{ "model": { "rank": 5945, "code": "thing-q1403016", "model_id": "vr.tr.arrest", "name": "arrest", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported arrest, assess its execution and evidentially supported state, and identify actions permitted by the applicable authority and safeguards.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1403016/", "tier": 2, "score": 63, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "mistaken arrest", "booking", "tsuibu", "Jugendarrest", "citizen's arrest", "illegal arrest", "mass arrest" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 8, "knownIn": 63, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1403016", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403016", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:18:45Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.05256094, "turns": 7, "seconds": 240.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 97.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b5c-9686-7d51-a157-c626cd9c3a16\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: arrest\nRegistry id: vr.tr.arrest\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.PRC\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy mod" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1403016", "registryId": "vr.tr.arrest", "name": "arrest", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.PRC" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1403016/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.arrest", "name": "arrest", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported arrest, assess its execution and evidentially supported state, and identify actions permitted by the applicable authority and safeguards.", "definition": "An arrest is a legally authorised seizure of a person into custody by a state agent (or, where statute allows, a private person), which deprives that person of liberty in order to bring them before a competent authority, to prevent an imminent offence, or to execute a judicial order, and which is distinct both from a brief investigative stop and from later detention or imprisonment.", "scope_statement": "This model owns an arrest as an episode in which an actor asserts or exercises authority to take a person into custody, including disputed or attempted arrests, while keeping occurrence, legal validity and subsequent detention distinct.", "in_scope": [ "Identification of the person, arresting actors and particular arrest episode", "Asserted authority, stated grounds and evidence supporting or disputing them", "Attempt, communication, restraint and acquisition of custody", "Arrest-related safeguards, immediate needs and reported departures from requirements", "Release, handover or another recorded end to the arrest episode" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Investigation of the underlying suspected conduct", "Criminal charges, prosecution, trial and determination of guilt", "Continuing detention conditions and custody management after handover", "Sentencing and execution of punishment", "General police powers, institutional organisation and personnel management", "Medical diagnosis and treatment beyond recording arrest-related needs and referrals" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Distinguish an arrest from a summons or voluntary interview by recording asserted custody authority and whether the person could actually decline or leave.", "Distinguish an arrest from a stop, search or other temporary restriction using the applicable classification criteria and observed conduct; duration or an actor's label alone does not settle the boundary.", "Distinguish an attempted arrest from an effected arrest by identifying whether the applicable custody threshold was reached and what evidence establishes that transition.", "Distinguish an arrest from abduction or private confinement by examining asserted authority and context, while preserving the possibility that a purported arrest was unlawful.", "Distinguish the arrest episode from subsequent detention by identifying the recorded release, handover or other locally applicable endpoint." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Arrest classification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Reported classification under an identified jurisdiction and rule set; disputed or undetermined where necessary", "why_it_matters": "Different forms of arrest may have different powers, thresholds and safeguards." }, { "name": "Episode state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Reported, attempted, custody acquired, handed over, released, attempt discontinued, or unresolved; each with evidence", "why_it_matters": "Separates what was proposed or attempted from what occurred and how the episode ended." }, { "name": "Arrest participants", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Person subjected to arrest, arresting actors, directing authority and receiving custodian, with role intervals", "why_it_matters": "Establishes who acted upon whom and who held responsibility at each transition." }, { "name": "Authority basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to applicable powers, warrant or order where relevant, claimed exceptions and issuing authority", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of the specific authority claimed without treating its assertion as proof." }, { "name": "Grounds and identity match", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Asserted, supported, contradicted, disputed or unassessed, separately for grounds and person identification", "why_it_matters": "An authority instrument may exist while its application to this person or situation remains uncertain." }, { "name": "Custody onset and elapsed time", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Timestamp with time zone and uncertainty; elapsed seconds, minutes or hours from each applicable trigger", "why_it_matters": "Supports event reconstruction and assessment of jurisdiction-specific time requirements." }, { "name": "Restriction and force", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Observed restrictions, restraint devices, force actions and changes over time; unknown explicitly recorded", "why_it_matters": "Makes the practical exercise of control assessable independently of its formal description." }, { "name": "Safeguard fulfilment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Per applicable safeguard: due, fulfilled, delayed, declined, disputed, not applicable or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Connects immediate actions to evidenced obligations and the person's circumstances." }, { "name": "Validity assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed, contested or assessed by an identified competent reviewer, with scope, reasons and date", "why_it_matters": "Prevents factual occurrence, procedural compliance and legal validity from collapsing into one status." } ], "affordances": [ "Reconstruct an arrest timeline from attributed accounts and records while retaining conflicts and uncertainty.", "Assess whether evidence supports an attempt, acquisition of custody or another form of restriction under identified criteria.", "Identify missing authority, grounds or identity evidence and route it for competent review.", "Track applicable safeguards and time requirements, flag unmet conditions and identify authorised next steps.", "Record and verify release or transfer of responsibility to a receiving custodian.", "Produce an evidence-linked account for review without inferring guilt from the arrest." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "src-wikidata-q1403016", "title": "arrest (Q1403016) - Wikidata, Wikimedia Foundation", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403016", "what_it_supports": "Canonical item for the legal process of arrest as a taking into custody; registry mapping for this entry.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-wikipedia-arrest", "title": "Arrest - Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest", "what_it_supports": "Working definition as apprehension into custody; warrant versus warrantless and citizen's arrest; distinction from a stop; booking and presentation to a court.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-iccpr-art9", "title": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 9 - United Nations (OHCHR)", "url": "https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights", "what_it_supports": "Arrest only as prescribed by law; prompt notice of reasons and any charge; prompt appearance before a judge; habeas corpus; compensation for unlawful arrest.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "src-hrc-gc35", "title": "General Comment No. 35: Article 9 (Liberty and security of person) - UN Human Rights Committee", "url": "https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-comment-no-35-article-9-liberty-and-security", "what_it_supports": "Arrest as the act of taking into custody versus continuing detention; 48-hour outer bound often treated as the prompt-appearance standard; arbitrary arrest.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "src-echr-art5", "title": "European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 - Council of Europe", "url": "https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_eng", "what_it_supports": "Exhaustive grounds for arrest or detention; prompt reasons in a language understood; prompt judicial control; compensation for breach.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "src-pace-1984", "title": "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 - United Kingdom (legislation.gov.uk)", "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/60", "what_it_supports": "Statutory power and necessity of arrest; custody clock (ordinarily 24 hours, extendable); caution and rights of a person under arrest in England and Wales.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-miranda", "title": "Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) - Supreme Court of the United States", "url": "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/436/", "what_it_supports": "Custodial interrogation warnings once a person is in custody; custody as the operational threshold that turns a stop into an arrest-like seizure for Fifth Amendment purposes.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "src-riverside", "title": "County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991) - Supreme Court of the United States", "url": "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/500/44/", "what_it_supports": "Warrantless arrest must be followed by a prompt judicial probable-cause determination, with 48 hours as the general outer bound in US practice.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "src-eaw", "title": "Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA on the European arrest warrant - Council of the European Union (EUR-Lex)", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002F0584", "what_it_supports": "Cross-border arrest and surrender among EU Member States as a judicial rather than classic extradition procedure.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "src-un-body-principles", "title": "Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment - UN General Assembly resolution 43/173 (1988)", "url": "https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/body-principles-protection-all-persons-under-any-form-detention", "what_it_supports": "Record of arrest, notice to family, access to counsel, medical examination, and the distinction between arrest, detention and imprisonment.", "url_status": "blocked" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "arrest-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Arrest identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which episode is being modelled and whether its reported conduct fits an arrest.", "rationale": "Arrest records can conflate an encounter, an attempted arrest, acquisition of custody and later detention.", "layers": [ { "id": "episode-and-participants", "name": "Episode and participants", "description": "Identifies the person, actors and event without assuming that their reported identities or roles are settled.", "findings": [ { "id": "person-actor-and-episode-match", "name": "Person, actor and episode match", "description": "Records evidence connecting the affected person and arresting actors to this particular occurrence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which person was subjected to the alleged arrest, which actors participated, and how was each identified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "person-actor-and-episode-match-q01" }, { "text": "What establishes that these accounts concern the same episode rather than a separate arrest or another person's encounter?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "person-actor-and-episode-match-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "arrest-threshold", "name": "Arrest threshold", "description": "Separates reported labels from the factual and jurisdictional basis for classifying the event.", "findings": [ { "id": "classification-and-custody-threshold", "name": "Classification and custody threshold", "description": "Records the applicable arrest criteria alongside the observed restriction and any competing classification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under the identified rule set, what distinguishes arrest from a stop, voluntary attendance or another restriction in this situation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "classification-and-custody-threshold-q01" }, { "text": "What conduct and evidence establish whether and when that threshold was crossed?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "classification-and-custody-threshold-q02" }, { "text": "Which classifications remain disputed, and whose assessment supports each?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "classification-and-custody-threshold-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "arrest-authority-and-grounds", "name": "Arrest authority and grounds", "description": "Connects the asserted power to the actor, person and circumstances of the arrest.", "rationale": "An arrest's occurrence does not establish that its actor had authority or that its grounds were satisfied.", "layers": [ { "id": "power-and-instrument", "name": "Power and instrument", "description": "Identifies the claimed source and limits of arrest authority.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-arrest-power", "name": "Applicable arrest power", "description": "Records the power invoked, any supporting instrument and unresolved limits on its application.", "questions": [ { "text": "What power, warrant, order or other basis did the actor invoke, and which jurisdiction and version of the rules apply?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-arrest-power-q01" }, { "text": "What actor, territorial, temporal or person-specific limits apply, and what evidence shows they were satisfied?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "applicable-arrest-power-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grounds-and-target", "name": "Grounds and target", "description": "Separates the reason for arrest from evidence that it applied to this person at the relevant time.", "findings": [ { "id": "grounds-at-time-of-arrest", "name": "Grounds at time of arrest", "description": "Preserves the stated grounds, information available when the decision was made and later challenges.", "questions": [ { "text": "What grounds were asserted, by whom, and what supporting information was available when the arrest decision was made?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "grounds-at-time-of-arrest-q01" }, { "text": "What connects those grounds or the named target in an instrument to the person actually arrested?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "grounds-at-time-of-arrest-q02" }, { "text": "What contradiction, identity uncertainty or missing prerequisite requires review before further action?", "kind": "action", "id": "grounds-at-time-of-arrest-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "arrest-execution-and-control", "name": "Arrest execution and control", "description": "Records how the arrest was attempted or effected and how control over the person changed.", "rationale": "Words, restraint and practical custody may occur at different times and support different accounts of the event.", "layers": [ { "id": "communication-and-custody-onset", "name": "Communication and custody onset", "description": "Reconstructs the transition from encounter to attempted or effected arrest.", "findings": [ { "id": "arrest-transition-sequence", "name": "Arrest transition sequence", "description": "Records declarations, instructions, responses and acquisition of control with attributed times.", "questions": [ { "text": "What was communicated about arrest, authority and reasons, in what language or form, and what evidence records the exchange?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "arrest-transition-sequence-q01" }, { "text": "When and where did the attempt begin and custody become effective, and how precise or contested are those observations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "arrest-transition-sequence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "restraint-force-and-movement", "name": "Restraint, force and movement", "description": "Captures the actual means and consequences of exercising control during the arrest.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-actions-and-effects", "name": "Control actions and effects", "description": "Records restrictions, force, movements and reported effects without assuming their justification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which actor applied each restriction or force action, when did it start and stop, and what reason did the actor give?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "control-actions-and-effects-q01" }, { "text": "What movements, observed injuries, distress or other effects occurred, and which records or witnesses support them?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "control-actions-and-effects-q02" }, { "text": "What immediate care, restraint reassessment or review is indicated under the applicable requirements and observed circumstances?", "kind": "action", "id": "control-actions-and-effects-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "arrest-safeguards-and-time", "name": "Arrest safeguards and time", "description": "Tracks requirements and immediate needs triggered by this arrest.", "rationale": "The person's circumstances and the applicable rules determine which protections and time-sensitive actions must be assessed.", "layers": [ { "id": "notice-assistance-and-needs", "name": "Notice, assistance and needs", "description": "Records applicable safeguards and whether the person could meaningfully access them.", "findings": [ { "id": "person-specific-safeguards", "name": "Person-specific safeguards", "description": "Connects notice, communication, assistance and care requirements to evidence of their delivery or absence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which notice, legal assistance, interpretation, notification or care requirements apply to this person and arrest, and what sources establish them?", "kind": "definition", "id": "person-specific-safeguards-q01" }, { "text": "What was provided, requested, delayed or declined, and what supports any recorded understanding, refusal or waiver?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "person-specific-safeguards-q02" }, { "text": "What unmet need or safeguard calls for an immediate authorised response, and who is responsible?", "kind": "action", "id": "person-specific-safeguards-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "triggered-clocks", "name": "Triggered clocks", "description": "Identifies arrest-related deadlines and their precise triggering events.", "findings": [ { "id": "deadline-basis-and-status", "name": "Deadline basis and status", "description": "Records sourced time requirements separately from the factual timestamps used to assess them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which applicable requirement creates each deadline, what event starts it, and what documented exceptions or extensions affect it?", "kind": "definition", "id": "deadline-basis-and-status-q01" }, { "text": "Using the supported trigger time and its uncertainty, what time remains or has elapsed beyond the deadline?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "deadline-basis-and-status-q02" }, { "text": "Which authorised action or escalation is required when a deadline approaches, expires or cannot be reliably calculated?", "kind": "action", "id": "deadline-basis-and-status-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "arrest-disposition-and-review", "name": "Arrest disposition and review", "description": "Establishes how the arrest episode ended and how its disputed aspects are assessed.", "rationale": "A recorded handover or release must not conceal responsibility gaps or turn an unresolved legality question into a settled conclusion.", "layers": [ { "id": "release-or-custody-handover", "name": "Release or custody handover", "description": "Records the episode endpoint and continuity of responsibility.", "findings": [ { "id": "arrest-endpoint", "name": "Arrest endpoint", "description": "Identifies release, discontinued attempt, transfer or another evidenced endpoint and any continuing process.", "questions": [ { "text": "What event ends this arrest episode under the chosen boundary, and when and where did it occur?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "arrest-endpoint-q01" }, { "text": "Who authorised release or accepted custody, and what evidence confirms the person's resulting situation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "arrest-endpoint-q02" }, { "text": "What unresolved needs, deadlines or responsibility must be passed to the receiving custodian or linked process?", "kind": "action", "id": "arrest-endpoint-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "contested-arrest-assessment", "name": "Contested arrest assessment", "description": "Preserves evidence conflicts and distinguishes allegations from competent determinations.", "findings": [ { "id": "occurrence-compliance-and-validity", "name": "Occurrence, compliance and validity", "description": "Keeps findings about what happened separate from procedural assessment and legal determination.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which aspects of occurrence, grounds, execution or safeguards are contested, and what evidence supports each account?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "occurrence-compliance-and-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Has a competent reviewer made a determination, and what exactly did it decide, on which evidence and with what remaining uncertainty?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "occurrence-compliance-and-validity-q02" }, { "text": "What review, correction or evidence-preservation action is available to the agent within its authorised role?", "kind": "action", "id": "occurrence-compliance-and-validity-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "warrant arrest (judicially pre-authorised taking into custody)", "warrantless arrest on probable cause or in flagrante delicto", "citizen's arrest / private person's arrest", "custodial arrest versus citation or summons in lieu of arrest", "arrest for extradition or European Arrest Warrant surrender", "administrative or immigration arrest", "juvenile arrest under a distinct procedural regime", "mass or public-order arrest during assemblies or operations" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q1403016", "note": "Item 'arrest' as a legal taking into custody; not cardiac arrest (Q202837), arrest warrant (Q584041), or arbitrary arrest and detention (Q2080864)." }, { "scheme": "Wikipedia", "value_or_pattern": "Arrest", "note": "English sitelink title for the legal process." }, { "scheme": "Library of Congress Subject Headings", "value_or_pattern": "Arrest", "note": "Authority heading for the legal act; control number not restated here because it was not re-checked in this pass." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 9 - United Nations (General Assembly / OHCHR): arrest only as prescribed by law; prompt reasons, judicial control and a remedy for unlawful arrest.", "UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 35 on Article 9 - treaty-body interpretation of arrest, detention, promptness and arbitrariness.", "European Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 - Council of Europe: exhaustive lawful grounds, prompt information and prompt judicial control of arrest.", "American Convention on Human Rights, Article 7 - Organization of American States: freedom from arbitrary arrest; prompt notice and judicial review.", "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, Article 6 - African Union: no arbitrary arrest or detention.", "Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (UNGA res. 43/173, 1988) - United Nations: records, notification, counsel and medical safeguards from the moment of arrest.", "Constitution of the United States, Fourth Amendment - seizure of the person; Fifth and Sixth Amendments as applied in Miranda v. Arizona to custodial interrogation.", "County of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44 (1991) - Supreme Court of the United States: 48-hour rule for a probable-cause determination after a warrantless arrest.", "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and PACE Code G - United Kingdom (Home Office / Parliament): necessity of arrest and the custody clock in England and Wales.", "Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA - Council of the European Union: European arrest warrant as a judicial surrender instrument." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "A police officer takes a suspect from a street, dwelling or vehicle to a station after a crime in progress or after an investigation, then books identity, fingerprints and a custody record.", "Execution of a judicial arrest warrant at a known address or after a traffic stop.", "Decision after arrest to charge, grant bail or police release, or hold for court; many low-level offences are instead handled by citation or summons without a custodial arrest.", "Immigration and border officers take a person into administrative custody pending removal or identity checks.", "Cross-border surrender: a requested person is arrested under a European Arrest Warrant or an extradition request and produced before a local court.", "Arrest statistics are used by police, ministries of justice and journalists as an indicator of enforcement activity, not as a count of convictions.", "Defence lawyers, prosecutors and custody sergeants treat the moment of arrest as the start of the custody clock, caution/Miranda duties, and the right to notify a third party." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "time from warrantless arrest to first judicial probable-cause review (US Riverside rule)", "typical_range": "within 48 as the general constitutional outer bound; shorter in many local practices", "unit": "h" }, { "quantity": "maximum police detention before charge under PACE (England and Wales)", "typical_range": "24 ordinary; 36 with superintendent authorisation; 96 for indictable offences with magistrates' warrant", "unit": "h" }, { "quantity": "time from arrest to first judicial appearance in many ICCPR/ECHR jurisdictions", "typical_range": "24-48 in ordinary criminal codes; treaty bodies treat much beyond 48 as requiring strong justification", "unit": "h" }, { "quantity": "French garde à vue before prosecutor/judge control (ordinary offences)", "typical_range": "24, extendable once to 48; longer special maxima for organised crime and terrorism", "unit": "h" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Arbitrary or unlawful arrest: no statutory ground, no probable cause/reasonable suspicion, or arrest used as punishment rather than to bring the person before a court.", "Failure to inform the person promptly of the reasons for arrest and of any charge, in a language they understand.", "Excessive force, positional asphyxia, or death in custody during or immediately after the taking.", "Wrongful arrest through mistaken identity, stale warrant, or fabricated suspicion.", "Discriminatory targeting (race, status, political opinion) that makes the arrest arbitrary even if a formal ground is recited.", "Denial of access to a lawyer, family notification, or medical examination in the hours after arrest.", "Coerced or unreliable confession obtained in custody because the person is not free to leave.", "Incommunicado or unrecorded arrest, which conceals enforced disappearance and blocks habeas corpus.", "Citizen's arrest that is in fact assault or false imprisonment because statutory conditions were not met.", "Over-arrest of juveniles or of minor offences that a summons could have handled, with lasting criminal-record harm." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States: arrest is a Fourth Amendment seizure of the person; warrantless arrests rest on probable cause; Miranda warnings attach to custodial interrogation; many misdemeanours are cited rather than booked.", "England and Wales: PACE imposes a necessity test (Code G) and a running custody clock; the person is 'arrested and cautioned'; 'detention' after arrival at the station is a distinct statutory phase.", "France: everyday police stopping is often interpellation; garde à vue is the timed police custody that follows arrestation; détention provisoire is later judicial remand, not the arrest itself.", "Germany: vorläufige Festnahme (StPO § 127) is the on-the-spot taking; Untersuchungshaft is court-ordered pre-trial detention after a judge has spoken.", "China: criminal detention (xingshi juliu) by police is distinct from arrest (daibu), which generally requires procuratorate approval.", "European Union: the European Arrest Warrant replaces classic extradition among Member States; national arrest powers still apply to the taking on the requested territory.", "Citizen's arrest is a recognised common-law or statutory power in the UK, US, Canada and Australia, and is narrow or absent in many civil-law codes.", "Some systems still allow civil arrest for debt or contempt; others abolished it and confine arrest to criminal or immigration process." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "detention", "difference": "Detention is the continuing deprivation of liberty after (or sometimes without) a taking; arrest is the act of seizing the person. Test: whether one is describing the capturing event or the subsequent holding." }, { "name": "stop and search / Terry stop", "difference": "A brief investigative stop on reasonable suspicion, without moving the person into the criminal-process custody of a station. Test: would a reasonable person feel free to leave, and is the person being transported or booked?" }, { "name": "arrest warrant", "difference": "The judicial instrument that authorises an arrest, not the arrest. Test: is the object a document/order or the taking of a body?" }, { "name": "charge / accusation", "difference": "A formal allegation of an offence, which may follow arrest or proceed by summons without any taking into custody." }, { "name": "imprisonment / incarceration", "difference": "Court-ordered confinement after conviction or as sentenced remand in prison, not the police or private act of capturing." }, { "name": "house arrest", "difference": "A court-imposed restriction of movement to a residence (often a sentence or bail condition), not the original seizure of the person." }, { "name": "extradition / surrender", "difference": "The interstate process of handing a person over; arrest on the requested territory is one step inside that process, not the whole of it." }, { "name": "cardiac arrest", "difference": "Sudden cessation of effective circulation (Wikidata Q202837). Homonym only; test is medical circulation versus legal custody of a person." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of arrest this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend arrest to cover criminal, civil, administrative, military and private-person arrests, or a narrower class?", "Which jurisdiction-specific criteria distinguish arrest from other restrictions, including cases where formal labels and practical control diverge?", "Where should this catalogue place the boundary between the arrest episode, transport, booking and continuing detention?", "Which authoritative sources establish applicable powers, grounds, safeguards, deadline triggers and exceptions for each supported context?", "How should the model represent purported arrests, unlawful arrests and mistaken-identity cases without conflating occurrence with legal validity?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 35 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a arrest, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a reported arrest, assess its execution and evidentially supported state, and identify actions permitted by the applicable authority and safeguards.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: mistaken arrest, booking, tsuibu, Jugendarrest, citizen's arrest, illegal arrest, mass arrest.", "8 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a arrest, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "mistaken arrest", "booking", "tsuibu", "Jugendarrest", "citizen's arrest", "illegal arrest", "mass arrest" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 63 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 8 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one arrest from another, and a arrest from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a arrest sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a arrest from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a arrest passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a arrest between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a arrest, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a arrest is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a arrest proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a arrest, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a arrest and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a arrest consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a arrest takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What arrest is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of arrest are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is arrest operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of arrest and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of arrest?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as arrest?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a arrest came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a arrest and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a arrest is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a arrest, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a arrest, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a arrest is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }