{ "model": { "rank": 3120, "code": "thing-q135010", "model_id": "vr.tr.war-crime", "name": "war crime", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the legal definition and categories of war crimes with attribution, describe how they are investigated and prosecuted, present historical and contemporary cases neutrally from documented sources, and support victims and researchers without providing operational assistance.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q135010/", "tier": 2, "score": 91, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "perfidy", "death march", "no quarter", "war crime of starvation as a method of warfare", "razing", "terror bombing", "war crime of attacking civilians", "Aktion T4", "war crime of taking hostages", "German war crimes in Yugoslavia", "slave raid", "rape during the occupation of Japan", "human trophy collecting", "war crime of sexual violence", "wartime sexual violence", "Rape during the liberation of Serbia", "forced abduction of comfort women", "rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War", "War crimes in Afghanistan", "Turkish war crimes", "indiscriminate attack", "looted property", "United States war crimes", "German war crimes in Italy during World War II", "War crimes in World War I", "massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars", "Joint criminal enterprise", "educide", "destruction of the healthcare system", "war crime of cruel treatment", "war crime of outrages upon personal dignity", "Carlist war crimes", "War crimes during the Vietnam War", "art theft and looting during World War II", "collective punishment", "allied war crimes during World War II", "2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine", "Soviet war crimes", "Nazi plunder", "war crimes in the Kosovo War" ], "aliasCount": 58, "merged": 59, "knownIn": 91, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q135010", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135010", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T23:24:12Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q135010", "registryId": "vr.tr.war-crime", "name": "war crime", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q135010/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.war-crime", "name": "war crime", "purpose": "Let an agent explain the legal definition and categories of war crimes with attribution, describe how they are investigated and prosecuted, present historical and contemporary cases neutrally from documented sources, and support victims and researchers without providing operational assistance.", "definition": "A serious violation of the laws and customs of war under international humanitarian law, such as wilful killing of protected persons, torture, perfidy, denial of quarter, starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, attacks on civilians and civilian objects, and forced marches of prisoners, as defined in the Geneva Conventions, their protocols and the Rome Statute; war crimes are prosecuted by national courts and international tribunals and are documented by investigators and historians.", "what_it_is_for": "Serious violations of the laws of war.", "affordances": [ "explain legal definitions and categories", "describe investigation and prosecution", "present cases neutrally from documented sources", "support victims and researchers" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Legal definition", "Armed conflict context", "Individual criminal responsibility", "International prosecution" ], "appearance": "Not physical; legal categories and documented acts.", "visual_identification": [ "Serious breach of international humanitarian law", "Defined in treaties and statutes", "Crimes against humanity and genocide are related but distinct categories" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "crimes against protected persons such as prisoners and civilians", "prohibited methods such as perfidy, no quarter and starvation", "unlawful attacks including terror bombing and razing", "crimes involving property and cultural heritage", "crimes in non-international conflicts" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "crimes against international law", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "violation of international humanitarian law", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "prosecutor", "why": "prosecution of war crimes" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "mercenary", "why": "another topic under international humanitarian law" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols", "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court", "National war crimes legislation" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Partisan or unverified accusations", "Agents assisting in committing or concealing crimes", "Retraumatising victims" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "law", "name": "Law", "description": "What counts as a war crime.", "rationale": "Definitions.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Legal definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are war crimes defined in the Geneva Conventions and the Rome Statute, and which acts such as perfidy, denial of quarter or starvation of civilians are listed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How do war crimes differ from crimes against humanity and genocide?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "boundaries", "name": "Boundaries", "description": "Limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "boundaries-finding", "name": "Boundaries", "description": "Limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the request seeking to commit, plan or conceal a war crime, which must be declined?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which legal or historical information can be provided instead?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "justice", "name": "Justice", "description": "Investigation and prosecution.", "rationale": "Process.", "layers": [ { "id": "investigate", "name": "Investigate", "description": "Investigation.", "findings": [ { "id": "investigate-finding", "name": "Investigate", "description": "Investigation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are war crimes investigated and documented by national authorities, international bodies and civil society?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How can evidence be preserved and reported safely?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "prosecute", "name": "Prosecute", "description": "Courts and tribunals.", "findings": [ { "id": "prosecute-finding", "name": "Prosecute", "description": "Prosecution.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do national courts, the International Criminal Court and ad hoc tribunals prosecute war crimes, and what is command responsibility?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits a specific tribunal?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cases", "name": "Cases", "description": "Historical and contemporary cases.", "rationale": "Neutrality.", "layers": [ { "id": "historical", "name": "Historical", "description": "Historical cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "historical-finding", "name": "Historical", "description": "Historical cases.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is documented by courts and historians about this historical case, and how are contested judgments attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and respectful of victims?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "current", "name": "Current", "description": "Contemporary allegations.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-finding", "name": "Current", "description": "Contemporary.", "questions": [ { "text": "What have investigators, courts and reputable organisations documented about alleged war crimes in this conflict, and what remains allegation?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are all parties positions attributed without endorsing unverified claims?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "support", "name": "Support", "description": "Victims and education.", "rationale": "Care.", "layers": [ { "id": "victims", "name": "Victims", "description": "Support for victims.", "findings": [ { "id": "victims-finding", "name": "Victims", "description": "Victims.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which organisations support victims and witnesses of war crimes, and how is reparation pursued?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is a person in danger or distress now?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can international humanitarian law and war crimes be taught neutrally?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each category be a separate entry?", "How should tribunal records be linked?", "How should contested cases be attributed?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a war crime, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain the legal definition and categories of war crimes with attribution, describe how they are investigated and prosecuted, present historical and contemporary cases neutrally from documented sources, and support victims and researchers without providing operational assistance.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: perfidy, death march, no quarter, war crime of starvation as a method of warfare, razing, terror bombing, war crime of attacking civilians, Aktion T4, war crime of taking hostages, German war crimes in Yugoslavia, slave raid, rape during the occupation of Japan.", "59 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 91 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a war crime, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "perfidy", "death march", "no quarter", "war crime of starvation as a method of warfare", "razing", "terror bombing", "war crime of attacking civilians", "Aktion T4", "war crime of taking hostages", "German war crimes in Yugoslavia", "slave raid", "rape during the occupation of Japan" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 91 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 59 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one war crime from another, and a war crime from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a war crime sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a war crime from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a war crime passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a war crime between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a war crime, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a war crime is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a war crime proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a war crime, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a war crime and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a war crime consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a war crime takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What war crime is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of war crime are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is war crime operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of war crime and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of war crime?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as war crime?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a war crime came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a war crime and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a war crime is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a war crime, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a war crime, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a war crime is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }