{ "model": { "rank": 6590, "code": "thing-q1534839", "model_id": "vr.tr.brake", "name": "brake", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a brake, assess its ability to retard or hold motion, and determine which operations require verified capacity, condition and control safeguards.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1534839/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "autobrake", "bicycle brake", "centrifugal brake", "hydrodynamic brake", "tail skid", "brake-clutch unit", "hand brake", "dynamic braking", "Retarder", "hydraulic brake", "engine braking", "Tread brake", "Belt rim brake", "eddy current brake", "integral brake system", "air brake", "V-brake", "compression release engine brake", "countersteam brake", "mechanical brake", "carbon brake", "Electric motor brake", "Exhaust brake", "disc brake", "Band brake", "service breaking device", "drum brake", "railway brake", "Automobile brakes", "hub brake", "coaster brake", "cantilever brake", "bicycle rim brakes", "rheostatic braking", "floating caliper brake", "Roller brake", "Single-leading-shoe drum brake", "Twin-leading-shoe drum brake", "decelerating brake", "Steam brake" ], "aliasCount": 42, "merged": 43, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.brake-artifact", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1534839", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1534839", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:06:02Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0886a-00c6-7823-beaa-32e8de62dbce\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: brake\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001 registere", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 119.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0886a-00d7-7911-99c5-99fd3cc98249\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: brake\nRegistry id: vr.tr.brake\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext for " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1534839", "registryId": "vr.tr.brake", "name": "brake", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1534839/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.brake", "name": "brake", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a brake, assess its ability to retard or hold motion, and determine which operations require verified capacity, condition and control safeguards.", "definition": "A brake is a device that applies a force or torque opposing actual or impending relative motion to slow, stop, or hold a moving member by dissipating, transferring, or recovering mechanical energy.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the brake as a kind of physical device or assembly that deliberately produces resistance to motion or holding force, including its operating principle, actuation, energy handling, interfaces and service condition; product specifications and individual units instantiate this kind.", "in_scope": [ "Brakes intended to slow, stop or hold a moving member or load", "Friction, electromagnetic and fluid-resistance braking mechanisms where embodied in a brake device", "Brake actuation, release, adjustment and local control interfaces", "Force or torque capacity, response and duty-dependent operating limits", "Wear, thermal condition, faults and maintenance evidence", "Interfaces through which braking reactions and energy reach the host system" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Whole-vehicle or whole-machine motion control and stopping performance", "Clutches whose primary purpose is coupling two moving members", "Dedicated locks, chocks and latches whose purpose is positive restraint", "Prime movers, electrical storage and power networks receiving recovered energy", "Standalone braking algorithms and operator procedures", "Product catalogues and histories of individual installed units" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its intended function includes applying force or torque against actual or impending motion; incidental bearing friction does not establish that an object is a brake.", "It provides a braking reaction path or energy-transfer mechanism; a command pedal or control signal alone is not a brake.", "A friction brake restrains relative motion through a friction interface, whereas a clutch primarily establishes coupling between members; combined devices require both roles to be recorded.", "A holding brake develops rated holding force or torque, whereas a positive lock restrains movement through geometric engagement; hybrid assemblies require an explicit boundary.", "The term refers here to a physical braking device or assembly, rather than the abstract act of braking or the host machine's complete stopping function." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Intended braking role", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "service retardation; stopping; parking or holding; emergency duty; supplementary retardation; combinations", "why_it_matters": "A brake suitable for one role may lack the capacity, response or assurance required for another." }, { "name": "Braking principle", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "friction; electromagnetic; fluid resistance; other documented principle; hybrid", "why_it_matters": "Determines how resistance is generated and which operating limits and failure modes apply." }, { "name": "Braked member and reaction path", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to restrained member, mounting structure and any transmission between brake and load", "why_it_matters": "Locates where braking acts and where the equal reaction must be supported." }, { "name": "Dynamic braking capacity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "N or N·m, with speed, temperature, actuation and duty conditions", "why_it_matters": "Establishes the resistance available while moving without confusing it with static holding capacity." }, { "name": "Static holding capacity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "N or N·m at zero speed; unsupported or unverified where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the brake can restrain a stationary load." }, { "name": "Energy and thermal duty", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "J per event, W over a stated duty cycle, and °C operating limits", "why_it_matters": "Repeated or prolonged braking may exceed thermal limits despite adequate instantaneous torque." }, { "name": "Application and release supply", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "mechanical; hydraulic; pneumatic; electrical; stored spring energy; combinations, separately recorded for application and release", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes the command path from the energy that applies or releases the brake." }, { "name": "Application and release response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "ms or s under stated supply, temperature and load conditions", "why_it_matters": "Delay affects stopping and coordination with the host system." }, { "name": "Observed engagement state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "released; applying; partially applied; applied; releasing; unknown", "why_it_matters": "The commanded state does not by itself establish actual engagement or braking force." }, { "name": "Wear and adjustment margin", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mm clearance, lining thickness or actuator travel, as applicable, against documented limits", "why_it_matters": "Wear and adjustment can reduce capacity or prevent complete release." }, { "name": "Behaviour on supply loss", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "applies; releases; retains prior state; condition-dependent; unverified", "why_it_matters": "Loss of power or pressure must not be assumed to produce a safe state." }, { "name": "Host and conformity basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to host application, applicable requirements, issuing bodies and supporting evidence", "why_it_matters": "Acceptability depends on the application and evidence for the relevant brake or assembled system." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify the braking principle and distinguish slowing capability from verified holding capability.", "Compare required braking force, torque and duty with documented operating limits.", "Request controlled application or release through an authorised host interface when load and restraint conditions permit.", "Inspect wear, leakage, clearance, contamination and thermal evidence to assess serviceability.", "Determine whether a fault requires inhibited motion, alternative restraint or maintenance.", "Trace capacity and conformity claims to the applicable design, test and installation evidence." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "braking-role-and-boundary", "name": "Braking role and boundary", "description": "Identifies what motion the brake opposes and which braking functions belong to the assembly.", "rationale": "Recognition must separate the brake from its controls, host system and neighbouring coupling or locking devices.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-motion-restraint", "name": "Intended motion restraint", "description": "Defines the motion or load the brake is intended to retard or hold.", "findings": [ { "id": "braking-function", "name": "Braking function", "description": "Record intended dynamic and static roles separately, including permitted directions of operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which member or load is the brake intended to slow, stop or hold, and in which directions?", "kind": "definition", "id": "braking-function-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes each claimed service, emergency or holding role?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "braking-function-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "assembly-boundary", "name": "Assembly boundary", "description": "Separates the braking assembly from neighbouring mechanisms and host functions.", "findings": [ { "id": "included-braking-elements", "name": "Included braking elements", "description": "Identify the elements that generate resistance, apply it and transmit its reaction, without absorbing the entire host machine.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which resistance-generating elements, actuators and local controls belong to the brake assembly?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "included-braking-elements-q01" }, { "text": "Does the assembly also act as a clutch, lock or drive, and how are those roles distinguished?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "included-braking-elements-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "resistance-and-capacity", "name": "Resistance and capacity", "description": "Describes how braking resistance arises and the conditions under which it is available.", "rationale": "A nominal brake rating cannot establish capability across all speeds, loads and engagement conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "resistance-generation", "name": "Resistance generation", "description": "Records the physical mechanism and its dependence on operating conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "force-torque-generation", "name": "Force or torque generation", "description": "Describe the frictional, electromagnetic, fluid or other mechanism and the variables governing its output.", "questions": [ { "text": "What physical interaction produces the braking force or torque?", "kind": "definition", "id": "force-torque-generation-q01" }, { "text": "How does available resistance vary with speed, direction, temperature and actuator input?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "force-torque-generation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dynamic-and-static-capacity", "name": "Dynamic and static capacity", "description": "Keeps moving-load braking and stationary-load holding claims distinct.", "findings": [ { "id": "capacity-envelope", "name": "Capacity envelope", "description": "Record documented force or torque limits with their test conditions, including whether zero-speed holding is supported.", "questions": [ { "text": "What dynamic force or torque is available over the intended operating range, and under which rating conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "capacity-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "What verified holding capacity exists at zero speed, and what limits its duration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "capacity-envelope-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "braking-energy-and-duty", "name": "Braking energy and duty", "description": "Tracks energy removed during motion and the constraints imposed by repeated or sustained braking.", "rationale": "A brake may meet instantaneous force requirements while exceeding its energy or heat-rejection capacity.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-destination", "name": "Energy destination", "description": "Identifies where mechanical energy goes during braking.", "findings": [ { "id": "dissipation-or-transfer-path", "name": "Dissipation or transfer path", "description": "Record whether energy becomes heat locally, passes to a fluid circuit or transfers to an external electrical or mechanical recipient.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where does the energy removed from the moving load go, and which components receive it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "dissipation-or-transfer-path-q01" }, { "text": "What limits apply when cooling or an external energy recipient is unavailable?", "kind": "action", "id": "dissipation-or-transfer-path-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-duty-envelope", "name": "Thermal duty envelope", "description": "Relates event energy, sustained power and recovery time to allowable operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "duty-and-recovery-limits", "name": "Duty and recovery limits", "description": "Record permissible braking cycles and thermal limits together with cooling assumptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What energy per event and average braking power are permitted for the documented duty cycle?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "duty-and-recovery-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which temperature, cooling or recovery conditions require reduced duty or inhibited operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "duty-and-recovery-limits-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-release-and-fault-response", "name": "Application, release and fault response", "description": "Describes how the brake changes state and behaves when commands, supplies or components fail.", "rationale": "Safe decisions require distinguishing requested engagement from actual restraint and understanding unintended release or application.", "layers": [ { "id": "actuation-and-observation", "name": "Actuation and observation", "description": "Connects control inputs, actuation energy and evidence of engagement.", "findings": [ { "id": "command-to-braking-state", "name": "Command to braking state", "description": "Record application and release mechanisms, delays and the meaning of available feedback.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which commands and energy supplies apply and release the brake, and what response times are documented?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "command-to-braking-state-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations establish actuator position, contact or actual braking force, and which states remain unobserved?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "command-to-braking-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "loss-and-override-behaviour", "name": "Loss and override behaviour", "description": "Addresses supply loss, degraded actuation and deliberate manual release.", "findings": [ { "id": "fault-dependent-restraint", "name": "Fault-dependent restraint", "description": "Specify documented behaviour for relevant failures and the conditions required before overriding restraint.", "questions": [ { "text": "What happens to braking and holding capacity after loss of each relevant supply or control path?", "kind": "definition", "id": "fault-dependent-restraint-q01" }, { "text": "What verified alternative restraint and isolation are required before manual release or actuator work?", "kind": "action", "id": "fault-dependent-restraint-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "serviceability-and-host-acceptance", "name": "Serviceability and host acceptance", "description": "Connects brake condition and installation evidence to permitted use.", "rationale": "A brake's design capability remains useful only while its condition and host integration support that capability.", "layers": [ { "id": "degradation-and-maintenance", "name": "Degradation and maintenance", "description": "Records mechanism-specific deterioration, inspection limits and restoration requirements.", "findings": [ { "id": "serviceability-evidence", "name": "Serviceability evidence", "description": "Assess applicable wear, clearance, leakage, contamination, corrosion, drag and overheating indicators against documented limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measurable wear, clearance, leakage or thermal limits determine whether this brake remains serviceable?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "serviceability-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which inspection results require adjustment, replacement, further testing or withdrawal from service?", "kind": "action", "id": "serviceability-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "installation-and-conformity", "name": "Installation and conformity", "description": "Locates mounting, host-system dependencies and the evidence supporting accepted use.", "findings": [ { "id": "host-specific-acceptance", "name": "Host-specific acceptance", "description": "Record reaction-load support, transmission dependencies and applicable requirements without treating component approval as proof of whole-system performance.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which mounting, transmission and host-control conditions must hold for the brake's rated capability to reach the restrained load?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "host-specific-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "Which requirements and issuing bodies apply, and what test or conformity evidence covers the brake versus the complete host system?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "host-specific-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The physical-device sense is inferred from PHY.OBJ; no narrower application is recorded.", "The listed regulations concern road vehicles and do not define universal requirements for all brakes; applicability and current revisions require checking.", "Torque, energy capacity, operating temperature, dimensions, and stopping performance vary too widely across applications to assign meaningful generic typical ranges." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Disc brake", "Drum brake", "Band brake", "Eddy-current brake", "Hydrodynamic brake", "Regenerative brake" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "UN Regulation No. 13, issued under the UNECE framework, addresses braking of specified vehicle categories.", "UN Regulation No. 13-H, issued under the UNECE framework, addresses braking of passenger cars.", "UN Regulation No. 90, issued under the UNECE framework, addresses replacement brake lining assemblies, drum brake linings, discs, and drums for power-driven vehicles and trailers.", "FMVSS No. 121, administered by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, addresses air brake systems.", "FMVSS No. 135, administered by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, addresses light vehicle brake systems." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Controlling speed and stopping road vehicles, bicycles, and railway vehicles.", "Holding parked vehicles against movement.", "Stopping and holding loads in cranes, hoists, and elevators.", "Decelerating rotating machinery and industrial drives.", "Recovering energy during deceleration in electric and hybrid vehicle drivetrains." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Overheating can reduce braking effectiveness, damage components, or ignite nearby combustible material.", "Wear, contamination, or glazing of friction surfaces can reduce or destabilize braking force.", "Hydraulic leaks, air in hydraulic circuits, or pneumatic pressure faults can impair actuation; the result depends on system architecture.", "Seized mechanisms or incomplete release can cause brake drag, overheating, and unexpected motion resistance.", "Loss of control power, electrical faults, or unavailable energy storage can reduce electrical braking; many electrical braking arrangements cannot independently hold a stationary load." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Road vehicle approval follows different regulatory systems, including UN regulations in adopting jurisdictions and FMVSS requirements in the United States.", "Railway, elevator, and industrial machinery brake requirements differ by jurisdiction and application." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Braking system", "difference": "The system includes controls, actuators, energy supplies, transmission paths, and brake devices; a brake is the element or assembly producing motion-resisting force or torque." }, { "name": "Clutch", "difference": "A clutch primarily couples members to transmit motion and torque; a brake primarily retards or holds motion." }, { "name": "Damper", "difference": "A damper primarily reduces oscillation or transient motion; a brake primarily provides controlled deceleration, stopping, or holding." }, { "name": "Retarder", "difference": "In vehicle terminology, a retarder provides sustained auxiliary deceleration and generally does not replace the service or parking brake." }, { "name": "Brake pad", "difference": "A brake pad is a friction component within certain brakes, rather than the complete braking device." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of brake this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover brake, requiring this registry entry to link to that model?", "Should motor-based regenerative braking and engine braking be represented as brake assemblies here or as braking capabilities of neighbouring drive models?", "Which application-specific standards, issuing bodies and conformity evidence should be referenced for vehicle, rail, lifting and industrial brakes?", "Which sourced capacity, dimension and duty ranges are meaningful for each brake family without suggesting a universal typical brake?", "Where should the registry draw the boundary between holding brakes, positive locking mechanisms and combined clutch-brake assemblies?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a brake, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a brake, assess its ability to retard or hold motion, and determine which operations require verified capacity, condition and control safeguards.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: autobrake, bicycle brake, centrifugal brake, hydrodynamic brake, tail skid, brake-clutch unit, hand brake, dynamic braking, Retarder, hydraulic brake, engine braking, Tread brake.", "43 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a brake, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "autobrake", "bicycle brake", "centrifugal brake", "hydrodynamic brake", "tail skid", "brake-clutch unit", "hand brake", "dynamic braking", "Retarder", "hydraulic brake", "engine braking", "Tread brake" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 43 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one brake from another, and a brake from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a brake sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a brake from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a brake is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a brake is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a brake is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a brake is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a brake is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a brake is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a brake passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a brake between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a brake, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a brake is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What brake is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does brake perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise brake, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How brake is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does brake have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does brake need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about brake is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about brake hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern brake, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a brake came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a brake and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a brake is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a brake, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a brake, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a brake is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }