{ "model": { "rank": 3951, "code": "thing-q144334", "model_id": "vr.tr.printing-press", "name": "printing press", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a printing press, assess its readiness for a specified print job, and identify permitted operation, adjustment and maintenance actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q144334/", "tier": 2, "score": 80, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "copying press", "Ruthven printing press", "newspaper press", "screen printing press", "etching press", "Jobbing press", "book printing press", "hand press", "cylinder press", "proofing press", "Albion press", "Columbian press" ], "aliasCount": 12, "merged": 12, "knownIn": 80, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q144334", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144334", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T19:08:51Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08791-9b35-7272-8aa7-75349c9638a0\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: printing press\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 r", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 69.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08791-9b32-7542-b946-89ac292903c9\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: printing press\nRegistry id: vr.tr.printing-press\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (no" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q144334", "registryId": "vr.tr.printing-press", "name": "printing press", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q144334/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.printing-press", "name": "printing press", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a printing press, assess its readiness for a specified print job, and identify permitted operation, adjustment and maintenance actions.", "definition": "A printing press is a machine that repeatedly transfers ink from an image-bearing surface to a substrate, directly or through an intermediate surface, under controlled contact and pressure.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the printing press as a kind of physical production machine, including its image-transfer arrangement, substrate handling, operating states and print-specific constraints; product models and individual machines supply evidence against these requirements.", "in_scope": [ "Printing process and arrangement of image carrier, ink delivery and impression components", "Sheet, web or other substrate transport through the printing units", "Job compatibility, setup, registration and print-quality controls", "Drive power, operating modes, access protection and isolation conditions", "Press consumables, cleaning, wear and maintenance dependencies" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Artwork, editorial content and intellectual property in the printed work", "Standalone typesetting, plate-making and other prepress equipment", "Standalone binding, cutting and other postpress machinery", "Ink, coating and substrate formulations as independently modelled materials", "Printing businesses, occupations and production scheduling systems", "Product-line catalogues and individual-machine identity records" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Check that the machine produces a controlled printed image on a substrate; a mechanical press that only forms, punches or compresses material does not satisfy this function.", "For a contact-transfer press, identify the image carrier and the impression interface; record whether transfer reaches the substrate directly or through an intermediate surface.", "Locate the substrate presentation mechanism, such as a bed, sheet feeder or web path, and explain how it positions material for image transfer.", "Distinguish the press from plate-making and finishing equipment by identifying where the intended image is actually deposited on the production substrate.", "Resolve equipment marketed as a digital press against an explicit registry boundary rather than assuming that pressure-based transfer or marketing terminology alone defines membership." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Printing process", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Letterpress, offset lithography, flexography, gravure, screen, other, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines the image carrier, transfer mechanism and relevant setup requirements." }, { "name": "Image-transfer arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Direct contact, indirect contact, non-contact candidate, or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the operative interfaces and exposes uncertain membership at the digital-printing boundary." }, { "name": "Substrate feed format", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Sheet-fed, web-fed, manually presented piece, or other documented format", "why_it_matters": "Determines feeding, positioning and transport constraints." }, { "name": "Supported substrate envelope", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Width, length and thickness in mm; grammage in g/m² where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Supports job-fit assessment using process-specific limits rather than paper size alone." }, { "name": "Maximum printable area", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Width × length in mm, with repeat length in mm where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Separates usable image area from the dimensions of material the press can transport." }, { "name": "Printing-unit configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Number and sequence of printing units, available colours per pass, and single-sided or two-sided arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Determines achievable output in one pass and the need for additional passes." }, { "name": "Production speed", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Sheets/h, impressions/h or m/min, with substrate, job and operating-condition qualifiers", "why_it_matters": "Allows meaningful capacity assessment without treating unlike speed measures as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Registration error", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm or µm, with direction, reference marks and sampling method", "why_it_matters": "Measures alignment between colours, sides or successive impressions." }, { "name": "Drive and utility requirements", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to manual or powered drive and required electrical, pneumatic, vacuum or other supplies", "why_it_matters": "Identifies prerequisites for operation and sources requiring isolation." }, { "name": "Press operating state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Isolated, setup, inching, ready, running, stopped, cleaning, faulted, or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Constrains which interventions may be considered." }, { "name": "Drying or curing configuration", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "None integrated, integrated system with documented method, external dependency, or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Connects ink and substrate compatibility to output handling and operating conditions." }, { "name": "Applicable requirements and evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to identified standards, issuing bodies, editions, jurisdictional requirements and machine-specific conformity evidence", "why_it_matters": "Supports an evidence-based assessment without assuming that one requirement or mark applies to every press." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify the press by its documented image-transfer and substrate-handling mechanisms.", "Check whether a proposed substrate, image area, colour sequence and run requirement fit its capabilities.", "Identify required job setup, consumables and proof checks before production.", "Compare sampled output with job-specific registration and image-quality tolerances.", "Determine whether an adjustment, cleaning task or jam intervention is permitted in the documented operating state.", "Route print defects and transport faults to appropriate inspection or maintenance procedures." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "printing-mechanism", "name": "Printing mechanism", "description": "The physical mechanism that makes the equipment a printing press and determines its process family.", "rationale": "An agent must identify how the press forms and transfers an image before judging compatibility or suggesting adjustments.", "layers": [ { "id": "image-carrier-and-transfer", "name": "Image carrier and transfer", "description": "The surfaces or components that define the image and deliver it to the substrate.", "findings": [ { "id": "transfer-path", "name": "Transfer path", "description": "Record the image-defining component and each transfer interface, explicitly marking components that do not apply.", "questions": [ { "text": "What component defines the printed image, and does it contact the substrate directly or transfer through an intermediate surface?", "kind": "definition", "id": "transfer-path-q01" }, { "text": "What observed mechanism or technical documentation supports classification as this printing process?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "transfer-path-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "impression-geometry", "name": "Impression geometry", "description": "The arrangement that brings the image-transfer system and substrate into the required relationship.", "findings": [ { "id": "impression-setting", "name": "Impression setting", "description": "Represent the bed, platen, cylinders, screen or other relevant geometry and its process-specific adjustment limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which geometry establishes image transfer, and which settings govern pressure, clearance or contact?", "kind": "definition", "id": "impression-setting-q01" }, { "text": "Which impression settings are permitted for the proposed carrier and substrate, and how are those settings verified?", "kind": "action", "id": "impression-setting-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "substrate-path-and-job-fit", "name": "Substrate path and job fit", "description": "How printable material enters, passes through and leaves the press.", "rationale": "A job can fit the nominal format while failing because of feed, thickness, tension or delivery constraints.", "layers": [ { "id": "feed-and-transport", "name": "Feed and transport", "description": "Substrate admission, positioning and movement through the printing units.", "findings": [ { "id": "transport-envelope", "name": "Transport envelope", "description": "Record feed-format limits and the positioning or tension controls applicable to the press.", "questions": [ { "text": "What substrate dimensions and material properties are supported, and under what feed conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "transport-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "How does the press maintain sheet position or web tension, and what evidence indicates misfeed, slip or loss of tension?", "kind": "definition", "id": "transport-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "printable-format-and-delivery", "name": "Printable format and delivery", "description": "The usable printing envelope and the conditions for receiving printed output.", "findings": [ { "id": "usable-job-envelope", "name": "Usable job envelope", "description": "Distinguish transport size from printable area, repeat constraints, side handling and delivery requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What printable area, margins and repeat lengths apply to the selected configuration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "usable-job-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Can the required sides and colour sequence be printed in one pass, and what delivery conditions prevent damage to the fresh image?", "kind": "action", "id": "usable-job-envelope-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ink-colour-and-output-quality", "name": "Ink, colour and output quality", "description": "Ink delivery, image alignment and evidence that printed output meets the job requirements.", "rationale": "Mechanical operation alone does not establish that the press is producing acceptable impressions.", "layers": [ { "id": "ink-delivery-and-setting", "name": "Ink delivery and setting", "description": "The process-specific route from ink supply to a sufficiently dry or cured printed image.", "findings": [ { "id": "ink-system-compatibility", "name": "Ink-system compatibility", "description": "Record ink metering, compatible consumables and any drying or curing dependency.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is ink metered and supplied to the image carrier, and which process-specific variables require control?", "kind": "definition", "id": "ink-system-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "What documented ink, substrate and drying or curing combination is acceptable for this job?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "ink-system-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "registration-and-proofing", "name": "Registration and proofing", "description": "Alignment and image-quality checks used during setup and production.", "findings": [ { "id": "print-acceptance-evidence", "name": "Print acceptance evidence", "description": "Associate proofs and production samples with job-specific tolerances and observed defects.", "questions": [ { "text": "What registration, colour and image-integrity tolerances apply, and how are they measured on sampled impressions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "print-acceptance-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed defects require adjustment, additional proofing or a production stop under the approved procedure?", "kind": "action", "id": "print-acceptance-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "press-control-and-safe-access", "name": "Press control and safe access", "description": "Operating modes, drive conditions and protection around printing and transport mechanisms.", "rationale": "Plate changes, threading, cleaning and jam clearance place people near mechanisms whose permitted motion depends on the task.", "layers": [ { "id": "drive-modes-and-readiness", "name": "Drive modes and readiness", "description": "Available motion modes and prerequisites for moving into production.", "findings": [ { "id": "mode-dependent-actions", "name": "Mode-dependent actions", "description": "Record how manual or powered motion, utility availability and control status constrain press actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which setup, inching and production modes exist, and what motion can each initiate?", "kind": "definition", "id": "mode-dependent-actions-q01" }, { "text": "What documented checks establish readiness to start after setup, a fault or an interrupted run?", "kind": "action", "id": "mode-dependent-actions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "access-protection-and-isolation", "name": "Access protection and isolation", "description": "Protection and energy-control requirements for access to impression, inking and transport zones.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-conditions", "name": "Intervention conditions", "description": "Link each intervention to its required safeguards, isolation procedure and applicable requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which guards, interlocks and stopping functions protect the relevant press zones, and what evidence establishes their condition?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "intervention-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What isolation or documented controlled-motion procedure is required before plate changing, web threading, cleaning or jam clearance?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-conditions-q02" }, { "text": "Which standards and jurisdictional requirements apply to this press configuration, and which issuing bodies and editions are recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "intervention-conditions-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "makeready-and-serviceability", "name": "Makeready and serviceability", "description": "Job changeover, consumable condition and maintenance evidence specific to reliable printing.", "rationale": "Press readiness depends on correctly prepared image-transfer components and maintained feeding and inking systems.", "layers": [ { "id": "job-changeover", "name": "Job changeover", "description": "Preparation of image carriers, ink systems and substrate settings for the next run.", "findings": [ { "id": "makeready-completion", "name": "Makeready completion", "description": "Represent the applicable changeover steps and the evidence needed to accept the first usable impression.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which image carriers, blankets, screens, ink supplies or other process-specific components must be installed, changed or prepared?", "kind": "action", "id": "makeready-completion-q01" }, { "text": "What setup record and approved proof establish that makeready is complete for the intended job?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "makeready-completion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "wear-cleaning-and-faults", "name": "Wear, cleaning and faults", "description": "Conditions that degrade image transfer or substrate transport and the procedures used to address them.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-to-service-decision", "name": "Condition-to-service decision", "description": "Connect observed print or transport symptoms with inspection evidence, consumable limits and approved service actions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations distinguish carrier or roller wear, contamination, ink-delivery problems and substrate-feed faults?", "kind": "definition", "id": "condition-to-service-decision-q01" }, { "text": "Which cleaning agents, replacement limits and maintenance procedures are documented as compatible with the affected press components?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "condition-to-service-decision-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the machine kind, including historical and industrial contact-printing presses; it does not describe a particular model, unit or printing business.", "Recalled standards and rules have not been checked for current editions or jurisdiction-specific applicability.", "The numerical ranges illustrate two equipment classes and are not limits for printing presses generally; actual capacities depend strongly on process and configuration." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Letterpress press", "Offset lithographic press", "Flexographic press", "Gravure press", "Screen-printing press" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Manufacturer model designation and serial number", "value_or_pattern": "Manufacturer-specific model code and individual machine serial number", "note": "Identifies a design and a physical unit respectively; neither is a universal identifier for the kind." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ISO 12643 series, issued by ISO: safety requirements for graphic technology equipment and systems.", "ISO 12647 series, issued by ISO: process control for producing halftone colour separations, proofs and production prints.", "OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212, issued by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration: general machine-guarding requirements.", "OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147, issued by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration: control of hazardous energy during servicing and maintenance." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Printing books, newspapers and magazines.", "Producing cartons, labels and flexible packaging.", "Printing commercial material such as brochures and posters.", "Producing security documents and banknotes using specialized presses.", "Applying printed designs to textiles and other manufactured surfaces." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Production speed of industrial sheet-fed offset presses", "typical_range": "Approximately 5,000-18,000, depending on press, stock and job", "unit": "sheets/hour" }, { "quantity": "Substrate width of narrow-web label presses", "typical_range": "Approximately 250-500", "unit": "mm" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Misregistration caused by feeding errors, substrate movement or misaligned printing units.", "Uneven ink transfer, incorrect ink-water balance in offset printing, or worn components causing print defects.", "Sheet jams or web breaks interrupting production and creating hazardous clearing tasks.", "Crushing, entanglement and drawing-in injuries at cylinders, rollers, gears and other moving mechanisms.", "Exposure to inks and cleaning chemicals, with fire risks where flammable solvents are used and burn or optical-exposure risks from some drying and curing systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Press formats and paper specifications may be expressed in millimetres or inches, with locally common sheet sizes affecting equipment selection.", "Machine conformity, electrical installation, solvent emissions and worker-protection obligations depend on jurisdiction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Digital press", "difference": "Commonly uses electrophotographic or inkjet imaging without a fixed printing plate; the commercial term extends beyond the contact-transfer definition used here." }, { "name": "Printing plate", "difference": "Carries the image for certain printing processes but is a component or consumable rather than the machine." }, { "name": "Printing", "difference": "Names the reproduction process rather than the equipment that performs it." }, { "name": "Mechanical press", "difference": "Primarily applies force to shape, join or cut material; a printing press applies controlled contact to reproduce an image." }, { "name": "Printing house", "difference": "Is an organization or production facility that operates printing equipment rather than an individual machine kind." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of printing press this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend printing press to include production inkjet and electrophotographic equipment, and where is its boundary with printer?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover this concept or a process-specific portion that should be referenced?", "Which authoritative sources establish operating envelopes and failure modes for each included press family without generalising across incompatible mechanisms?", "Which standards, issuing bodies, editions and conformity requirements apply by press type, installation jurisdiction and manufacturing date?", "Where should integrated coating, drying, curing, cutting and folding modules end within this model and become linked neighbouring equipment?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a printing press, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a printing press, assess its readiness for a specified print job, and identify permitted operation, adjustment and maintenance actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: copying press, Ruthven printing press, newspaper press, screen printing press, etching press, Jobbing press, book printing press, hand press, cylinder press, proofing press, Albion press, Columbian press.", "12 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 80 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a printing press, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "copying press", "Ruthven printing press", "newspaper press", "screen printing press", "etching press", "Jobbing press", "book printing press", "hand press", "cylinder press", "proofing press", "Albion press", "Columbian press" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 80 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 12 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one printing press from another, and a printing press from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a printing press sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a printing press from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a printing press is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a printing press is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a printing press is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a printing press is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a printing press is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a printing press is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a printing press passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a printing press between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a printing press, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a printing press is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What printing press is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does printing press perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise printing press, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How printing press is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does printing press have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does printing press need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about printing press is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about printing press hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern printing press, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a printing press came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a printing press and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a printing press is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a printing press, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a printing press, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a printing press is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }