{ "model": { "rank": 3824, "code": "thing-q15605", "model_id": "vr.tr.cosmic-microwave-background", "name": "cosmic microwave background", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise cosmic microwave background observations, assess their reliability and determine which physical interpretations and analytical uses they support.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q15605/", "tier": 2, "score": 81, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 81, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q15605", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T18:51:01Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 23.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08781-4e47-7a43-847d-b672641be64e\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cosmic microwave background\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batc", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 67.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08781-4e50-7f00-a3d6-8f7fb8ffb993\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: cosmic microwave background\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cosmic-microwave-background\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames f" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q15605", "registryId": "vr.tr.cosmic-microwave-background", "name": "cosmic microwave background", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q15605/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cosmic-microwave-background", "name": "cosmic microwave background", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise cosmic microwave background observations, assess their reliability and determine which physical interpretations and analytical uses they support.", "definition": "The cosmic microwave background is the nearly isotropic thermal radiation filling the universe, observed today at approximately 2.725 K and originating predominantly from photons last scattered when the early universe became transparent about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as relic electromagnetic radiation from the early universe, including its observed spectrum, temperature and polarisation patterns, subsequent modifications and evidential use; it treats the radiation as a physical phenomenon despite the registry's ACT / ACT.ACT placement.", "in_scope": [ "The distinction between the physical radiation field, measurements of it and reconstructed CMB products", "The mean spectrum and temperature, with measurement conventions and uncertainties", "Angular temperature anisotropies and linear polarisation", "Changes imprinted during photon propagation, including gravitational lensing and scattering", "Foreground separation, instrumental limitations and justified cosmological interpretation" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The complete history and contents of the universe", "Radio and microwave backgrounds of non-CMB origin", "Galactic emission and extragalactic sources except as contaminants of CMB measurements", "Telescope, detector and spacecraft engineering beyond its effects on CMB evidence", "Cosmological theories considered independently of their CMB predictions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A candidate signal must be consistent with a diffuse celestial radiation field observed across the sky, rather than merely a local microwave source or detector offset.", "Its frequency dependence must be assessed against a common thermal CMB spectrum, allowing for separately tested spectral distortions and propagation effects.", "CMB temperature fluctuations expressed in thermodynamic temperature units should be consistent across frequency channels after accounting for foregrounds and instrumental response.", "The signal's attribution must distinguish early-universe radiation from Galactic dust, synchrotron emission, unresolved sources and atmospheric emission.", "A CMB map, angular power spectrum or parameter estimate is a representation or inference about the radiation, not the radiation itself." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Evidence representation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Radiation field, calibrated observation, reconstructed map, angular spectrum or inferred parameter", "why_it_matters": "Prevents properties of a processed product from being attributed directly to the physical radiation." }, { "name": "Mean thermodynamic temperature", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "K, with uncertainty, reference frame and spectral-fit assumptions", "why_it_matters": "Characterises the mean thermal background and anchors temperature conventions." }, { "name": "Spectral intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "W m^-2 Hz^-1 sr^-1 as a function of frequency, with bandpass information", "why_it_matters": "Supports thermal-spectrum tests and separation from other microwave emission." }, { "name": "Temperature anisotropy", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "K or dimensionless ΔT/T, with sky direction, angular resolution and monopole/dipole treatment", "why_it_matters": "Records spatial variation without confusing it with the mean temperature or observer-motion contribution." }, { "name": "Linear polarisation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Stokes Q and U in thermodynamic μK, or E/B statistics, with coordinate and sign conventions", "why_it_matters": "Makes polarisation evidence comparable and exposes convention-dependent transformations." }, { "name": "Angular correlation statistics", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Multipole ℓ; C_ℓ or D_ℓ for TT, TE, EE and BB, with explicit units and covariance", "why_it_matters": "Describes scale-dependent structure while preserving the distinctions between estimators and normalisations." }, { "name": "Signal contribution", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Primary anisotropy, observer-motion effect, lensing, later scattering, other secondary effect or unresolved attribution", "why_it_matters": "Connects an observed feature to the physical process being tested." }, { "name": "Measurement support", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to instrument, observing period, frequency channels, calibration, mask and processing release", "why_it_matters": "Defines where an observation is valid and which other results share its dependencies." }, { "name": "Residual contamination assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed, bounded for a stated analysis, detected residual or unresolved discrepancy", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a product supports a proposed scientific use." }, { "name": "Inference assumptions", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to cosmological model, likelihood, priors, nuisance parameters and external datasets", "why_it_matters": "Keeps inferred cosmological quantities conditional on their evidential and modelling basis." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess whether a measured microwave component can reasonably be attributed to the CMB.", "Compare compatible CMB maps and spectra while accounting for units, masks, beams and shared observations.", "Select temperature or polarisation products suitable for a stated angular-scale and uncertainty requirement.", "Test residual foregrounds and instrumental effects before interpreting apparent CMB features.", "Evaluate cosmological predictions against CMB evidence under explicit assumptions.", "Flag interpretations requiring additional frequencies, independent observations or revised modelling." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "radiation-identity-and-spectrum", "name": "Radiation identity and spectrum", "description": "Establishes what is being identified as the CMB and how its spectral properties support that attribution.", "rationale": "Microwave frequency alone cannot identify relic radiation, and a derived map must not be confused with an absolute spectral measurement.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-referent", "name": "Physical referent", "description": "Separates the cosmic radiation field from observations and analytical representations.", "findings": [ { "id": "cmb-attribution", "name": "Basis for CMB attribution", "description": "Record the evidence supporting identification as early-universe background radiation and the status of the object being described.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record describe the physical radiation, a measured sky signal or a reconstructed CMB product?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cmb-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "What observations distinguish this component from Galactic, extragalactic, atmospheric and instrumental microwave signals?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "cmb-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-spectrum-and-departures", "name": "Thermal spectrum and departures", "description": "Handles mean temperature, spectral intensity and possible deviations from a thermal spectrum.", "findings": [ { "id": "spectral-evidence", "name": "Spectral evidence and measurement capability", "description": "Record spectral constraints together with whether the observation measures absolute intensity or only differences.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can this observation constrain the absolute CMB spectrum and mean temperature, or only differential anisotropy?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "spectral-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which frequency coverage, calibration uncertainties and foreground assumptions bound any claimed spectral distortion?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "spectral-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "temperature-sky-structure", "name": "Temperature sky structure", "description": "Describes directional temperature variation and its statistical representation across angular scales.", "rationale": "Anisotropy comparisons depend on reference frame, sky coverage, angular response and statistical conventions.", "layers": [ { "id": "temperature-map-conventions", "name": "Temperature map conventions", "description": "Makes the map's temperature definition, reference frame and angular support explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "map-interpretability", "name": "Interpretable temperature map", "description": "Record conventions and transformations required to interpret individual pixels or compare maps.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which temperature units, sky coordinates, pixelisation and effective beam describe this map?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "map-interpretability-q01" }, { "text": "How were the monopole and dipole treated, and which observer-motion corrections were applied?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "map-interpretability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "angular-statistics", "name": "Angular statistics", "description": "Records scale-dependent temperature correlations and the limits of their estimation.", "findings": [ { "id": "temperature-spectrum-support", "name": "Support for temperature-spectrum claims", "description": "Connect angular-spectrum estimates and apparent features to their covariance and usable multipole range.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which multipoles, mask corrections, beam corrections and C_ℓ or D_ℓ convention support the reported temperature spectrum?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "temperature-spectrum-support-q01" }, { "text": "How do sample variance, noise and choices made after inspecting the data affect the significance of an apparent feature?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "temperature-spectrum-support-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "polarisation-and-propagation", "name": "Polarisation and propagation", "description": "Captures polarisation evidence and physical changes accumulated after the radiation's early-universe origin.", "rationale": "Observed polarisation and secondary signals carry distinct information and cannot be assigned a single origin without testing alternatives.", "layers": [ { "id": "polarisation-observables", "name": "Polarisation observables", "description": "Defines measured linear polarisation and the reliability of derived E- and B-mode quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "polarisation-attribution", "name": "Polarisation conventions and leakage", "description": "Record polarisation conventions and tests that distinguish sky signals from mixing and contamination.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which Q/U coordinate conventions, polarisation-angle calibration and E/B decomposition were used?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "polarisation-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "What bounds temperature-to-polarisation leakage, mask-induced E/B mixing and polarised foreground residuals?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "polarisation-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "secondary-imprints", "name": "Secondary imprints", "description": "Distinguishes early signal generation from lensing, reionisation and other later interactions.", "findings": [ { "id": "imprint-origin-and-treatment", "name": "Origin and treatment of secondary imprints", "description": "Record which physical contributions are retained, reconstructed or removed for the intended analysis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which evidence separates primary anisotropy from gravitational lensing, reionisation and thermal or kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich contributions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "imprint-origin-and-treatment-q01" }, { "text": "Should the intended analysis retain, model, mask or remove each contribution, and how will that choice change uncertainty?", "kind": "action", "id": "imprint-origin-and-treatment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observation-and-component-recovery", "name": "Observation and component recovery", "description": "Links CMB products to measurements, instrumental responses and separation from overlapping sky emission.", "rationale": "A recovered CMB component inherits assumptions and correlated errors from its channels, calibration and reconstruction method.", "layers": [ { "id": "instrumental-support", "name": "Instrumental support", "description": "Captures observational dependencies that determine a product's usable sky and angular scales.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-lineage", "name": "Observation lineage and response", "description": "Record enough acquisition and release information to assess compatibility and independence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observing periods, frequency bandpasses, beam models and calibration references produced this result?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "observation-lineage-q01" }, { "text": "Which sky regions and angular scales pass the relevant noise, scan-strategy and instrumental null tests?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observation-lineage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "foreground-separation", "name": "Foreground separation", "description": "Records how overlapping emissions were separated and what contamination remains.", "findings": [ { "id": "recovered-component-validity", "name": "Validity of the recovered CMB component", "description": "Connect component-separation assumptions to residual tests and permitted downstream uses.", "questions": [ { "text": "What spectral or spatial assumptions separate the CMB from dust, synchrotron and unresolved-source emission?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "recovered-component-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Do frequency comparisons, alternative separation methods and data splits bound residuals sufficiently for the proposed analysis?", "kind": "action", "id": "recovered-component-validity-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cosmological-inference-and-limits", "name": "Cosmological inference and limits", "description": "Governs the transition from CMB observables to physical interpretations and cosmological claims.", "rationale": "Parameter constraints and origin claims depend on assumptions, degeneracies and the independence of supporting evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "conditional-inference", "name": "Conditional inference", "description": "Makes the model and statistical dependencies of inferred quantities explicit.", "findings": [ { "id": "parameter-claim-dependencies", "name": "Dependencies of parameter claims", "description": "Record which conclusions are constrained by CMB evidence and which additionally depend on priors or other observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cosmological model, likelihood, priors and nuisance parameters condition this inferred quantity?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "parameter-claim-dependencies-q01" }, { "text": "Which parameter degeneracies remain with CMB data alone, and which external observations are used to reduce them?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "parameter-claim-dependencies-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "claim-robustness", "name": "Claim robustness", "description": "Assesses whether anomalies, disagreements or proposed discoveries survive relevant alternative explanations.", "findings": [ { "id": "interpretation-readiness", "name": "Readiness for physical interpretation", "description": "Record robustness evidence and the next discriminating observation or analysis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the claim survive reasonable changes to foreground treatment, calibration, masks and cosmological assumptions while accounting for shared data?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "interpretation-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "What independent measurement or targeted test could distinguish the proposed physical explanation from the strongest remaining alternative?", "kind": "action", "id": "interpretation-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the physical radiation field; the supplied ACT.ACT domain code should be checked against the registry's classification rules.", "Numerical values are approximate recall values, not a reviewed measurement compilation; precise estimates and uncertainties require source verification.", "The spectral peak depends on whether radiance is expressed per unit frequency or per unit wavelength; the quoted frequency uses the former convention." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Testing the hot Big Bang model through the radiation's blackbody spectrum.", "Constraining cosmological parameters, including the universe's age, matter content and spatial curvature.", "Investigating primordial density perturbations through temperature and polarization patterns.", "Tracing intervening matter through gravitational lensing of the background.", "Studying galaxy clusters through their scattering of background photons, known as the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mean blackbody temperature", "typical_range": "Approximately 2.725", "unit": "K" }, { "quantity": "Fractional temperature anisotropy after removal of the dominant dipole", "typical_range": "Order of 0.00001; depends on angular scale", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Frequency of maximum spectral radiance per unit frequency", "typical_range": "Approximately 160", "unit": "GHz" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Galactic dust, synchrotron emission and other foregrounds can contaminate temperature and polarization measurements.", "Calibration errors, instrumental noise and imperfect beam characterization can bias inferred sky patterns.", "Atmospheric emission and absorption restrict observations from the ground.", "Cosmic variance limits statistical precision because observations sample only one accessible sky.", "Cosmological conclusions can depend on the assumed model and degeneracies between its parameters." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Sky direction matters: a dominant temperature dipole arises chiefly from the observer's motion relative to the background, with much smaller anisotropies superimposed.", "Observing location affects atmospheric contamination and accessible sky coverage; high, dry sites and space observatories provide different observing conditions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cosmic infrared background", "difference": "Arises predominantly from accumulated emission associated with galaxies and dust, rather than the early universe's thermal radiation." }, { "name": "Cosmic neutrino background", "difference": "Consists of relic neutrinos that decoupled much earlier, rather than electromagnetic radiation." }, { "name": "Recombination", "difference": "An early-universe process in which electrons and nuclei formed neutral atoms; the microwave background is radiation whose last scattering is closely associated with that transition." }, { "name": "Cosmic microwave background anisotropy", "difference": "Names directional variations within the background rather than the radiation field as a whole." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cosmic microwave background this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry's ACT / ACT.ACT placement intentionally denote the scientific concept, or should the entry be aligned with the physical radiation field?", "Which existing world model, if any, already owns the CMB and should be linked instead of duplicating this scope?", "Which primary measurement publications and product releases should establish the reference spectrum, temperature and anisotropy evidence?", "Which limits on spectral distortions and primordial B-mode contributions are supported by the selected evidence, under which assumptions?", "Where should detailed lensing and Sunyaev-Zeldovich products remain within this model, and where should they link to neighbouring models of intervening matter?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 16, "questions": 26 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cosmic microwave background, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise cosmic microwave background observations, assess their reliability and determine which physical interpretations and analytical uses they support.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 81 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cosmic microwave background, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 81 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cosmic microwave background from another, and a cosmic microwave background from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cosmic microwave background sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cosmic microwave background from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cosmic microwave background passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cosmic microwave background between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cosmic microwave background, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cosmic microwave background is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a cosmic microwave background proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a cosmic microwave background, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a cosmic microwave background and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a cosmic microwave background consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a cosmic microwave background takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What cosmic microwave background is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of cosmic microwave background are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is cosmic microwave background operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of cosmic microwave background and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of cosmic microwave background?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as cosmic microwave background?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cosmic microwave background came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cosmic microwave background and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cosmic microwave background is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cosmic microwave background, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cosmic microwave background, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cosmic microwave background is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }