{ "model": { "rank": 427, "code": "thing-q13955", "model_id": "vr.tr.arabic", "name": "Arabic", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Arabic by variety, script, grammar, learning and translation, respecting diglossia and regional varieties, and describing religious uses of Classical Arabic with attribution.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Information and virtual systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "INF", "domain": "INF.MED", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q13955/", "tier": 2, "score": 310, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Arabic language in the United States", "Arabic language in Israel", "Arabic language in Sweden", "Arabic language in Iran", "Judeo-Arabic", "Arabic dialects in Israel", "Judeo-Syrian Arabic", "Judeo-Algerian Arabic", "Judeo-Moroccan", "Judeo-Yemeni Arabic", "Judeo-Tunisian Arabic", "Judeo-Egyptian Arabic", "Arabic as a second or foreign language", "Maghrebi Arabic", "Hilalian dialects", "Standard Arabic", "Paleo-Arabic", "Bongor Arabic", "Egypto-Sudanic Arabic", "Arabic language in Europe", "varieties of Arabic", "Peninsular Arabic", "Classical Arabic", "Maridi Arabic", "Old Arabic", "Pre-Classical Arabic", "Nabataean Arabic", "Bedouin Arabic", "Bimbashi Arabic", "Mashriqi Arabic", "Iraqi Arabic", "Cypriot Arabic", "Levantine Arabic", "Bedawi Arabic", "Middle Arabic", "Shirvani Arabic", "Eastern Morocco Arabic", "medieval Arabic", "Pantelleria Arabic", "Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects" ], "aliasCount": 74, "merged": 74, "knownIn": 310, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q13955", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T11:39:18Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q13955", "registryId": "vr.tr.arabic", "name": "Arabic", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "INF.MED" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q13955/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.arabic", "name": "Arabic", "purpose": "Let an agent handle Arabic by variety, script, grammar, learning and translation, respecting diglossia and regional varieties, and describing religious uses of Classical Arabic with attribution.", "definition": "A Semitic language spoken by hundreds of millions across the Middle East and North Africa and in diaspora communities, with Modern Standard Arabic used in writing and formal settings alongside many spoken varieties such as Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf and Maghrebi Arabic; written right to left in the Arabic script.", "what_it_is_for": "Communication, literature, religion, media and diplomacy.", "affordances": [ "distinguish Modern Standard Arabic and spoken varieties", "explain the script and right-to-left writing", "find learning resources", "handle Arabic text correctly in software" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Semitic language", "Diglossia between standard and spoken forms", "Right-to-left script", "Official in many countries and the UN" ], "appearance": "Arabic script, cursive and right to left, with optional vowel marks.", "visual_identification": [ "Arabic script with connected letters", "Standard and dialect varieties", "Other languages such as Persian and Urdu use Arabic-derived scripts" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "Modern Standard Arabic", "Classical Arabic", "Egyptian and Levantine Arabic", "Gulf and Iraqi Arabic", "Maghrebi Arabic and Judeo-Arabic varieties" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "Semitic language", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is written in", "target": "Arabic script", "why": "script" }, { "relation": "is an official language of", "target": "Arab League states and UN", "why": "status" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "Hebrew and Aramaic", "why": "related languages" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 639-1", "value_or_pattern": "ar", "note": "language code" }, { "scheme": "ISO 639-3", "value_or_pattern": "ara (macrolanguage)", "note": "language code" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Unicode Arabic script blocks", "Arabic language academies" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Treating one dialect as universal", "Broken right-to-left rendering", "Machine translation errors with dialects" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "variety", "name": "Variety", "description": "Which Arabic.", "rationale": "Varieties differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "which", "name": "Which", "description": "Standard or dialect.", "findings": [ { "id": "which-finding", "name": "Which", "description": "Variety.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is Modern Standard Arabic or a spoken variety meant?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which region?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "diglossia", "name": "Diglossia", "description": "Use in context.", "findings": [ { "id": "diglossia-finding", "name": "Diglossia", "description": "Diglossia.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which variety is appropriate for this context, such as news or conversation?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How do they differ?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "script", "name": "Script", "description": "Writing.", "rationale": "Script needs care.", "layers": [ { "id": "writing", "name": "Writing", "description": "Letters and vowels.", "findings": [ { "id": "writing-finding", "name": "Writing", "description": "Writing system.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do Arabic letters change form by position?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When are vowel marks used?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "software", "name": "Software", "description": "Right-to-left.", "findings": [ { "id": "software-finding", "name": "Software", "description": "Software support.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the text rendered correctly right to left with proper shaping?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which Unicode and bidi rules apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learning", "name": "Learning", "description": "Resources.", "rationale": "Learners need direction.", "layers": [ { "id": "courses", "name": "Courses", "description": "Resources.", "findings": [ { "id": "courses-finding", "name": "Courses", "description": "Learning resources.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which resources suit learning this variety?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which transliteration system do they use?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "translation", "name": "Translation", "description": "Professional help.", "findings": [ { "id": "translation-finding", "name": "Translation", "description": "Translation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this document need certified translation?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the translator familiar with the relevant variety?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "culture", "name": "Culture", "description": "Literature and religion.", "rationale": "Attribution matters.", "layers": [ { "id": "literature", "name": "Literature", "description": "Heritage.", "findings": [ { "id": "literature-finding", "name": "Literature", "description": "Literature.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which literary traditions are central, according to scholars?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are translations available?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "religion", "name": "Religion", "description": "Classical Arabic.", "findings": [ { "id": "religion-finding", "name": "Religion", "description": "Religious use.", "questions": [ { "text": "What role does Classical Arabic play in Islam, according to Muslim sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is Arabic also used by other religious communities?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should varieties be separate entries?", "How should transliteration standards be linked?", "How should religious uses be attributed?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "work, medium or creative form", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Arabic, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle Arabic by variety, script, grammar, learning and translation, respecting diglossia and regional varieties, and describing religious uses of Classical Arabic with attribution.", "characteristics": { "substance": "information", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "read and interpreted", "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Arabic language in the United States, Arabic language in Israel, Arabic language in Sweden, Arabic language in Iran, Judeo-Arabic, Arabic dialects in Israel, Judeo-Syrian Arabic, Judeo-Algerian Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan, Judeo-Yemeni Arabic, Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, Judeo-Egyptian Arabic.", "74 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 310 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Arabic, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "content that has to be carried by something else", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "read it and act on what it says", "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "What is seen is a copy or a performance, not the work. Recognising the work means recognising the content through whatever is carrying it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Arabic language in the United States", "Arabic language in Israel", "Arabic language in Sweden", "Arabic language in Iran", "Judeo-Arabic", "Arabic dialects in Israel", "Judeo-Syrian Arabic", "Judeo-Algerian Arabic", "Judeo-Moroccan", "Judeo-Yemeni Arabic", "Judeo-Tunisian Arabic", "Judeo-Egyptian Arabic" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 310 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 74 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Arabic from another, and a Arabic from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Arabic sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Arabic from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Arabic passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Arabic between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Arabic, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Arabic is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "content-and-access", "name": "Content, encoding and access", "description": "What a Arabic says, how it is encoded and who may read it.", "rationale": "An informational thing carries content that can be copied, versioned and withheld, none of which its physical carrier explains.", "layers": [ { "id": "content-and-encoding", "name": "Content and encoding", "description": "The content itself, its format and its language.", "findings": [ { "id": "content-and-format", "name": "Content, format and language", "description": "What a Arabic contains and in what form it is held.", "questions": [ { "id": "content-and-format-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the content of a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the content of a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "content-and-format-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the content of a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-and-rights", "name": "Access, rights and retention", "description": "Who may read, copy or change it, and for how long it is kept.", "findings": [ { "id": "access-rules", "name": "Access rules and retention", "description": "The permissions attached to a Arabic and the period it survives.", "questions": [ { "id": "access-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes access to a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about access to a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "access-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once access to a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-and-manifestation", "name": "Work, version and copy", "description": "Which level of Arabic a statement is about.", "rationale": "The work, the edition, the file and the copy in hand are four things; rights and content attach to different ones.", "layers": [ { "id": "levels", "name": "Levels of the thing", "description": "Work, expression, manifestation and item, in plain terms.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs at each level", "description": "Which facts hold for the work and which only for one copy.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "For Arabic, which facts belong to the work itself, which to a version, and which to a single copy?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifier exists at each level, and which one is being cited?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "versions", "name": "Versions, editions and variants", "description": "How versions differ and which is canonical to whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "version-record", "name": "Versions and canonicity", "description": "Differences that matter and who calls one authoritative.", "questions": [ { "id": "version-record-q01", "text": "Which versions or editions of Arabic exist, and how do they differ substantively?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "version-record-q02", "text": "Who treats which version as authoritative, and for what purpose?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "authorship-and-rights", "name": "Authorship, rights and permitted use", "description": "Who made Arabic and what may be done with it.", "rationale": "Rights are jurisdictional, time-limited and attached to a level, and an agent that ignores that will copy what it may not.", "layers": [ { "id": "authorship", "name": "Authorship and contribution", "description": "Who contributed what, and in what capacity.", "findings": [ { "id": "contribution-record", "name": "Contributors and roles", "description": "The people and bodies behind it, with their roles.", "questions": [ { "id": "contribution-record-q01", "text": "Who authored or contributed to Arabic, in what roles, and how is that attested?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "contribution-record-q02", "text": "Where authorship is disputed or anonymous, what is recorded instead?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "rights", "name": "Rights and permissions", "description": "Which rights subsist, where, until when, and what they permit.", "findings": [ { "id": "rights-record", "name": "Rights, term and permitted acts", "description": "The regime in force and what it allows.", "questions": [ { "id": "rights-record-q01", "text": "What rights subsist in Arabic, in which jurisdictions, and until when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "rights-record-q02", "text": "Which acts are permitted without further permission, and which must an agent refuse?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Arabic came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Arabic and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Arabic is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Arabic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Arabic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Arabic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }