{ "model": { "rank": 3027, "code": "thing-q146190", "model_id": "vr.tr.helianthus-tuberosus", "name": "Helianthus tuberosus", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Helianthus tuberosus, assess its seasonal and physical condition, and decide whether to cultivate, propagate, harvest, retain or contain it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q146190/", "tier": 2, "score": 92, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 92, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q146190", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146190", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:21:28Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01211896, "turns": 1, "seconds": 192.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 109.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c39-4f24-7070-8ada-5302425de1b7\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Helianthus tuberosus\nRegistry id: vr.tr.helianthus-tuberosus\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into thi" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q146190", "registryId": "vr.tr.helianthus-tuberosus", "name": "Helianthus tuberosus", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q146190/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.helianthus-tuberosus", "name": "Helianthus tuberosus", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Helianthus tuberosus, assess its seasonal and physical condition, and decide whether to cultivate, propagate, harvest, retain or contain it.", "definition": "Helianthus tuberosus L. is a perennial, typically hexaploid sunflower (Asteraceae) native to central and eastern North America, propagated by knobbly stem tubers that store carbohydrate as inulin rather than starch, and grown or naturalized as a vegetable, forage, and industrial fructan crop.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the species-specific identity, observable condition and action prerequisites of Helianthus tuberosus under vr.tr.helianthus-tuberosus in PHY / PHY.OBJ, including living shoots, connected underground growth, stands and attributable harvested tubers, with each observation's biological unit made explicit.", "in_scope": [ "Identification evidence for plants and detached tubers, including unresolved sunflower lookalikes", "Cultivar or accession provenance and relationships among shoots, underground organs and stands", "Seasonal development, tuber formation and persistence between growing seasons", "Site response, plant damage and tuber condition", "Propagation, harvest readiness and the disposition of remaining viable material", "Spread beyond intended boundaries and evidence of containment" ], "out_of_scope": [ "General sunflower taxonomy and independently identified neighbouring species", "Soil, weather and hydrological systems beyond their observed effects on this plant", "Farm operations, equipment and commercial crop accounting", "Recipes, processed foods and individual dietary or medical advice", "Jurisdiction-wide invasive-species policy and ecosystem management plans" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Against annual sunflower, inspect underground connections for tubers and document seasonal regrowth; yellow flower heads alone do not establish identity. Tuber propagation and recurrence are documented by the [RHS growing guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/vegetables/jerusalem-artichokes/grow-your-own).", "Against similar perennial Helianthus, apply a botanical key to a combination of petioles, leaf shape and width, and late-season tuber production; the [Flora of North America key](https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=114871) uses these characters together.", "Against globe artichoke, establish whether the observed plant bears sunflower-like heads and underground tubers; the shared common name is insufficient identification evidence. See the [RHS growing guide](https://www.rhs.org.uk/vegetables/jerusalem-artichokes/grow-your-own).", "Against other perennial sunflowers or suspected hybrids, retain an unresolved identification when characters conflict; [Flora of North America](https://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024006) reports variation and probable hybridization in H. tuberosus.", "For loose produce confused with potato or ginger, require diagnostic examination or traceability to an identified parent plant; a knobbly outline or market label alone does not pass the identification test." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | provisional | corroborated | conflicting", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether species-dependent actions have adequate evidence." }, { "name": "Observation unit", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "shoot | connected plant portion | inferred clone | stand | detached tuber | tuber lot", "why_it_matters": "Prevents shoot counts from being treated as counts of genetically distinct plants." }, { "name": "Cultivar or accession attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "named cultivar or accession linked to supplier, parent material and supporting evidence; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Makes comparisons of growth and tuber characteristics interpretable." }, { "name": "Leaf and petiole characters", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "leaf length, leaf width and petiole length in mm, with stem position and photographs", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison with diagnostic keys without treating every leaf as equivalent." }, { "name": "Underground organ connection", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "observed connection between shoot, rhizome and tuber | inferred connection | detached | unexamined", "why_it_matters": "Supports identity, unit boundaries and assessment of material left after lifting." }, { "name": "Seasonal development", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "dated shoot stage, flowering stage, tuber-development stage and dormancy assessment recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Avoids inferring underground maturity or death from aboveground appearance." }, { "name": "Stand extent and density", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "occupied area in m², shoots per m² and distance beyond intended boundary in m", "why_it_matters": "Reveals changes in occupancy and informs containment decisions." }, { "name": "Stem height and lodging", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "height in cm; percentage of sampled stems leaning, broken or fallen", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about support and inspection of damaged plants." }, { "name": "Tuber harvest quantity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "fresh mass in kg and tuber count per explicitly bounded harvest unit", "why_it_matters": "Allows harvest comparison without ambiguous per-plant denominators." }, { "name": "Tuber condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "firmness, shrivelling, wounds, visible decay and sprouting, each dated and assessed separately", "why_it_matters": "Supports sorting for further assessment, planting, storage or disposal." }, { "name": "Tuber viability evidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "untested | potentially viable | sprouting observed | failed specified viability test", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes uncertain persistence from demonstrated regrowth or loss of viability." }, { "name": "Exposure and treatment provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "links to growing location, applied treatments, handling events and relevant test results", "why_it_matters": "Identity and appearance alone cannot establish suitability for a proposed use." } ], "affordances": [ "Document diagnostic characters and seek expert determination when sunflower identities conflict", "Map shoots and inspect underground connections to estimate stand boundaries and persistence", "Select attributable tubers for propagation after assessing condition and destination suitability", "Adjust watering, drainage or support using observed plant and site conditions", "Lift, weigh, inspect and route tubers according to intended use and recorded condition", "Remove unwanted growth and monitor subsequent emergence before declaring containment successful" ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "kays-nottingham-2008", "title": "Biology and Chemistry of Jerusalem Artichoke: Helianthus tuberosus L.", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Species identity, tuber chemistry (inulin), agronomy, cultivar groups, and crop uses." }, { "id": "usda-plants-hetu", "title": "PLANTS Database: Helianthus tuberosus L.", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HETU", "what_it_supports": "Accepted scientific name, USDA plant symbol HETU, native North American range, and growth habit.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "kew-powo", "title": "Plants of the World Online: Helianthus tuberosus L.", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Current taxonomic acceptance of the Linnaean name and native versus introduced distribution." }, { "id": "linnaeus-1753", "title": "Species Plantarum", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Original publication of Helianthus tuberosus L. (1753)." }, { "id": "eppo-heltu", "title": "EPPO Global Database: Helianthus tuberosus (HELTU)", "url": "https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/HELTU", "what_it_supports": "EPPO code HELTU and the plant's status as a cultivated and widely naturalized species.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-material-boundaries", "name": "Identity and material boundaries", "description": "Establish what has been identified and which biological material the record represents.", "rationale": "Similar sunflowers and disconnected tubers create different identification problems, while connected shoots complicate individual counts.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostic-evidence", "name": "Diagnostic evidence", "description": "Connect a species determination to inspectable plant characters.", "findings": [ { "id": "sunflower-identification-basis", "name": "Sunflower identification basis", "description": "Record the character combination, reference and observer supporting the determination.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which leaf, petiole, flower-head and underground characters support H. tuberosus over the locally plausible Helianthus alternatives?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sunflower-identification-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which botanical key, specimen images or expert determination supports the identification?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sunflower-identification-basis-q02" }, { "text": "What missing or conflicting characters require the identification to remain provisional?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "sunflower-identification-basis-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "plant-and-tuber-attribution", "name": "Plant and tuber attribution", "description": "Separate observed connections from assumptions about clones and harvested material.", "findings": [ { "id": "biological-unit-and-lineage", "name": "Biological unit and lineage", "description": "Specify whether the record describes a shoot, connected growth, stand or detached tuber material.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record represent one shoot, demonstrably connected growth, an inferred clone, a stand or a tuber lot?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "biological-unit-and-lineage-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence links detached tubers and any cultivar label to the identified parent material?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "biological-unit-and-lineage-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "seasonal-growth-and-tuber-renewal", "name": "Seasonal growth and tuber renewal", "description": "Track aboveground development separately from underground production and survival.", "rationale": "The agent must distinguish visible shoot senescence from the state of material capable of renewing the stand.", "layers": [ { "id": "local-development-sequence", "name": "Local development sequence", "description": "Build a dated account of emergence, flowering, senescence and tuber development.", "findings": [ { "id": "shoot-and-tuber-stage", "name": "Shoot and tuber stage", "description": "Require direct evidence for underground development rather than using flower or shoot stage alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "When were emergence, flowering and shoot senescence observed for this accession at this site?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "shoot-and-tuber-stage-q01" }, { "text": "What sampled underground observations establish whether tubers are absent, initiating or enlarging?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "shoot-and-tuber-stage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "renewal-potential", "name": "Renewal potential", "description": "Assess whether retained or detached material can produce subsequent growth.", "findings": [ { "id": "dormancy-and-regrowth-evidence", "name": "Dormancy and regrowth evidence", "description": "Separate apparent inactivity, suspected viability and observed sprouting.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observations distinguish dormant tubers from damaged material of uncertain viability?", "kind": "definition", "id": "dormancy-and-regrowth-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What sprouting observations or specified tests support retaining these tubers for propagation?", "kind": "action", "id": "dormancy-and-regrowth-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "site-response-and-plant-condition", "name": "Site response and plant condition", "description": "Interpret growth, structural damage and underground condition in their local setting.", "rationale": "Care decisions need observed stresses and symptoms, with plausible causes kept separate from confirmed diagnoses.", "layers": [ { "id": "water-and-stem-exposure", "name": "Water and stem exposure", "description": "Relate water availability and wind exposure to the observed crop.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-stress-response", "name": "Site stress response", "description": "Record moisture conditions, growth response and lodging. Waterlogging and exposed stems are relevant cultivation concerns in the [RHS plant profile](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76796/helianthus-tuberosus/details).", "questions": [ { "text": "What soil-moisture or drainage observations coincide with reduced growth or affected tubers?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-stress-response-q01" }, { "text": "How many stems have lodged or broken, and does their distribution support adding support or changing exposure?", "kind": "action", "id": "site-stress-response-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "organ-specific-damage", "name": "Organ-specific damage", "description": "Locate and quantify symptoms on shoots, leaves and tubers.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-and-diagnostic-confidence", "name": "Damage and diagnostic confidence", "description": "Keep symptom records distinct from pathogen or pest attribution; the [RHS plant profile](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/76796/helianthus-tuberosus/details) identifies several possible pests and diseases.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which organs show feeding damage, lesions, discoloration or decay, and what proportion of the sample is affected?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-and-diagnostic-confidence-q01" }, { "text": "What examination or diagnostic result supports the proposed cause rather than a visual guess?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "damage-and-diagnostic-confidence-q02" }, { "text": "Which affected material should be separated pending a decision about propagation or harvest use?", "kind": "action", "id": "damage-and-diagnostic-confidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "harvest-and-tuber-disposition", "name": "Harvest and tuber disposition", "description": "Connect lifting decisions to observed tuber development, intended use and subsequent condition.", "rationale": "Harvest creates detached material that needs continued attribution and an explicit destination.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifting-readiness-and-recovery", "name": "Lifting readiness and recovery", "description": "Assess the harvestable material and define what was actually recovered.", "findings": [ { "id": "harvest-decision-basis", "name": "Harvest decision basis", "description": "Use sampled tuber condition and the intended outcome to support timing and harvest extent.", "questions": [ { "text": "What sampled tuber size, condition and local seasonal evidence support lifting now for the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "harvest-decision-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What fresh mass and count were recovered from the stated area, and what material was intentionally retained?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "harvest-decision-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "detached-tuber-condition", "name": "Detached tuber condition", "description": "Track deterioration, sprouting and handling after lifting.", "findings": [ { "id": "use-specific-tuber-routing", "name": "Use-specific tuber routing", "description": "Maintain condition and handling evidence for decisions among planting, further storage, food-use assessment and disposal.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have firmness, mass loss, wounds, decay and sprouting changed since lifting?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "use-specific-tuber-routing-q01" }, { "text": "What harvest date, handling conditions and treatment history accompany this tuber lot?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "use-specific-tuber-routing-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence and neighbouring-model checks are required before routing this lot to planting, food use or disposal?", "kind": "action", "id": "use-specific-tuber-routing-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "spread-and-containment", "name": "Spread and containment", "description": "Track unwanted occupancy and the fate of potentially viable material.", "rationale": "A harvested or cut stand may still require monitoring; the agent needs a spatial and temporal basis for declaring control successful.", "layers": [ { "id": "occupancy-and-escape", "name": "Occupancy and escape", "description": "Compare observed growth with the intended planting boundary.", "findings": [ { "id": "stand-expansion-evidence", "name": "Stand expansion evidence", "description": "Separate mapped emergence from unverified claims about its route of origin.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are shoots emerging relative to the previous stand edge and the intended cultivation boundary?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "stand-expansion-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence attributes outlying growth to underground extension, moved tubers or another route?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "stand-expansion-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "removal-and-follow-up", "name": "Removal and follow-up", "description": "Evaluate interventions against later emergence and material movement.", "findings": [ { "id": "containment-completion-evidence", "name": "Containment completion evidence", "description": "Record where removed material went and what subsequent observations support the outcome.", "questions": [ { "text": "How will excavated tubers and soil be handled to avoid unintentionally establishing another stand?", "kind": "action", "id": "containment-completion-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What emergence was recorded after each removal intervention and during the following growth period?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "containment-completion-evidence-q02" }, { "text": "What locally justified monitoring duration and search coverage are required before declaring containment complete?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "containment-completion-evidence-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Fuseau / smooth elongated culinary types (easier to peel)", "Knobbly common garden and market types", "Red- or purple-skinned table cultivars (e.g. Violet de Rennes, Boston Red)", "White-skinned table cultivars (e.g. Stampede, French Mammoth White)", "Spindle-shaped Central European types (e.g. Waldspindel)", "Early, short-season clones for cool climates", "Industrial clones selected for tuber dry matter and inulin yield", "Tall forage or ornamental stands grown for tops or flowers rather than peeling quality" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q26975", "note": "Item for Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke / sunchoke)." }, { "scheme": "Botanical name (Linnaean)", "value_or_pattern": "Helianthus tuberosus L.", "note": "Accepted binomial; published in Species Plantarum (1753)." }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS symbol", "value_or_pattern": "HETU", "note": "Standard four-letter code used in USDA NRCS plant data." }, { "scheme": "EPPO code", "value_or_pattern": "HELTU", "note": "European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization taxon code." }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System (WCO)", "value_or_pattern": "0714.90", "note": "Heading 0714 covers manioc, arrowroot, salep, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes and similar inulin- or starch-rich roots and tubers; Jerusalem artichokes are classified in the residual subheading, not 0714.10 (manioc) or 0714.20 (sweet potatoes)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Harmonized System heading 0714, including Jerusalem artichokes among inulin-rich roots and tubers - World Customs Organization.", "Treated as a conventional (pre-1997) food, not a novel food, when eaten as the traditional tuber - European Union food law (Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 practice).", "Vegetatively propagated planting stock is usually uncertified garden or farm clones; named cultivars may appear in national variety lists where they are commercialized (notably France and Germany) - national variety offices.", "Listed or treated as a naturalized or invasive perennial in parts of Europe and East Asia, while native in much of the United States and Canada - national environment agencies and EPPO reporting, not a Union-concern IAS listing last settled here." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Sold as a winter vegetable (sunchoke / Jerusalem artichoke / topinambour) for roasting, soups, purées, gratins, and pickles.", "Eaten as a prebiotic inulin/FOS food; industrial inulin and fructose syrups are extracted from tubers, though chicory root remains the larger industrial source.", "Fed historically and still occasionally as forage or pig fodder; tops may be cut as biomass.", "Planted as a tall late-season garden ornamental and as a hardy perennial food plant left in the ground over winter.", "Used in wartime and famine Europe as a potato substitute (especially under the name topinambour).", "Grown in China at scale as 菊芋 for pickles, feed, and inulin, and also encountered there as a naturalized weed." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Shoot height at flowering", "typical_range": "1.5-3.5", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Fresh tuber yield", "typical_range": "20-70", "unit": "t/ha" }, { "quantity": "Tuber dry-matter content", "typical_range": "18-25", "unit": "% of fresh mass" }, { "quantity": "Inulin plus oligofructose in fresh tubers", "typical_range": "10-20", "unit": "g/100 g" }, { "quantity": "Fructans in tuber dry matter", "typical_range": "50-80", "unit": "% of dry mass" }, { "quantity": "Somatic chromosome number", "typical_range": "2n = 102", "unit": "chromosomes (hexaploid)" }, { "quantity": "Recommended tuber storage temperature", "typical_range": "0-2", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Planting piece mass", "typical_range": "40-80", "unit": "g" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Osmotic diarrhoea, bloating, and flatulence in people who poorly digest inulin (high-FODMAP tuber).", "Weedy persistence: leftover tubers and fragments resprout and are hard to eradicate once a stand is established.", "Poor keeping relative to potato: thin-skinned tubers shrivel or rot unless held near 0-2 °C at high humidity, or left in the ground.", "Warm storage hydrolyses inulin, so tubers sweeten and change texture.", "Sclerotinia wilt and stalk rot, plus powdery mildew and rust, in wet or crowded stands.", "Frost kills tops but not buried tubers, so top-kill is not control.", "Lodging of 2-3 m stems; vole and rodent grazing of tubers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English names split between Jerusalem artichoke (older and British usage) and sunchoke or sunroot (North American marketing); Jerusalem is a folk etymology from Italian girasole (sunflower), not the city.", "French topinambour, German Topinambur, Spanish tupinambo/aguaturma/pataca, Italian topinambur; Chinese 菊芋 (juyu); Japanese キクイモ (kikuimo).", "Native food plant of Indigenous peoples in eastern and central North America; a naturalized and sometimes weedy crop across temperate Europe and East Asia.", "In northern gardens, tubers are often overwintered in soil and dug as needed; in milder market chains they are lifted and sold like a specialty root vegetable.", "China is a major production and processing region; Western Europe treats it mainly as a niche vegetable and a minor inulin/biomass crop." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)", "difference": "Annual, grown for a large seed head, no inulin stem tubers; diploid (2n = 34) versus hexaploid tuber-bearing H. tuberosus with many smaller capitula." }, { "name": "Solanum tuberosum (potato)", "difference": "Starch-positive iodine reaction and Solanaceae flowers versus inulin-storing Asteraceae tubers that do not give a potato-like starch stain; potato has organized eyes, not irregular knobs." }, { "name": "Stachys affinis (Chinese artichoke / crosne)", "difference": "Small beaded, spiral white tubers on a mint-family plant with square stems; H. tuberosus tubers are larger, irregular, and borne on a sunflower." }, { "name": "Zingiber officinale (ginger)", "difference": "Market lookalike only: ginger is a pungent monocot rhizome, not frost-hardy, and is aromatic; H. tuberosus is bland-nutty, inulin-rich, and winter-hardy in the ground." }, { "name": "Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon)", "difference": "Andean Asteraceae grown for juicy storage roots, not knobbly stem tubers; much higher water content and a different shoot habit." }, { "name": "Apios americana (American groundnut)", "difference": "Fabaceae with a string of starchy beads on a rhizome and nitrogen-fixing roots; not a sunflower and not an inulin tuber." }, { "name": "Cichorium intybus (industrial chicory)", "difference": "Same inulin chemistry, but a taproot crop, not a stem-tuber sunflower; the plants are not confused in the field, only as inulin feedstocks." }, { "name": "Other perennial Helianthus species", "difference": "Most wild perennial sunflowers tuberize weakly or not at all; cultivated knobbly inulin tubers of this size mark H. tuberosus (and its hybrids) rather than H. pauciflorus and similar species." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Helianthus tuberosus this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional identification key and expert review criteria adequately distinguish local H. tuberosus material from similar perennial sunflowers and hybrids, especially without flowers or developed tubers?", "How do accession, latitude and local growing conditions alter tuber initiation, maturity and the relationship between flowering and harvest readiness?", "Which validated condition and storage thresholds should govern retention of tubers for propagation versus referral for food-use assessment?", "What local evidence establishes the contributions of underground spread, displaced tubers and seed recruitment to new stands?", "Which containment methods, monitoring intervals and destination restrictions apply at the actual site, and what evidence is sufficient to declare control successful?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 32 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Helianthus tuberosus, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise Helianthus tuberosus, assess its seasonal and physical condition, and decide whether to cultivate, propagate, harvest, retain or contain it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 92 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Helianthus tuberosus, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 92 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Helianthus tuberosus from another, and a Helianthus tuberosus from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Helianthus tuberosus sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Helianthus tuberosus from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Helianthus tuberosus is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Helianthus tuberosus and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Helianthus tuberosus is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Helianthus tuberosus is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Helianthus tuberosus is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Helianthus tuberosus moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Helianthus tuberosus passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Helianthus tuberosus between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Helianthus tuberosus, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Helianthus tuberosus is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Helianthus tuberosus is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Helianthus tuberosus, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Helianthus tuberosus from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Helianthus tuberosus from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Helianthus tuberosus does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Helianthus tuberosus pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Helianthus tuberosus judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Helianthus tuberosus lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Helianthus tuberosus, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Helianthus tuberosus hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Helianthus tuberosus came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Helianthus tuberosus and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Helianthus tuberosus is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Helianthus tuberosus is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }