foot-and-mouth disease
Enable an agent to recognise foot-and-mouth disease, assess evidence of infection and disease state, and identify responses requiring veterinary authority.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read
Researched by: Codex
Purpose and description
Enable an agent to recognise foot-and-mouth disease, assess evidence of infection and disease state, and identify responses requiring veterinary authority.
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious infection caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus, an aphthovirus, that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals and typically causes fever and vesicles in the mouth, on the feet and on the teats.
It can be Compare observations with a named foot-and-mouth disease suspicion or confirmation definition.; Identify missing evidence and route unresolved cases for veterinary assessment.; Construct an uncertainty-aware infection timeline linked to exposure and movement records.; Assess whether serotype, vaccination and assay interpretation are mutually consistent.; Summarise disease frequency with explicit host populations, periods and denominators.; Identify applicable reporting and movement-control requirements and the authority responsible for decisions..
Distinguishing features
The intended sense is the animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus, distinct from human hand, foot and mouth disease. [WOAH disease overview](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/)
Compatible vesicular signs support suspicion but cannot alone distinguish foot-and-mouth disease from other vesicular diseases. [WOAH disease overview](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/)
Infection evidence and clinical disease must be represented separately; the cited WOAH Code defines the regulated condition through infection in specified susceptible animals. [WOAH Terrestrial Code, 2024, Chapter 8.8](https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/2024/en_chapitre_fmd.htm)
Serotype is consequential: immunity against one serotype cannot be treated as protection against all seven serotypes. [WOAH disease overview](https://www.woah.org/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/)
Scope
+ Aetiological identity and distinction from other vesicular diseases
+ Host susceptibility, clinical expression and infection course
+ Versioned case definitions and interpretation of diagnostic evidence
+ Serotype, immunity and vaccination relevance
+ Transmission assessment, surveillance and conditions governing response
- Animal identity, husbandry history and complete veterinary records
- Virus taxonomy, genome annotation and laboratory propagation procedures
- Individual outbreak operations, budgets and incident staffing
- Vaccine manufacture, inventory and administration procedures
- Human hand, foot and mouth disease
- General livestock trade policy and economic modelling
Characteristics
- Host and susceptible population
- Species, age class, herd or wildlife population, location and observation period Disease expression and interpretation of population observations depend on the affected hosts.
- Diagnostic classification
- Suspected, confirmed, excluded or unresolved under a named case definition and revision Separates an evidential judgement from the presence of symptoms or an administrative notification.
- Clinical expression
- Observed signs, lesion locations, severity, absent signs and examination completeness Supports recognition without making vesicular lesions a sufficient diagnostic test.
- Infection and clinical timeline
- Exposure interval, estimated infection interval, onset, clinical recovery and evidence of persistence, each with uncertainty Clinical recovery and resolution of infection are separate claims.
- Viral serotype
- O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, Asia1, untyped or unresolved Supports interpretation of immunity and vaccine relevance without substituting serotype for strain matching.
- Diagnostic evidence
- Specimen, collection time, assay, result, laboratory, interpretation and applicable standard Makes confirmation or exclusion traceable to evidence collected at a relevant time.
- Vaccination and immune evidence
- Vaccine history, antigen coverage, dates, immune measurements and matching evidence Vaccination history alone does not establish protection or absence of infection.
- Population disease frequency
- Cases per defined population and period, with numerator, denominator, case definition and surveillance method Prevents comparison of incompatible animal, herd and outbreak counts.
- Applicable disease-control status
- Issuing authority, jurisdiction or zone, status, vaccination category, effective date and governing revision Determines which official response rules can be considered for a particular context.
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Also registered as vr.tr.foot-and-mouth-disease
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 6 bundles · 11 layers · 19 findings · 31 questions.
Disease identity and boundaries Establishes which disease is represented and separates the concept from its occurrences and diagnostic labels.
Name confusion and conflation of infection, symptoms and reporting status can produce incorrect recognition and action.
Aetiological identity
Connects the disease to its causative virus and separates misleadingly similar names.
Foot-and-mouth disease concept resolution
Require evidence that an incoming name or code denotes the animal FMD concept.
- Does the supplied term denote foot-and-mouth disease, human hand, foot and mouth disease, or an undifferentiated vesicular syndrome? boundary
- Which authoritative terminology entry and version establish the mapping to vr.tr.foot-and-mouth-disease? provenance
Disease occurrence and classification
Separates the disease concept, animal infection, clinical episode and administrative classification.
Case definition binding
Attach diagnostic and reporting labels to the definition that issued them.
- Does this assertion concern infection, clinical disease, an animal diagnosis, a herd classification or an outbreak notification? definition
- Which issuing body, jurisdiction and revision define the criteria used for this classification? provenance
Hosts and disease course Represents host-specific expression and the course of infection.
Recognition must account for differences between hosts and avoid equating disappearance of signs with resolution of infection.
Susceptibility and expression
Relates observations to species, age and examination coverage.
Host-specific clinical pattern
Record the pattern and completeness of clinical observations in the affected host.
- Which species and age classes are affected, and what evidence establishes their susceptibility? provenance
- Which oral, foot or teat lesions, salivation, lameness, production changes or deaths were observed, and which signs were actually assessed? measurement
Infection timeline and outcomes
Tracks exposure, onset, recovery and unresolved infection status as separate events.
Clinical and infection state separation
Keep clinical outcomes distinct from evidence about ongoing infection or transmission.
- What are the observed or estimated exposure, onset and recovery dates, and how uncertain is each? measurement
- What host-specific evidence supports persistent infection, clearance or infectiousness, rather than merely clinical recovery? boundary
Diagnostic evidence and differentials Organises the evidence needed to investigate suspicion and interpret laboratory findings.
Clinical similarity and context-dependent test interpretation make a single symptom or result insufficient as a universal decision rule.
Vesicular disease differentiation
Tests competing explanations appropriate to the host and setting.
Differential resolution
Record why foot-and-mouth disease remains plausible or is distinguished from alternatives.
- Which competing explanations, including vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease or Senecavirus A infection where relevant, require assessment? boundary
- What clinical, epidemiological or laboratory evidence supports or excludes each relevant alternative? provenance
Laboratory interpretation
Binds results to specimens, timing, assay purpose and vaccination context.
Test result context
Require sufficient context to distinguish evidence of infection, immune response and unresolved results.
- Which specimen, collection date, assay and laboratory produced the result, and what interpretation standard was used? provenance
- How do timing, specimen adequacy and vaccination history affect interpretation of molecular, antigen or antibody results? measurement
- What additional veterinary or reference-laboratory review is required for negative, inconclusive or discordant evidence? action
Transmission and population state Connects individual infection evidence to exposure networks and population surveillance.
An agent must distinguish a plausible exposure from demonstrated transmission and observed case counts from population risk.
Exposure and transmission links
Represents disease-relevant connections with explicit timing and evidential strength.
Transmission link confidence
Keep candidate contact pathways separate from established transmission relationships.
- Which animal contacts, movements or shared environmental and material exposures occurred during the relevant interval? measurement
- What evidence supports each proposed transmission link, and which direction or source remains uncertain? provenance
Surveillance and frequency
Interprets occurrence and non-detection within a defined surveillance population.
Population evidence and denominators
Require population, period and ascertainment details before interpreting disease frequency.
- Are the reported units animals, herds or outbreaks, and what population, location, year and denominator do they represent? measurement
- What surveillance coverage and detection limitations constrain claims of low prevalence or absence? boundary
Immunity and authorised response Links immune evidence and official disease status to the decisions an agent may support.
Vaccine relevance depends on viral identity, while reporting and control decisions depend on current veterinary authority and jurisdiction.
Serotype and vaccine relevance
Evaluates the evidence connecting circulating virus, vaccine coverage and protection.
Protection evidence
Avoid inferring protection from vaccination status or serotype labels alone.
- Which serotype and strain information is established, and what remains untyped or uncertain? measurement
- What vaccine history, antigenic matching evidence and immune observations support protection against the virus under consideration? provenance
Notification, control and release
Associates proposed responses with the competent authority and effective rules.
Authority-bound decisions
Separate an agent's evidence assessment from legally effective control and disease-status decisions.
- Which current local rules govern notification, movement restrictions, vaccination or other control measures for this suspicion or confirmation? action
- Which authority may impose or release measures, and what evidence and effective dates support its decision? provenance
- Does an asserted freedom status apply to an animal, holding, zone or country, and how is vaccination represented in that status? boundary
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.
A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.
Reported evidence
Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.
Check these first
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- This account is recalled knowledge; no sources were consulted.
- Verify current WOAH chapter editions, national legal requirements and regional disease status before operational use.
- Clinical signs alone do not establish a diagnosis; laboratory confirmation is needed. No human disease coding identifier is asserted here.
- Which of these check these first hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Kinds and varieties
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Acute vesicular disease
- Subclinical infection
- Myocarditis-associated disease in young animals
- Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Identifiers and schemes
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype nomenclature - O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 - These are the seven traditionally recognized virus serotypes; they classify the causative virus rather than individual disease episodes.
- Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Standards and regulation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code chapter on infection with foot and mouth disease virus: surveillance, disease status and international trade recommendations.
- WOAH Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals chapter on foot and mouth disease: diagnostic methods and vaccine standards.
- National veterinary legislation commonly requires notification of suspected disease and authorizes animal movement restrictions and outbreak control.
- Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Real-world use
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Veterinary surveillance and laboratory investigation of suspected outbreaks.
- Selection of vaccines matched to circulating virus strains.
- Animal movement controls and outbreak tracing.
- Assessment of livestock and animal-product trade eligibility.
- Planning emergency vaccination, quarantine and other official control measures.
- Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Typical measurements
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Incubation period - Usually 2-14 - days
- Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Failure modes and hazards
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Rapid spread through infected animals, contaminated materials and, under suitable conditions, airborne virus.
- Lameness, reduced feeding and milk production, and substantial livestock production losses.
- Fatal myocarditis in young animals, sometimes without obvious vesicles.
- Mild or unapparent infection, particularly in sheep and goats, can delay detection.
- Protection against one serotype does not reliably protect against another; antigenic variation within serotypes can also compromise vaccine matching.
- Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Regional variation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Countries and zones differ in disease status and whether vaccination is practised.
- Circulating serotypes and lineages vary geographically, affecting surveillance and vaccine selection.
- Wildlife maintenance differs by ecosystem; African buffalo are important maintenance hosts for SAT serotypes in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
- Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Hand, foot and mouth disease - A distinct human enterovirus disease, usually affecting children; it is not livestock foot-and-mouth disease.
- Vesicular stomatitis - A different viral disease that can resemble foot-and-mouth disease in livestock and also affects horses; laboratory testing separates suspected cases.
- Swine vesicular disease - A distinct enterovirus infection of pigs whose vesicular lesions require laboratory differentiation from foot-and-mouth disease.
- Foot-and-mouth disease virus - The infectious agent, whereas foot-and-mouth disease is the resulting animal disease.
- Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of foot-and-mouth disease this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
What the second pass must settle
- Which current WOAH and jurisdiction-specific case definitions should be bound to the model, and how do their revisions differ?
- Which veterinary terminology and SNOMED identifiers map precisely to this concept, and are any ICD-10 or ICD-11 mappings applicable without confusing animal disease with human conditions?
- What host-specific evidence should govern interpretation of persistent infection and its relationship to onward transmission?
- Which population- and year-specific surveillance datasets provide defensible frequency estimates, including uncertainty from under-detection?
- Which current reference-laboratory guidance establishes acceptable vaccine-matching and diagnostic interpretation criteria for the relevant serotypes and settings?