credit market company", "corporations enacted by an Act of Parliament", "public company", "unlisted public company", "special-purpose acquisition company", "state joint-stock company", "Perusahaan Perseroan", "local semi-public company", "publicly owned company", "Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing", "Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri", "Perseroan Daerah", "Perseroan Terbuka", "PT tertutup", "public corporation", "United Kingdom Societas", "Kellogg's", "open joint-stock company", "Perusahaan Umum Daerah", "allmennaksjeselskap", "public company limited by shares", "Societas Europaea", "Enjoei", "public company limited by guarantee", "julkinen osakeyhtiö", "dual-listed company", "public limited company", "berhad", "public joint-stock company", "master limited partnership", "società consortile per azioni", "naamloze vennootschap", "Limited Company", "closed joint-stock company", "Europäische Aktiengesellschaft", "société européenne", "Evropská společnost", "Euroopa äriühing", "European company" ], "aliasCount": 131, "merged": 155, "knownIn": 68, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q134161", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134161", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T13:41:12Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q134161", "registryId": "vr.tr.joint-stock-company", "name": "joint-stock company", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "SOC.ORG" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q134161/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.joint-stock-company", "name": "joint-stock company", "purpose": "Let an agent explain joint-stock companies by legal form, governance, shareholder rights and filings, help people check company registers, and avoid investment advice.", "definition": "A company whose capital is divided into transferable shares owned by shareholders, usually with limited liability, including public companies whose shares may be listed on stock exchanges, unlisted public companies, statutory corporations and special-purpose acquisition companies; legal forms such as the PLC, AG, SA and PT exist across jurisdictions.", "what_it_is_for": "Pooling capital for business with limited liability.", "affordances": [ "identify the legal form of a company", "find company filings in official registers", "explain shareholder rights and governance", "recognise scams impersonating companies" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Share capital", "Limited liability", "Separate legal personality", "Governed by a board" ], "appearance": "Legal entities with registered names, numbers, share registers and annual reports.", "visual_identification": [ "Suffixes such as PLC, AG, SA, PT", "Registered numbers and filings", "Partnerships lack transferable shares" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "listed public companies", "unlisted public companies", "private limited companies (related)", "statutory corporations", "special-purpose acquisition companies" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "limited company", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is owned by", "target": "shareholder", "why": "owner" }, { "relation": "is registered in", "target": "company register", "why": "register" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "business-relation", "why": "relations" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "Legal Entity Identifier", "value_or_pattern": "LEI", "note": "global entity identifier" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "National company law", "EU company law directives", "Listing and market abuse rules for listed companies" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Fake companies and share scams", "Outdated register information", "Agents giving investment advice" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "form", "name": "Form", "description": "Legal form.", "rationale": "Forms vary.", "layers": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Which form.", "findings": [ { "id": "identify-finding", "name": "Identify", "description": "Legal form.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which legal form does this company have, according to the register?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it listed or unlisted?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "compare", "name": "Compare", "description": "Across countries.", "findings": [ { "id": "compare-finding", "name": "Compare", "description": "Comparison.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does this form compare with equivalents in other countries?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What capital requirements apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "register", "name": "Register", "description": "Official records.", "rationale": "Registers show facts.", "layers": [ { "id": "filings", "name": "Filings", "description": "Accounts and officers.", "findings": [ { "id": "filings-finding", "name": "Filings", "description": "Filings.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where can this company filings, directors and owners be checked?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is it active?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lei", "name": "LEI", "description": "Identifiers.", "findings": [ { "id": "lei-finding", "name": "LEI", "description": "Identifiers.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the company registration number and LEI?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Do they match the claimed identity?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "governance", "name": "Governance", "description": "Shareholders and boards.", "rationale": "Governance protects owners.", "layers": [ { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights", "description": "Shareholder rights.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-finding", "name": "Rights", "description": "Shareholder rights.", "questions": [ { "text": "What rights do shareholders have, such as voting and dividends, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How are general meetings called?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "board", "name": "Board", "description": "Directors.", "findings": [ { "id": "board-finding", "name": "Board", "description": "Board.", "questions": [ { "text": "What duties do directors owe, according to company law?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which governance code applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "limits", "name": "Limits", "description": "Scams and advice.", "rationale": "Caution needed.", "layers": [ { "id": "scam", "name": "Scam", "description": "Share scams.", "findings": [ { "id": "scam-finding", "name": "Scam", "description": "Share scams.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is someone offering shares in a company that may not exist or is not authorised?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which regulator warning list should be checked?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "advice", "name": "Advice", "description": "Investment advice.", "findings": [ { "id": "advice-finding", "name": "Advice", "description": "Advice limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the user asking whether to buy shares?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How should the agent point to regulated advice?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should legal forms be separate entries?", "How should LEI data be linked?", "How should registers be localised?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organisation or institution", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a joint-stock company, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain joint-stock companies by legal form, governance, shareholder rights and filings, help people check company registers, and avoid investment advice.", "characteristics": { "substance": "social", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "collective" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: perseroan terbatas, credit market company, corporations enacted by an Act of Parliament, public company, unlisted public company, special-purpose acquisition company, state joint-stock company, Perusahaan Perseroan, local semi-public company, publicly owned company, Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing, Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri.", "155 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 68 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a joint-stock company, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a social arrangement between people", "physicalCharacter": [ "Acts through people, and only through them.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. Recognised by name, register entry and the people acting in its name, and those change while it stays the same body." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "perseroan terbatas", "credit market company", "corporations enacted by an Act of Parliament", "public company", "unlisted public company", "special-purpose acquisition company", "state joint-stock company", "Perusahaan Perseroan", "local semi-public company", "publicly owned company", "Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing", "Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 68 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 155 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one joint-stock company from another, and a joint-stock company from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a joint-stock company sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a joint-stock company from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a joint-stock company passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a joint-stock company between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a joint-stock company, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a joint-stock company is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "people-and-responsibility", "name": "People, roles and responsibility", "description": "Who stands in what relation to a joint-stock company.", "rationale": "Social things are defined by the relations people hold to them, and those relations change without the thing changing.", "layers": [ { "id": "roles-and-parties", "name": "Roles and parties", "description": "The roles that exist around a joint-stock company and who fills them.", "findings": [ { "id": "role-assignments", "name": "Role assignments and their validity", "description": "Who holds which role over a joint-stock company, from when, and on whose authority.", "questions": [ { "id": "role-assignments-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a role over a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a role over a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "role-assignments-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a role over a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ownership-and-accountability", "name": "Ownership and accountability", "description": "Who answers for a joint-stock company and who may decide about it.", "findings": [ { "id": "accountability", "name": "Accountability and decision rights", "description": "Where responsibility for a joint-stock company sits when something goes wrong.", "questions": [ { "id": "accountability-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes responsibility for a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about responsibility for a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "accountability-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once responsibility for a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "legal-identity", "name": "Legal identity and mandate", "description": "What joint-stock company is in law and what it exists to do.", "rationale": "Legal identity survives changes of name, address, staff and premises, which is exactly why it must be recorded separately from all of them.", "layers": [ { "id": "registration", "name": "Legal form and registration", "description": "Form, register, identifiers and jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "registration-record", "name": "Registration and identifiers", "description": "What names this body unambiguously in law.", "questions": [ { "id": "registration-record-q01", "text": "What legal form does joint-stock company take, in which register, under which identifier?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "registration-record-q02", "text": "What survives a rename, a merger or a move of premises, and what does not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mandate", "name": "Mandate and governing instrument", "description": "The purpose it is bound to and the document that binds it.", "findings": [ { "id": "mandate-record", "name": "Mandate and its source", "description": "What it may do, and the instrument that says so.", "questions": [ { "id": "mandate-record-q01", "text": "What is the mandate of joint-stock company, and which founding or governing instrument grants it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "mandate-record-q02", "text": "What lies outside the mandate, and what should an agent do when asked for it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "governance-and-membership", "name": "Governance, membership and decision rights", "description": "Who decides in joint-stock company and who belongs to it.", "rationale": "Authority inside an organisation is held by roles, not people, and an agent needs to know which role can commit it.", "layers": [ { "id": "decision-rights", "name": "Decision rights", "description": "Bodies, offices and what each may bind.", "findings": [ { "id": "authority-map", "name": "Who may bind the organisation", "description": "The offices that can commit it and their limits.", "questions": [ { "id": "authority-map-q01", "text": "Which bodies or offices of joint-stock company may take which decisions, and up to what limit?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "authority-map-q02", "text": "What evidence shows that a given person currently holds that office?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "membership", "name": "Membership and affiliation", "description": "Who counts as part of it and on what terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "membership-rules", "name": "Membership and its evidence", "description": "Classes of member, how membership starts and ends.", "questions": [ { "id": "membership-rules-q01", "text": "What kinds of membership or affiliation does joint-stock company have, and how does each begin and end?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "membership-rules-q02", "text": "What may a member do in its name, and what may they not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a joint-stock company came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a joint-stock company and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a joint-stock company is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a joint-stock company, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a joint-stock company, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a joint-stock company is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }