{ "model": { "rank": 2559, "code": "thing-q152079", "model_id": "vr.tr.ash", "name": "ash", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an ash lot, assess its condition and uncertainties, and determine what evidence is needed before handling, storing, treating, using or disposing of it.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q152079/", "tier": 2, "score": 102, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "volcanic ash", "fly ash", "joss ash", "kelp ash", "cremains", "incinerator bottom ash", "ember", "plant ash", "bottom ash", "bone ash", "lignite fly ash" ], "aliasCount": 11, "merged": 11, "knownIn": 102, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.ash-plant", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q152079", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152079", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:01:09Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00677246, "turns": 1, "seconds": 118.3, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 77, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b4e-8662-7441-83d1-2b686a020d5f\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: ash\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ash\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Vercy model say" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q152079", "registryId": "vr.tr.ash", "name": "ash", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q152079/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.ash", "name": "ash", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an ash lot, assess its condition and uncertainties, and determine what evidence is needed before handling, storing, treating, using or disposing of it.", "definition": "The inorganic residue remaining after combustion or high-temperature oxidation of organic or mineral matter, typically a heterogeneous mixture of oxides, silicates, carbonates, sulfates, and unburned carbon whose composition depends on the parent material and thermal history.", "scope_statement": "This model provisionally owns ash as particulate or consolidated residue from combustion, including its residual carbon, associated liquids and contaminants; whether the registry also intends volcanic ash remains unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "An identifiable ash lot, deposit or stream with recorded boundaries", "Feedstock, combustion and collection history relevant to ash identity", "Mineral residue, residual carbon and materials mixed into the ash", "Particle condition, moisture, heat and changes during storage", "Evidence supporting handling, treatment, reuse or disposal decisions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The original fuel, biomass, waste or other feedstock as a separate thing", "The furnace, boiler, incinerator or other combustion equipment", "Smoke, flue gas and airborne emissions as independently tracked streams", "Charcoal, char and soot when identified and managed as separate materials", "Products manufactured using ash and environmental media receiving ash", "Volcanic ash, pending clarification of the registry boundary" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish whether the material formed through combustion; appearance alone does not distinguish combustion ash from mineral dust or volcanic particles.", "Use composition and formation evidence to distinguish predominantly mineral residue from separately identified char or soot; retain mixed or uncertain classifications where necessary.", "Record collection position to distinguish ash recovered from a gas stream from residue recovered at the combustion bed or bottom.", "Check whether apparent lumps are agglomerated ash, fused residue or foreign rubble before treating them as the same material.", "Determine whether ash remains an identifiable material or has become an ingredient within a soil mixture, binder or manufactured product." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Formation and feedstock identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked combustion event and feedstock records; mixed or unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Supports identification and determines which composition and hazard questions require investigation." }, { "name": "Collection fraction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Gas-stream collected, bottom or bed collected, mixed, other, unknown", "why_it_matters": "Separates fractions that may require different sampling, handling and acceptance evidence." }, { "name": "Lot quantity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg or t, with wet or dry basis and estimation method", "why_it_matters": "Supports containment, transport, treatment and material accounting." }, { "name": "Particle size and agglomeration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Size distribution in µm or mm, with test method and agglomerate treatment", "why_it_matters": "Informs dust control, separation and suitability for a proposed use." }, { "name": "Moisture content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass %, with wet or dry basis and method", "why_it_matters": "Qualifies mass comparisons and informs handling and storage decisions." }, { "name": "Temperature and thermal condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in °C with locations and times; cooling, stable, heating, unknown", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about containment, movement and further thermal assessment." }, { "name": "Residual carbon", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass %, with analytical method; loss on ignition recorded separately if used", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish residue types and evaluate treatment or use requirements without assuming ignition loss measures carbon alone." }, { "name": "Chemical and mineral composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Constituents in mg/kg or mass %, with analytical basis, method and detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Provides evidence for identity, compatibility and destination-specific assessment." }, { "name": "Extract pH and leaching results", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "pH and analyte concentrations in mg/L, with extraction protocol and liquid-to-solid ratio", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment under specified contact conditions without equating total content with release." }, { "name": "Destination acceptance", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unevaluated, awaiting evidence, accepted with conditions, rejected; linked destination and criteria", "why_it_matters": "Makes permission specific to a use, facility, jurisdiction and evidence set." } ], "affordances": [ "Separate, label and trace ash lots by feedstock, collection fraction and handling history.", "Sample and characterise ash against explicit identity, exposure or destination questions.", "Select containment and transfer controls using measured thermal, moisture and dust conditions.", "Evaluate screening, conditioning or other treatment against identified ash properties and compatibility evidence.", "Match a characterised lot to a proposed recovery, reuse or disposal route and record unmet conditions." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "astm-c618", "title": "ASTM C618 - Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Defines coal fly ash as a construction material, classifies Class F and Class C by CaO/SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 chemistry, and sets chemical and physical limits used in practice.", "url_status": "dead" }, { "id": "en-450-1", "title": "EN 450-1 - Fly ash for concrete. Definition, specifications and conformity criteria", "url": "https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/en-450-1", "what_it_supports": "European definition and conformity criteria for siliceous fly ash in concrete; distinguishes the regulated construction product from generic combustion residue.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "usgs-volcanic-ash", "title": "Volcanic Ash - USGS Volcano Hazards Program fact sheet and glossary", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Defines volcanic ash as tephra fragments <2 mm produced by explosive eruptions; documents aviation, health, and infrastructure hazards distinct from combustion ash.", "url_status": "dead" }, { "id": "epa-ccr", "title": "Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric Utilities (CCR Rule), 40 CFR Part 257", "url": "https://www.epa.gov/coalash", "what_it_supports": "U.S. legal definition and regulation of coal combustion residuals (fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD gypsum) as solid waste with groundwater and structural criteria.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iso-18122", "title": "ISO 18122:2022 Solid biofuels - Determination of ash content", "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/83190.html", "what_it_supports": "Standard method and temperature (550 °C) for measuring ash as the inorganic residue of solid biofuels; grounds the analytical-ash sense.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "who-volcanic-ash", "title": "WHO / PAHO guidance on volcanic ash and health (airborne particulates, crystalline silica, respiratory risk)", "url": "https://www.who.int/publications", "what_it_supports": "Health-hazard framing of respirable volcanic and combustion ash (PM2.5/PM10, crystalline silica, heavy metals).", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "ash-origin-and-identity", "name": "Ash origin and identity", "description": "Establishes what produced the ash and where the identified material begins and ends.", "rationale": "Ash appearance does not establish its origin, composition or distinction from neighbouring residues.", "layers": [ { "id": "combustion-lineage", "name": "Combustion lineage", "description": "Connects the residue to feedstocks, combustion events and collection positions.", "findings": [ { "id": "formation-and-collection-evidence", "name": "Formation and collection evidence", "description": "Records the evidence supporting combustion-ash identity and the collected fraction.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence connects this material to a combustion event and identifies the feedstocks, including any mixed or unknown inputs?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "formation-and-collection-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Was it collected from a gas stream, a combustion bed or bottom, or a mixture of collection points?", "kind": "definition", "id": "formation-and-collection-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "residue-boundaries", "name": "Residue boundaries", "description": "Distinguishes the ash lot from char, soot, fused residue and subsequent mixtures.", "findings": [ { "id": "ash-lot-delimitation", "name": "Ash lot delimitation", "description": "Defines the represented material and preserves uncertainty about mixed constituents.", "questions": [ { "text": "What physical extent, collection interval or container set defines this ash lot, and where were other fractions combined with it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "ash-lot-delimitation-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes this lot from separately managed char, soot, slag or ash-containing products?", "kind": "definition", "id": "ash-lot-delimitation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ash-composition-and-evidence", "name": "Ash composition and evidence", "description": "Records what the ash contains and how reliably the available samples represent it.", "rationale": "Decisions require measured composition with sampling context rather than properties inferred solely from an ash label.", "layers": [ { "id": "representative-characterisation", "name": "Representative characterisation", "description": "Relates analytical results to heterogeneous fractions and the lot being assessed.", "findings": [ { "id": "sampling-coverage", "name": "Sampling coverage", "description": "Records which parts of the lot were sampled and the limitations of extrapolation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which depths, collection times and coarse or fine fractions do the ash samples represent?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "sampling-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "What sampling variability, unsampled regions or subsequent mixing limits application of the results to the whole lot?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "sampling-coverage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mineral-carbon-and-contaminant-content", "name": "Mineral, carbon and contaminant content", "description": "Separates measured constituents, residual carbon and analytical proxies.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-with-method", "name": "Composition with method", "description": "Preserves analytical methods, reporting bases and unresolved constituent identities.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which mineral phases, elements and potential contaminants were measured, using what methods, reporting bases and detection limits?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-with-method-q01" }, { "text": "Was residual carbon measured directly, and if loss on ignition was used, what evidence supports its interpretation for this ash?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-with-method-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ash-condition-and-release", "name": "Ash condition and release", "description": "Captures the ash's current physical condition and evidence about heat, dust and contact with water.", "rationale": "Ash handling depends on its present state and exposure conditions as well as its original composition.", "layers": [ { "id": "thermal-and-particle-condition", "name": "Thermal and particle condition", "description": "Records heat, moisture, particle sizes and consolidation relevant to movement and storage.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-handling-condition", "name": "Current handling condition", "description": "Establishes observed conditions without assuming that elapsed cooling time or a dry appearance proves readiness.", "questions": [ { "text": "What temperatures and trends were measured at the surface and within the ash, and is there evidence of continuing heating or combustion?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-handling-condition-q01" }, { "text": "What are the moisture content, particle-size distribution and degree of crusting or agglomeration at the intended handling time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-handling-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dust-and-water-contact", "name": "Dust and water contact", "description": "Evaluates release and compatibility under specified handling and contact scenarios.", "findings": [ { "id": "scenario-specific-release-evidence", "name": "Scenario-specific release evidence", "description": "Links dust observations, extract chemistry and wetting assessments to the conditions actually considered.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observations or tests describe dust release during the proposed transfer, disturbance or storage conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "scenario-specific-release-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What do specified extraction and compatibility tests establish about pH, constituent release and response to wetting, and which proposed contact conditions remain untested?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "scenario-specific-release-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "ash-treatment-and-destination", "name": "Ash treatment and destination", "description": "Connects the characterised ash to justified handling actions and destination requirements.", "rationale": "An ash lot cannot be declared usable or disposable without identifying the proposed action, applicable criteria and supporting evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "handling-and-conditioning", "name": "Handling and conditioning", "description": "Identifies controls and treatments that address the lot's measured properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-dependent-actions", "name": "Condition-dependent actions", "description": "Records prerequisites for transfer, containment, separation or conditioning and their verification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measured ash conditions determine the containment, cooling, dust-control and transfer measures required before movement?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-actions-q01" }, { "text": "If screening, wetting, washing or another treatment is proposed, what compatibility evidence and post-treatment checks are required?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-dependent-actions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "destination-specific-acceptance", "name": "Destination-specific acceptance", "description": "Assesses a particular recovery, reuse or disposal route against explicit requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "acceptance-evidence-and-gaps", "name": "Acceptance evidence and gaps", "description": "Records the criteria, evidence, conditions and unresolved issues for the proposed destination.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which intended use or receiving facility, jurisdiction and current acceptance criteria govern this ash lot?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "acceptance-evidence-and-gaps-q01" }, { "text": "Which requirements are met by representative evidence, and what missing tests, treatment or authorisation prevent acceptance?", "kind": "action", "id": "acceptance-evidence-and-gaps-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "wood ash (biomass / fireplace / boiler)", "coal fly ash (pulverized-fuel ash)", "coal bottom ash and boiler slag", "municipal-solid-waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash and bottom ash", "volcanic ash (tephra, pyroclastic fall)", "cremated human remains (cremains)", "analytical ash (proximate-analysis residue / ash content)", "oil-shale and petroleum-coke ash" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q167336 (ash as combustion residue); Q185242 (fly ash); Q1151405 (volcanic ash / tephra); Q3775684 (wood ash)", "note": "No single Wikidata item covers every PHY.MAT sense; coal CCR, volcanic tephra, wood ash and cremains are distinct items." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "68131-74-8 (ashes, residues; coal fly ash as a UVCB substance); 60676-86-0 (silica, vitreous, often cited for glassy fly-ash fraction)", "note": "Fly ash is a UVCB (Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction product, Biological material), not a stoichiometric compound." }, { "scheme": "EC / EINECS", "value_or_pattern": "268-627-4 (Ashes (residues)); 931-322-8 (Ashes (residues), coal)", "note": "REACH substance identifiers for combustion residues as industrial chemicals." }, { "scheme": "HS / Combined Nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "HS 2621 (slag, ash and residues from incineration of municipal waste, etc.); HS 262190 (other slag and ash, including seaweed ash / kelp)", "note": "Trade classification of ash as a commodity, not a material specification." }, { "scheme": "UN GHS / waste codes", "value_or_pattern": "European List of Waste 10 01 02 (coal fly ash); 10 01 01 (bottom ash, slag and boiler dust); 19 01 11*/19 01 12 (MSWI bottom ash, hazardous/non-hazardous); 19 01 13*/19 01 14 (MSWI fly ash)", "note": "Hazardousness is code- and jurisdiction-dependent; MSWI fly ash is frequently hazardous (*)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ASTM C618 (ASTM International) - coal fly ash and natural pozzolan for concrete (Class F / Class C).", "EN 450-1 and EN 450-2 (CEN) - fly ash for concrete, definition/specifications and conformity evaluation.", "EN 197-1 (CEN) - cement: fly ash as a main constituent of CEM II/IV/V cements.", "AASHTO M 295 (AASHTO) - coal fly ash for use in Portland-cement concrete (U.S. highway practice).", "ISO 18122 (ISO) - solid biofuels, determination of ash content at 550 °C.", "ASTM D3174 / ISO 1171 (ASTM / ISO) - ash in coal and coke (proximate analysis, typically 750-815 °C).", "40 CFR Part 257 Subpart D, Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Rule (U.S. EPA) - disposal, groundwater monitoring, and structural integrity of CCR units.", "Directive 2008/98/EC on waste, as amended, and Decision 2000/532/EC List of Waste (EU) - classification of incineration and combustion ashes; end-of-waste criteria vary by member state.", "Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH) (ECHA / EU) - registration of ashes (residues) as UVCB substances when placed on the market as substances.", "ICAO Doc 9974 / volcanic-ash contingency procedures and VAAC products (ICAO / WMO) - aviation operations in volcanic ash.", "IMO MARPOL Annex V and related circulars (IMO) - restrictions on discharge of incinerator ash at sea from ships.", "National building and environmental codes implementing the above (e.g. ACI 232.2R on fly ash in concrete; UK Quality Protocol for pulverised fuel ash / furnace bottom ash)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Coal fly ash is the largest industrial pozzolan: blended into Portland cement and concrete (typically 15-40 % of cementitious material), used in flowable fill, embankments, and as a raw mix component in clinker manufacture.", "Coal bottom ash is used as a lightweight aggregate, structural fill, and in road-base; boiler slag as blasting grit and roofing granules.", "Wood and biomass ash is returned to forest and agricultural soils as a liming agent and potassium/phosphorus source, or landfilled when heavy-metal or PAH limits are exceeded.", "MSWI bottom ash is processed (aging, metals recovery, screening) and used as unbound aggregate in road construction in several EU states; MSWI fly ash is usually treated and landfilled as hazardous waste.", "Volcanic ash is encountered as a natural tephra deposit and airborne plume: it closes airspace, abrades jet engines, collapses roofs when wet, contaminates water, and is locally mined as pozzolan or abrasive.", "In fuel and biomass laboratories, 'ash' is the measured residue after controlled ashing and is reported as a quality specification (ash content of coal, wood pellets, food, waste).", "Cremated remains are a commercial and funerary product (cremains), chemically similar to bone-derived calcium phosphate ash, not to coal or volcanic ash.", "High-carbon or off-spec fly ash is used in geopolymers, as a filler, or remains in surface impoundments pending remediation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Ash content (loss-free residue after specified ashing)", "typical_range": "Coal: ~5-20 % (bituminous) to >30 % (high-ash lignite); wood pellets: typically ≤0.7-2 % (ISO 17225 grades); MSW: highly variable, often 15-30 % of as-received waste appearing as bottom ash", "unit": "mass % (dry basis unless stated)" }, { "quantity": "Ashing / determination temperature", "typical_range": "550 °C (solid biofuels, ISO 18122); 750-815 °C (coal/coke, ISO 1171 / ASTM D3174); ~815 °C common for coal in Europe", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Particle size (fly ash vs volcanic ash vs bottom ash)", "typical_range": "Coal fly ash: mostly 1-100 µm, median often 10-30 µm; volcanic ash: <2 mm by definition, with a large respirable fraction; bottom ash: millimetres to centimetres", "unit": "µm or mm" }, { "quantity": "Bulk density (dry, loose to compacted)", "typical_range": "Coal fly ash ~0.5-1.5 g/cm³ loose; bottom ash ~0.7-1.6 g/cm³; volcanic ash deposits highly variable with vesicularity and packing", "unit": "g/cm³ or kg/m³" }, { "quantity": "Specific gravity of solids", "typical_range": "Coal fly ash typically 1.9-2.9; Class C often denser than high-carbon Class F", "unit": "dimensionless (relative to water)" }, { "quantity": "Oxide chemistry (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, SO3, Na2O/K2O, unburned carbon as LOI)", "typical_range": "Class F: SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 ≥70 %, CaO often <10-18 %; Class C: SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 ≥50 %, CaO often >20 %; wood ash: high CaO/K2O, low SiO2 relative to coal ash; volcanic ash: magmatic, typically high SiO2 in rhyolite, lower in basalt", "unit": "mass % of ash" }, { "quantity": "Loss on ignition (unburned carbon and bound volatiles)", "typical_range": "Concrete-grade fly ash often limited to ≤5-6 % LOI (ASTM C618 / EN 450); off-spec ashes may exceed 10-15 %", "unit": "mass %" }, { "quantity": "pH of ash-water leachate / ash slurry", "typical_range": "Wood ash often pH 10-13; Class C fly ash alkaline (often >11); some Class F near-neutral to alkaline; MSWI fly ash highly alkaline and saline", "unit": "pH units" }, { "quantity": "Leachable metals and salts (As, B, Cr, Mo, Pb, Se, Tl, Cl−, SO4^2−)", "typical_range": "Highly source-dependent; MSWI fly ash and some CCR leachates can exceed drinking-water or hazardous-waste thresholds; wood ash typically lower in As/Se, higher in K and soluble alkalis", "unit": "mg/L (leachate) or mg/kg (solid)" }, { "quantity": "Pozzolanic / hydraulic activity (strength activity index)", "typical_range": "ASTM C618 SAI typically ≥75 % of control at 7 or 28 days for qualifying fly ash", "unit": "% of control mortar strength" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Airborne respirable particles (PM2.5/PM10): irritation, exacerbation of asthma and COPD; volcanic ash and some coal ashes may contain crystalline silica (quartz, cristobalite) with silicosis risk on chronic occupational exposure.", "Wet volcanic ash and some fly ashes are heavy and electrically conductive: roof collapse, shorting of insulators, failure of wastewater and stormwater systems.", "Jet-engine ingestion of volcanic ash: melting of silicate glass on hot-section components, compressor abrasion, and inflight flameout (historical near-loss events, e.g. British Airways 9, KLM 867).", "Alkali-silica reaction and delayed ettringite / sulfate attack in concrete if fly ash chemistry, alkali load, or sulfate content is out of specification.", "Carbon in fly ash (high LOI) adsorbs air-entraining admixtures, collapsing freeze-thaw resistance of concrete.", "CCR and MSWI ash leachate: arsenic, selenium, boron, mercury, lead, hexavalent chromium, chloride and sulfate contamination of groundwater from ponds and landfills; catastrophic pond failures (e.g. Kingston 2008, Dan River 2014).", "Alkali burns and high-pH dust from wood ash, Class C fly ash, and MSWI ash (CaO/Ca(OH)2, KOH).", "MSWI fly ash concentrates dioxins/furans, soluble chlorides and heavy metals; untreated reuse in construction can re-emit salts and organics.", "Radioactivity: some coal ashes and certain volcanic ashes concentrate NORM (U, Th, 40K, 226Ra); phosphate and coal ashes may exceed building-material activity-index limits in some jurisdictions.", "Self-hardening and heat release of high-CaO (Class C) fly ash in stockpiles; dust explosions are uncommon but carbon-rich ashes can smoulder.", "Cremains are chemically stable but are not a soil amendment equivalent to wood ash; scattering in water bodies is regulated in many places." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States: 'coal ash' and 'CCR' (fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD gypsum) are the dominant legal and industrial senses; ASTM C618 Class F vs Class C is the working taxonomy for concrete. Volcanic ash is a USGS/aviation sense, not a construction commodity except locally (e.g. Pacific Northwest pozzolans).", "European Union / UK: 'pulverised fuel ash' (PFA) and 'furnace bottom ash' (FBA) are the traditional coal-ash names; EN 450 siliceous fly ash is narrower than ASTM Class F/C (calcareous fly ash is treated via other cement standards). End-of-waste and Quality Protocols allow specified PFA/FBA as products. MSWI bottom-ash reuse in roads is common in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and France, restricted or landfilled elsewhere.", "East Asia: very large coal-fly-ash volumes in China and India; utilization rates and pond/lagoon practice differ sharply from EU productization. Japan uses 'coal ash' and volcanic ash (shirasu, etc.) as distinct construction materials.", "Nordic and boreal forestry: 'wood ash recycling' to forests is a named practice (Sweden, Finland, parts of Canada) with Cd and other metal limits that do not apply to coal ash.", "Pacific volcanic arcs (Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Andes, Alaska, New Zealand): 'ash' in public communication almost always means volcanic tephra; grain-size and colour (andesitic grey vs rhyolitic pale) enter local naming.", "Trade English vs geology: geologists reserve 'ash' in the volcanic sense for clasts <2 mm (tephra classification); combustion engineers use 'ash' for any incombustible residue regardless of size (fly vs bottom is a capture location, not a grain-size class).", "Food and fuel testing: 'ash' means the analytical residue (ash content), a number on a specification sheet, not a bulk material one can shovel." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Slag (iron/steel blast-furnace or steelmaking slag)", "difference": "Slag is a molten silicate separated from metal in a furnace and cooled as a glass or crystalline aggregate; ash is the solid residue of fuel or waste combustion and was never a metal-smelting melt. Test: process origin plus chemistry (slag is Ca-Mg-Al-silicate with very low unburned carbon and LOI ≈ 0; fly ash often has cenospheres, residual carbon, and spherical glassy particles)." }, { "name": "Pozzolan (natural), e.g. volcanic tuff, metakaolin, calcined clay", "difference": "Natural pozzolans are mined or calcined rocks, not combustion residues. Some volcanic ashes are both volcanic ash and natural pozzolans. Test: ASTM C618 / EN 197 designation (Class N vs Class F/C) and whether the material is a coal-combustion residual." }, { "name": "Cement kiln dust (CKD) and lime kiln dust (LKD)", "difference": "CKD/LKD are process dusts from clinker or lime manufacture, typically much higher in free CaO, alkali and chloride than coal fly ash. Test: free-lime content, particle morphology (irregular vs fly-ash cenospheres), and plant origin." }, { "name": "Silica fume (microsilica)", "difference": "Silica fume is amorphous SiO2 fume from silicon/ferrosilicon furnaces, ultrafine (~0.1-0.2 µm), >85 % SiO2. Fly ash is coarser and a mixed aluminosilicate. Test: particle size, SiO2 assay, and BET surface area." }, { "name": "Soot / black carbon / char", "difference": "Soot is carbonaceous particulate from incomplete combustion; ash is the inorganic residue. High-LOI fly ash contains both. Test: LOI / elemental carbon vs oxide sum; optical/SEM morphology (fractal carbon vs glassy spheres)." }, { "name": "Pumice, scoria, and tuff", "difference": "These are volcanic products related to ash: pumice and scoria are vesicular clasts, usually lapilli-sized or larger; tuff is lithified tephra. Loose volcanic ash is unconsolidated tephra <2 mm. Test: grain size (ash <2 mm), welding/lithification, and deposit context." }, { "name": "Dust (mineral dust, construction dust, PM)", "difference": "Dust is a particle-size/air-quality category, not a material. Ash may be a dust when airborne. Test: source and chemistry, not particle size alone." }, { "name": "Bone ash / hydroxyapatite / cremains", "difference": "Bone ash is calcium phosphate from calcined bone (historically for porcelain and cupellation); cremains are analogous. Wood and coal ashes are silicate-oxide-carbonate mixtures with little phosphate unless bone was in the feed. Test: P2O5 and Ca/P ratio vs silicate-dominated XRF." }, { "name": "Clinker (Portland-cement clinker) and unhydrated cement", "difference": "Clinker is a designed, sintered hydraulic product (alite/belite). Fly ash may be a cement constituent but is not clinker. Test: XRD (C3S/C2S vs glass + mullite + quartz typical of Class F fly ash)." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ash this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does vr.tr.ash denote combustion residue only, or must it also encompass volcanic ash and other materials sharing the name?", "What operational boundaries should distinguish ash from char, soot, slag and clinker when residues are mixed or partly fused?", "Which sampling and analytical methods are appropriate for each ash origin and decision, particularly where loss on ignition may not directly represent residual carbon?", "Which origin-specific constituents and changes during storage require additional characterisation before handling or destination assessment?", "Which jurisdictional and destination-specific criteria must be researched for the first intended applications of this model?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a ash, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise an ash lot, assess its condition and uncertainties, and determine what evidence is needed before handling, storing, treating, using or disposing of it.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: volcanic ash, fly ash, joss ash, kelp ash, cremains, incinerator bottom ash, ember, plant ash, bottom ash, bone ash, lignite fly ash.", "11 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 102 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a ash, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "volcanic ash", "fly ash", "joss ash", "kelp ash", "cremains", "incinerator bottom ash", "ember", "plant ash", "bottom ash", "bone ash", "lignite fly ash" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 102 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 11 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one ash from another, and a ash from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a ash sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a ash from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a ash is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a ash is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a ash is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a ash is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a ash is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a ash is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a ash passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a ash between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a ash, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a ash is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a ash and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a ash is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a ash performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a ash.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a ash at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a ash there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What ash is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name ash unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of ash exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How ash behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of ash, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is ash incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How ash can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is ash classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover ash, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a ash came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a ash and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a ash is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a ash, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a ash, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a ash is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }