{ "model": { "rank": 5410, "code": "thing-q14189", "model_id": "vr.tr.cumulus", "name": "cumulus", "purpose": "Let an agent handle cumulus clouds by identification, species and varieties, formation, weather significance and aviation relevance, using WMO cloud classification.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q14189/", "tier": 2, "score": 67, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "stratocumulus volutus", "altocumulus volutus", "altocumulus floccus", "stratocumulus floccus", "stratocumulus stratiformis", "altocumulus stratiformis", "altocumulus", "cumulus mediocris cloud", "cumulus congestus", "cumulus humilis cloud", "cumulus fractus", "altocumulus castellanus", "Stratocumulus castellanus cloud", "stratocumulus castellanus", "stratocumulus lenticularis", "stratocumulus", "Altocumulus mackerel sky", "altocumulus lenticularis", "Cirrocumulus lacunosus", "Cirrocumulus undulatus", "flammagenitus", "Lee wave", "arcus cloud", "Marine stratocumulus", "pileus", "funnel cloud", "Cumulus castellanus cloud", "wave cloud", "velum", "altocumulus undulatus cloud", "convective overshoot", "cumuliformis", "overshooting top", "Sierra Wave", "mammatus cloud", "shelf cloud" ], "aliasCount": 36, "merged": 36, "knownIn": 67, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.cumulus", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q14189", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14189", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T12:12:49Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q14189", "registryId": "vr.tr.cumulus", "name": "cumulus", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q14189/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cumulus", "name": "cumulus", "purpose": "Let an agent handle cumulus clouds by identification, species and varieties, formation, weather significance and aviation relevance, using WMO cloud classification.", "definition": "A genus of low-level cloud with a detached, dense, heaped form and sharp outlines, often with flat bases and cauliflower-like tops, formed by rising convection currents; fair-weather cumulus can grow into cumulus congestus and cumulonimbus.", "what_it_is_for": "Weather observation, forecasting and aviation.", "affordances": [ "identify cumulus and its species", "explain how convection forms cumulus", "judge when cumulus may develop into storms", "use the WMO International Cloud Atlas" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Convective origin", "Detached heaped form", "Low cloud base", "Can develop into cumulonimbus" ], "appearance": "White, puffy clouds with flat, darker bases and bright sunlit tops.", "visual_identification": [ "Flat bases and cauliflower tops", "Species humilis, mediocris, congestus and fractus", "Stratocumulus forms sheets or patches of rounded masses" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "cumulus humilis", "cumulus mediocris", "cumulus congestus", "cumulus fractus", "related heaped forms such as stratocumulus and altocumulus floccus" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "low-level cloud", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "can develop into", "target": "cumulonimbus", "why": "successor" }, { "relation": "is formed by", "target": "convection", "why": "process" }, { "relation": "is classified in", "target": "WMO International Cloud Atlas", "why": "reference" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "WMO cloud abbreviation", "value_or_pattern": "Cu", "note": "cloud genus" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "WMO International Cloud Atlas", "Aviation weather reporting (METAR) conventions" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Missing rapid growth into storms", "Turbulence for light aircraft and gliders" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Recognition.", "rationale": "Shape identifies.", "layers": [ { "id": "genus", "name": "Genus", "description": "Cumulus or not.", "findings": [ { "id": "genus-finding", "name": "Genus", "description": "Genus.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this cloud cumulus, stratocumulus or another genus?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which features decide it?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "species", "name": "Species", "description": "Humilis to congestus.", "findings": [ { "id": "species-finding", "name": "Species", "description": "Species.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cumulus species is it?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How tall is it?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "formation", "name": "Formation", "description": "Convection.", "rationale": "Rising air forms cumulus.", "layers": [ { "id": "convection", "name": "Convection", "description": "Thermals.", "findings": [ { "id": "convection-finding", "name": "Convection", "description": "Convection.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do thermals form cumulus clouds?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What sets the cloud base height?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "daily", "name": "Daily cycle", "description": "Timing.", "findings": [ { "id": "daily-finding", "name": "Daily cycle", "description": "Daily cycle.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why do cumulus clouds often form in the late morning and fade in the evening?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How does season affect this?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "weather", "name": "Weather", "description": "Significance.", "rationale": "Cumulus signal conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "fair", "name": "Fair weather", "description": "Benign cumulus.", "findings": [ { "id": "fair-finding", "name": "Fair weather", "description": "Fair weather.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this cumulus indicate fair weather?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What does the forecast say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "storms", "name": "Storms", "description": "Development.", "findings": [ { "id": "storms-finding", "name": "Storms", "description": "Storm development.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are towering cumulus developing into thunderstorms?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which official warnings apply, and where should people shelter?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "aviation", "name": "Aviation", "description": "Flying.", "rationale": "Pilots watch cumulus.", "layers": [ { "id": "turbulence", "name": "Turbulence", "description": "Effects.", "findings": [ { "id": "turbulence-finding", "name": "Turbulence", "description": "Turbulence.", "questions": [ { "text": "What turbulence and icing risks do cumulus pose?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which aviation weather products report them?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "gliding", "name": "Gliding", "description": "Thermals.", "findings": [ { "id": "gliding-finding", "name": "Gliding", "description": "Gliding.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do glider pilots use cumulus to find lift?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "When does it become unsafe?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should species be separate entries?", "How should cloud photos be linked?", "How should aviation codes be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cumulus, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle cumulus clouds by identification, species and varieties, formation, weather significance and aviation relevance, using WMO cloud classification.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: stratocumulus volutus, altocumulus volutus, altocumulus floccus, stratocumulus floccus, stratocumulus stratiformis, altocumulus stratiformis, altocumulus, cumulus mediocris cloud, cumulus congestus, cumulus humilis cloud, cumulus fractus, altocumulus castellanus.", "36 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cumulus, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "stratocumulus volutus", "altocumulus volutus", "altocumulus floccus", "stratocumulus floccus", "stratocumulus stratiformis", "altocumulus stratiformis", "altocumulus", "cumulus mediocris cloud", "cumulus congestus", "cumulus humilis cloud", "cumulus fractus", "altocumulus castellanus" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 67 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 36 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cumulus from another, and a cumulus from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cumulus sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cumulus from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cumulus passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cumulus between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cumulus, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cumulus is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What cumulus is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of cumulus are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is cumulus operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of cumulus and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of cumulus?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as cumulus?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cumulus came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cumulus and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cumulus is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cumulus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cumulus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cumulus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }