{ "model": { "rank": 516, "code": "thing-q1420", "model_id": "vr.tr.car", "name": "car", "purpose": "Let an agent tell one car from another and from things that look like cars, know whose it is and what state it is in, and decide what may lawfully and safely be done with it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1420/", "tier": 2, "score": 246, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 246, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.car-3", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1420", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-10T19:45:00Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1420", "registryId": "vr.tr.car", "name": "car", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1420/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.car", "name": "car", "purpose": "Let an agent tell one car from another and from things that look like cars, know whose it is and what state it is in, and decide what may lawfully and safely be done with it.", "definition": "A wheeled motor vehicle built to carry a small number of people on roads, driven by an occupant or by an automated system, and registered to a keeper in most jurisdictions.", "what_it_is_for": "Moving a few people and their belongings over road networks, on the occupant's own schedule rather than a published one.", "affordances": [ "drive it, park it, and leave it somewhere it is allowed to be", "load and unload people and goods within its rated capacity", "fuel or charge it, and run out of either", "service it, repair it, and take it off the road when it fails inspection", "buy, sell, insure and register it, each of which changes a record and not the car", "be injured by it, which is why most of the rules about it exist" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Carries people rather than goods as its primary purpose, which separates it from a van built on the same platform", "Enclosed body and four wheels, which separates it from motorcycles and quadricycles that are licensed differently", "Capacity of eight passengers or fewer in most legal definitions, above which it becomes a bus or coach with a different licensing regime", "Road-legal by construction and registration, which separates it from track, agricultural and site vehicles that resemble it" ], "appearance": "A closed body on four wheels, roughly 3.5 to 5.5 metres long and 1.4 to 1.9 metres wide, with glazing all round, doors on both sides, lights at both ends and a registration plate front and rear in most jurisdictions.", "visual_identification": [ "Four road wheels under an enclosed passenger compartment, which separates it from motorcycles, quadricycles and vans", "Registration plates, which identify the individual vehicle rather than the kind", "A manufacturer's plate or VIN, usually at the base of the windscreen or in a door aperture, which is what actually settles identity", "Body style - hatchback, saloon, estate, SUV - which is a marketing division as much as a technical one and should not be trusted as a class boundary" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "kerb mass", "typical_range": "900-2500", "unit": "kg", "note": "battery-electric examples sit at the top of the range" }, { "quantity": "length", "typical_range": "3.5-5.5", "unit": "m", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "seating capacity", "typical_range": "2-7", "unit": "seats", "note": "the legal definition in most places caps this at eight plus the driver" }, { "quantity": "range on a full tank or charge", "typical_range": "300-800", "unit": "km", "note": "varies with load, speed and temperature far more than published figures suggest" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "by body: hatchback, saloon, estate, coupe, convertible, SUV, MPV", "by drivetrain: internal combustion, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery-electric, fuel cell", "by use: private, taxi or hire, emergency, driving-school, self-driving test fleet", "by ownership: privately owned, leased, fleet, car-club" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "motor vehicle", "why": "everything true of motor vehicles is true of it, including registration and roadworthiness" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "van", "why": "same platform, different purpose and often a different licence and tax class" }, { "relation": "needs", "target": "road", "why": "a car off the road network is a different problem: recovery, storage or scrap" }, { "relation": "needs", "target": "fuel or charging point", "why": "range is a constraint on every plan an agent makes with one" }, { "relation": "regulated by", "target": "vehicle registration and roadworthiness regime", "why": "who may drive it, where, and whether it may be on the road at all" }, { "relation": "contains", "target": "battery", "why": "in electric examples the battery dominates mass, cost and end-of-life handling" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "VIN", "value_or_pattern": "17 characters, ISO 3779", "note": "identifies the individual vehicle, not the model" }, { "scheme": "registration plate", "value_or_pattern": "jurisdiction-specific", "note": "changes with the keeper or the country; never a stable identifier" }, { "scheme": "vehicle category", "value_or_pattern": "M1 in the UNECE scheme", "note": "the category is what most rules actually attach to" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "UNECE vehicle regulations, which define categories and type approval in most of the world outside North America", "ISO 3833, which defines road vehicle types and terms", "National roadworthiness testing regimes, which decide whether a given car may be used at all", "Emissions standards, which are the usual reason a model is withdrawn from a market" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Collision, which is the hazard the whole regulatory apparatus exists for", "Brake, steering and tyre failure, which are what roadworthiness testing looks for", "Fire, in fuel systems and increasingly in damaged traction batteries, which burn differently and need different handling", "Carbon monoxide in enclosed spaces with combustion engines running", "Theft and unauthorised use, which is a records problem as much as a physical one" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-registration", "name": "Identity, registration and keeper", "description": "Which car this is, who is answerable for it, and what may be inferred from that.", "rationale": "Almost every decision about a car depends on the individual rather than the model, and the individual is identified by records that change independently of the machine.", "layers": [ { "id": "vehicle-identity", "name": "Vehicle identity", "description": "What names this car as opposed to another of the same model.", "findings": [ { "id": "identifiers-and-their-scope", "name": "Identifiers and what each identifies", "description": "VIN, plate and model designation refer to different things and are constantly conflated.", "questions": [ { "text": "What VIN, registration and model designation does this car carry, and which of them survives a change of keeper or country?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What evidence ties the plate to the VIN, and what should an agent do when they disagree?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "keeper-and-rights", "name": "Keeper, owner and rights over it", "description": "Who is registered, who owns it, and who may lawfully use it.", "findings": [ { "id": "who-may-use-it", "name": "Who may drive, and on what authority", "description": "Ownership, keepership, insurance and licence are four different permissions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who is the registered keeper, who is the owner, and who is insured to drive it?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What must be true before an agent may authorise a particular person to drive this car?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "configuration-and-capability", "name": "Configuration and capability", "description": "What this car can actually do, as built and as currently equipped.", "rationale": "Two cars of the same model differ in drivetrain, tyres, towing capacity and equipment, and every one of those changes what may be planned with it.", "layers": [ { "id": "drivetrain-and-energy", "name": "Drivetrain and energy", "description": "How it is powered, how far it goes, and what refilling means.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-and-replenishment", "name": "Range and replenishment", "description": "Usable range, its dependence on conditions, and what a refill or recharge requires.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the usable range of this car under stated conditions, and how far do load, speed and temperature move it?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What connector, fuel grade or power level does replenishment require, and where is that available on the intended route?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-limits", "name": "Capacity and limits", "description": "People, load, towing, and the ratings that bound them.", "findings": [ { "id": "rated-limits", "name": "Rated limits and their consequence", "description": "Seats, payload, roof and towing limits, and what exceeding them means legally and physically.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the seating, payload, roof-load and towing limits of this car, and where are they stated?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What must an agent refuse to plan because it exceeds one of those limits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-roadworthiness", "name": "Condition and roadworthiness", "description": "Whether this car may be used right now, and what says so.", "rationale": "Roadworthiness is a claim with a date and an issuer, not a property of the machine, and it can lapse while nothing about the car changes.", "layers": [ { "id": "mechanical-condition", "name": "Mechanical condition", "description": "Wear, faults and the systems whose failure takes it off the road.", "findings": [ { "id": "safety-critical-condition", "name": "Safety-critical condition", "description": "Brakes, tyres, steering, lights and structure, and how each is judged.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the current condition of the safety-critical systems, measured how, and when was it last checked?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which finding obliges an agent to stop using the car rather than schedule a repair?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "legal-fitness", "name": "Legal fitness for use", "description": "Test certificates, insurance, tax and any prohibition in force.", "findings": [ { "id": "permissions-in-force", "name": "Permissions in force and their expiry", "description": "What must be valid for the car to be on the road, and until when.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which certificates, insurance and duties are in force for this car, issued by whom, and when does each expire?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What is the agent's obligation when one of them has lapsed but the car is otherwise sound?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "location-and-use", "name": "Location, movement and use", "description": "Where the car is, where it may go, and what it is doing.", "rationale": "A car is only useful in relation to a place and a journey, and both are constrained by rules that vary by street, not by country.", "layers": [ { "id": "where-it-is", "name": "Where it is and may be", "description": "Position, parking rights and restricted zones.", "findings": [ { "id": "parking-and-access", "name": "Parking and access rights", "description": "Where this car may stand and where it may drive, both of which depend on the car as well as the place.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where is this car now, and where may it lawfully be parked or driven given its category and emissions class?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes its position and the time that position was true?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "journeys", "name": "Journeys and duty of care", "description": "The trip as a recordable thing, and who is responsible during it.", "findings": [ { "id": "journey-record", "name": "Journey record and responsibility", "description": "What a journey consists of and who answers for what happens on it.", "questions": [ { "text": "What defines the start and end of a journey for this car, and what is recorded about it?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Who is responsible during the journey when the driving is automated, and what evidence would establish that?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "lifecycle-and-provenance", "name": "Lifecycle, history and provenance", "description": "Where this car came from, what has happened to it, and how it ends.", "rationale": "A car's history determines its value, its risk and its legality, and history is exactly what is falsified when a car is stolen or written off and resold.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History and events", "description": "Manufacture, keepers, damage, repair, recalls and write-offs.", "findings": [ { "id": "event-history", "name": "Event history and its gaps", "description": "The recorded events and the periods nobody recorded anything.", "questions": [ { "text": "What events are recorded against this car, by whom, and where are the gaps?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which recorded event should change an agent's decision about buying, insuring or using it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "end-of-life", "name": "End of life", "description": "Write-off, dismantling, export and the handling that hazardous components need.", "findings": [ { "id": "disposal", "name": "Disposal and its constraints", "description": "What may lawfully happen to a car that is finished, and who must be told.", "questions": [ { "text": "What routes exist for ending this car's life, and which authority must be notified for each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What in it must be removed or handled separately, and by whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Where exactly does the boundary with vans, quadricycles and light commercial vehicles fall in the jurisdictions this registry cares about, given that each draws it differently?", "How should a model represent a car whose driving is partly automated, when responsibility shifts between the system and the occupant mid-journey?", "Should a car-club or leased vehicle be modelled as one thing with changing keepers, or as a thing plus a series of engagements?", "What is the minimum evidence an agent should require before treating a claimed VIN as genuine?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 10, "questions": 20 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a car, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent tell one car from another and from things that look like cars, know whose it is and what state it is in, and decide what may lawfully and safely be done with it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 246 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a car, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 246 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one car from another, and a car from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a car sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a car from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a car is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a car is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a car is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a car is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a car is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a car is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a car passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a car between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a car, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a car is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What car is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does car perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise car, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How car is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does car have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does car need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about car is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about car hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern car, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a car came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a car and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a car is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a car, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a car, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a car is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }