{ "model": { "rank": 6385, "code": "thing-q157624", "model_id": "vr.tr.betula-pubescens", "name": "Betula pubescens", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Betula pubescens, assess an individual tree's condition and regeneration potential, and choose interventions appropriate to its identity, provenance and site.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q157624/", "tier": 2, "score": 60, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 60, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q157624", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157624", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:11:06Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00497862, "turns": 1, "seconds": 79.1, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 107, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c31-f0af-77c0-aa76-305cea70a738\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Betula pubescens\nRegistry id: vr.tr.betula-pubescens\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry:" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q157624", "registryId": "vr.tr.betula-pubescens", "name": "Betula pubescens", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q157624/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.betula-pubescens", "name": "Betula pubescens", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Betula pubescens, assess an individual tree's condition and regeneration potential, and choose interventions appropriate to its identity, provenance and site.", "definition": "Betula pubescens Ehrh. is a deciduous, typically diploid (2n = 56) birch of wet, peaty and boreal habitats, distinguished from silver birch by downy young shoots, usually unwarted twigs, and a more northerly, moisture-demanding ecological amplitude.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the species-specific evidence and decision requirements for physical individuals assigned to vr.tr.betula-pubescens, including uncertain identifications, developmental stages and links to their site, seed origin and management history.", "in_scope": [ "Identification evidence distinguishing downy birch from silver birch and other locally plausible birches.", "Individual growth form, seasonal development, reproductive state and survival.", "Root-zone moisture, light exposure and competition relevant to establishment and persistence.", "Observed damage, decline and evidence supporting or excluding proposed causes.", "Seed origin, recruitment and responses to planting, protection, cutting or retention." ], "out_of_scope": [ "Full models of Betula pendula, Betula nana and separately registered hybrid taxa.", "Woodland, peatland and catchment dynamics beyond their relationship to the individual.", "Independent biology and classification of associated fungi, insects and browsing animals.", "Processing, grading and trade of harvested birch timber, bark or sap.", "Land ownership, conservation designations and work permissions, which are linked external constraints." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Inspect several young shoots with magnification: soft hairs and absence of conspicuous warts support downy birch over the typically hairless, warty shoots of silver birch. Record shoot age and conflicting observations. [Keele University](https://www.keele.ac.uk/arboretum/ourtrees/speciesaccounts/downybirch/)", "Compare several developed leaves: rounded or slightly heart-shaped bases support downy birch over silver birch; tooth pattern contributes evidence but is not an absolute single-versus-double distinction. [Keele University](https://www.keele.ac.uk/arboretum/ourtrees/speciesaccounts/downybirch/)", "Examine the undersides of leaves, especially veins, for hairs that support downy birch identification; combine this with twig and leaf-shape evidence. [Keele University](https://www.keele.ac.uk/arboretum/ourtrees/speciesaccounts/downybirch/)", "When mature fruits are available, compare wing proportions with a regional identification key: narrower wings support downy birch over silver birch, while absent fruit leaves this test unresolved. [Woodland Trust Nature's Calendar](https://naturescalendar.woodlandtrust.org.uk/what-we-record-and-why/species-we-record/trees/silver-birch/)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification evidence and confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "supported; provisional; conflicting; unresolved, with observer, date, key and specimen evidence", "why_it_matters": "Prevents ambiguous birches from inheriting species-specific management assumptions." }, { "name": "Young-shoot surface", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "hair cover: absent, sparse, dense; warts: present, absent, uncertain; shoot age recorded", "why_it_matters": "Provides a repeatable comparison with silver birch." }, { "name": "Leaf diagnostic combination", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "base shape, margin pattern and underside vein hairiness across multiple leaves", "why_it_matters": "Tests identification without treating one variable leaf as representative." }, { "name": "Growth form and developmental stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "seedling; sapling; reproductive adult; declining adult; dead; single-stemmed or multistemmed", "why_it_matters": "Separates developmental differences from damage and determines useful measurements." }, { "name": "Size and recent extension", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "height in m; stem diameter in cm at stated height; annual shoot extension in cm/year", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison of growth before and after changes in competition or management." }, { "name": "Seasonal and reproductive phase", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "dormant; budburst; leaf expansion; full leaf; senescence; male catkins, female catkins and fruit maturity recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Prevents seasonal leaflessness from being interpreted as mortality and guides seed observation." }, { "name": "Root-zone water regime", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "water-table depth in cm below ground; inundation duration in days; soil moisture by stated method", "why_it_matters": "Allows observed performance to be related to actual moisture conditions rather than a broad wet-site label." }, { "name": "Available light", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "canopy openness in percent, with method and season", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of establishment and overtopping for this light-demanding species. [Forest Research](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/133370-downy-birch-dbi/)" }, { "name": "Seed or planting-stock origin", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked source population, collection location, seed lot and nursery record; unknown allowed", "why_it_matters": "Makes provenance-based explanations and planting decisions traceable." }, { "name": "Crown and stem damage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "crown dieback and defoliation in percent; lesion dimensions in cm; dated affected-organ observations", "why_it_matters": "Separates measured deterioration from unconfirmed diagnoses." }, { "name": "Management role", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked objective: woodland recruitment, retained habitat tree, production tree, or encroachment control", "why_it_matters": "The same individual may warrant protection or removal under different site objectives." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify provisionally, photograph diagnostic organs and request specialist determination when evidence conflicts.", "Revisit the same individual to measure growth, seasonal development and changes in crown condition.", "Assess planting or natural-regeneration suitability using provenance, moisture, light and site objectives.", "Collect and trace seed when identification, maturity, collection authority and intended use are established.", "Protect young growth from browsing or competing vegetation and measure the response.", "Evaluate retention, thinning or cutting against tree condition and habitat objectives, then monitor survival and regrowth." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "powo-betula-pubescens", "title": "Betula pubescens Ehrh.", "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295240-1", "what_it_supports": "Accepted name, authorship, distribution and synonymy used by Kew Plants of the World Online.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "wfo-betula-pubescens", "title": "Betula pubescens Ehrh.", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000332504", "what_it_supports": "World Flora Online taxonomic status and identifier for the species.", "url_status": "unverified" }, { "id": "wikidata-q1959516", "title": "Betula pubescens (Q1959516)", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1959516", "what_it_supports": "Wikidata item linking vernacular names, taxon identifiers (IPNI, POWO, GBIF, NCBI) and higher classification.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "europlusmed-betula", "title": "Betula L.", "url": "https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/betula", "what_it_supports": "Euro+Med PlantBase treatment of European birch taxa, including the pubescens aggregate and regional subspecies usage.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "downy-birch-identification", "name": "Downy birch identification", "description": "Establish whether the observed individual belongs under Betula pubescens and preserve uncertainty.", "rationale": "Confusion with other birches can invalidate subsequent condition comparisons and interventions.", "layers": [ { "id": "vegetative-diagnostics", "name": "Vegetative diagnostics", "description": "Combine shoot and leaf observations from identified parts of the individual.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement", "name": "Diagnostic character agreement", "description": "Record whether shoot hairiness, warts, leaf bases and vein hairs jointly support the identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which observed shoot and leaf characters support Betula pubescens over Betula pendula under the applicable regional key?", "kind": "definition", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q01" }, { "text": "Were several shoots and leaves examined, with their age, position and photographs recorded?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q02" }, { "text": "Which characters conflict, and does the conflict require leaving the individual as an unresolved birch?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "diagnostic-character-agreement-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-resolution", "name": "Taxonomic resolution", "description": "Connect the determination to an explicit taxonomic treatment and additional evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "determination-and-alternatives", "name": "Determination and alternatives", "description": "Preserve the identification authority, locally plausible alternatives and evidence needed to resolve ambiguity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which regional flora or specialist determination defines the Betula pubescens concept used here?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "determination-and-alternatives-q01" }, { "text": "Do mature fruits or other available characters resolve the remaining alternatives?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "determination-and-alternatives-q02" }, { "text": "When would suspected hybrid ancestry or an unusual northern growth form require specialist review before species-dependent action?", "kind": "action", "id": "determination-and-alternatives-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "moisture-light-and-establishment", "name": "Moisture, light and establishment", "description": "Relate the individual to its root-zone water regime and competitive environment.", "rationale": "Downy birch's association with moist and peaty sites and its light demand require separate assessment of water conditions and shading. [Forest Research](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/133370-downy-birch-dbi/)", "layers": [ { "id": "root-zone-water", "name": "Root-zone water", "description": "Describe the moisture conditions actually experienced by the tree.", "findings": [ { "id": "water-regime-and-performance", "name": "Water regime and performance", "description": "Connect dated hydrological observations to growth and visible stress without assuming that all wet conditions are suitable.", "questions": [ { "text": "What seasonal water-table depths, inundation periods and dry spells occur around the rooting area?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "water-regime-and-performance-q01" }, { "text": "Does observed growth or decline coincide with drainage change, prolonged flooding or drying?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "water-regime-and-performance-q02" }, { "text": "What local evidence would justify changing establishment plans because of the water regime?", "kind": "action", "id": "water-regime-and-performance-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "light-and-neighbour-competition", "name": "Light and neighbour competition", "description": "Assess whether surrounding vegetation permits continued establishment.", "findings": [ { "id": "overtopping-and-release", "name": "Overtopping and release", "description": "Record crown exposure, competing vegetation and the expected benefit of releasing the individual.", "questions": [ { "text": "What canopy openness and competing-vegetation height occur at the birch's leading shoots?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "overtopping-and-release-q01" }, { "text": "Is reduced extension associated with overtopping, or is another explanation better supported?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "overtopping-and-release-q02" }, { "text": "Would vegetation control or selective release advance the recorded site objective, and how would its effect be checked?", "kind": "action", "id": "overtopping-and-release-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "phenology-provenance-and-recruitment", "name": "Phenology, provenance and recruitment", "description": "Track seasonal state, reproductive evidence and the origin of new individuals.", "rationale": "A model must distinguish a tree carrying catkins from a verified seed source and successful recruitment.", "layers": [ { "id": "seasonal-development", "name": "Seasonal development", "description": "Interpret leaves and catkins within the individual's observed annual cycle.", "findings": [ { "id": "local-phenological-sequence", "name": "Local phenological sequence", "description": "Record dated vegetative and reproductive stages without imposing a universal calendar.", "questions": [ { "text": "When were budburst, leaf expansion, senescence and leaf fall observed on this individual?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "local-phenological-sequence-q01" }, { "text": "Which male-catkin, female-catkin and fruit-development stages were directly observed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "local-phenological-sequence-q02" }, { "text": "Does apparent inactivity match local dormancy, or warrant inspection for shoot death?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "local-phenological-sequence-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "seed-origin-and-establishment", "name": "Seed origin and establishment", "description": "Connect source material to germination and subsequent survival.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-regeneration", "name": "Traceable regeneration", "description": "Separate seed-source identity, seed viability and seedling establishment as distinct observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence links planted stock or collected seed to an identified source population and collection event?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-regeneration-q01" }, { "text": "What germination and survival were measured for the linked seed lot or marked seedlings?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "traceable-regeneration-q02" }, { "text": "Is nearby regeneration demonstrably descended from this tree, or should parentage remain unknown?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "traceable-regeneration-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "birch-condition-and-damage", "name": "Birch condition and damage", "description": "Distinguish seasonal appearance, browsing and progressive decline using repeatable observations.", "rationale": "A downy birch condition assessment must support diagnosis without treating visible symptoms as proof of a particular pathogen.", "layers": [ { "id": "crown-and-shoot-trajectories", "name": "Crown and shoot trajectories", "description": "Compare foliage, live buds and extension on repeat visits.", "findings": [ { "id": "decline-versus-seasonal-change", "name": "Decline versus seasonal change", "description": "Establish whether defoliation or shoot loss persists beyond expected seasonal transitions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What proportions of the crown show missing foliage or dead shoots compared with the previous comparable season?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "decline-versus-seasonal-change-q01" }, { "text": "Are abnormal shoot clusters, leaf discoloration or lesions documented separately from any proposed cause?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "decline-versus-seasonal-change-q02" }, { "text": "Which progression or symptom combination warrants diagnostic sampling or specialist inspection?", "kind": "action", "id": "decline-versus-seasonal-change-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "browsing-and-injury", "name": "Browsing and injury", "description": "Assess damage to leaders, bark and stems and its consequences for recovery.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-agent-and-recovery", "name": "Damage agent and recovery", "description": "Connect injury patterns to supported causes and evaluate surviving growth.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which leaders, stems or bark areas are damaged, and what fraction of recent growth is affected?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-agent-and-recovery-q01" }, { "text": "What direct signs distinguish browsing or rubbing from cutting, breakage or an unresolved cause?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "damage-agent-and-recovery-q02" }, { "text": "Should the response be protection, monitoring or further diagnosis, and which recovery measure will determine success?", "kind": "action", "id": "damage-agent-and-recovery-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "retention-control-and-cutting-response", "name": "Retention, control and cutting response", "description": "Choose interventions from the individual's role in the site and verify their consequences.", "rationale": "Downy birch can be desired regeneration or unwanted colonisation, and cutting can be followed by coppice growth. [Forest Research](https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/tree-species-database/133370-downy-birch-dbi/)", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-objective-fit", "name": "Habitat objective fit", "description": "Connect the tree to explicit woodland or open-habitat objectives.", "findings": [ { "id": "retain-or-control", "name": "Retain or control", "description": "Record why this birch should be retained, encouraged or controlled at its location.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the individual contributing to intended birch woodland or conflicting with an explicit open-habitat restoration objective?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "retain-or-control-q01" }, { "text": "Which site-plan evidence and observed habitat relationships support that judgement?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "retain-or-control-q02" }, { "text": "Do the linked management authority and site constraints support retention, protection or removal of this individual?", "kind": "action", "id": "retain-or-control-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "post-intervention-response", "name": "Post-intervention response", "description": "Verify survival and new growth following release, protection or cutting.", "findings": [ { "id": "survival-and-regrowth", "name": "Survival and regrowth", "description": "Distinguish retained-tree recovery, shoots arising from a cut base and new seedlings.", "questions": [ { "text": "What intervention occurred, on which stems, at what date and developmental stage?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "survival-and-regrowth-q01" }, { "text": "What surviving crown growth, basal shoots or newly established seedlings are present on follow-up?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "survival-and-regrowth-q02" }, { "text": "Does the observed response meet the retention or control objective, or require a revised intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "survival-and-regrowth-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Betula pubescens var. pubescens (typical downy birch of lowland mires and wet woodland)", "Betula pubescens var. pumila / subsp. carpatica (shorter, often mountain or bog forms of central and eastern Europe)", "Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (mountain birch of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, formerly B. tortuosa / B. czerepanovii)", "Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa (contorted alpine/subarctic mountain birch; taxonomy overlapping with czerepanovii)", "Betula pubescens f. cubitalis and other dwarf/peatland morphs distinguished by foresters and peatland botanists" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q1959516", "note": "Item for the species Betula pubescens." }, { "scheme": "IPNI", "value_or_pattern": "295240-1", "note": "International Plant Names Index record for Betula pubescens Ehrh." }, { "scheme": "POWO taxon", "value_or_pattern": "urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295240-1", "note": "Plants of the World Online LSID." }, { "scheme": "WFO taxon ID", "value_or_pattern": "wfo-0000332504", "note": "World Flora Online identifier." }, { "scheme": "GBIF taxon key", "value_or_pattern": "2875008", "note": "GBIF backbone usage for Betula pubescens Ehrh." }, { "scheme": "NCBI taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "216464", "note": "NCBI Taxon ID commonly used in sequence databases." }, { "scheme": "Catalogue of Life / CoL", "value_or_pattern": "accepted name Betula pubescens Ehrh.", "note": "Authorship is Ehrhart 1790; do not cite Linnaeus, who named B. alba in a mixed sense." }, { "scheme": "EN 13556 / timber trade names", "value_or_pattern": "Betula pubescens; trade names downy birch, white birch, moor birch", "note": "European timber nomenclature groups this with other commercial birches; sawn birch is often not species-sorted." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "CITES: not listed; trade is unrestricted at species level (CITES Secretariat).", "EU Timber Regulation / EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR): birch timber and derived products placed on the EU market require due-diligence / deforestation-free evidence (European Commission).", "IUCN Red List: globally Least Concern; national red lists may list regional subspecies or isolated populations (IUCN).", "Forest reproductive material: Council Directive 1999/105/EC and successor EU FRM rules treat Betula pubescens as a regulated forest tree species for seed and planting stock (European Union).", "National forest seed zoning (e.g. Finland, Sweden, Norway, UK Forestry Commission): provenance and region-of-provenance codes for downy/mountain birch planting stock.", "Plant health: not a quarantine pest itself; movement of birch plants may be constrained by Agrilus anxius (bronze birch borer) and other birch-associated pests under EPPO/EU plant-health lists." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Dominant tree of Fennoscandian mountain birch woodland (fjellbjörk / tunturikoivu), used as the treeline species in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Kola.", "Pioneer and nurse species on cutover peatland, wet mineral soils and post-fire sites in northern Europe.", "Pulpwood, plywood, furniture and turned goods, usually mixed in trade with Betula pendula as 'birch'.", "Fuelwood and traditional craft wood (turned bowls, tool handles, birch-bark tinder) in rural northern Europe.", "Reindeer and game browse; mountain-birch foliage and catkins are a seasonal forage resource.", "Restoration planting on wet and upland sites where silver birch fails; also used in short-rotation coppice trials.", "Pollen allergen source in northern and alpine Europe, contributing to the Betula pollen season with B. pendula." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mature tree height (lowland var. pubescens)", "typical_range": "10-20 (occasionally to ~25)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Mature tree height (mountain birch / subsp. czerepanovii)", "typical_range": "2-10, often shrubby or multi-stemmed", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Stem diameter at breast height of canopy trees", "typical_range": "20-40 (rarely >60)", "unit": "cm" }, { "quantity": "Chromosome number", "typical_range": "2n = 56 (tetraploid relative to B. pendula 2n = 28)", "unit": "count" }, { "quantity": "Seed mass", "typical_range": "about 0.1-0.3", "unit": "mg per seed" }, { "quantity": "Pollen season (northern Europe)", "typical_range": "April-June, later than B. pendula at the same site", "unit": "calendar months" }, { "quantity": "Site wetness preference", "typical_range": "wet to waterlogged; peat and gley soils; pH often 3.5-6.5", "unit": "qualitative / pH" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) can kill European birches planted in North America; B. pubescens is susceptible.", "Birch dieback and stem cankers associated with fungi such as Marssonina betulae, Melanconium, and various ascomycetes, especially on stressed trees.", "Windthrow and stem breakage on shallow peat and exposed mountain sites; multi-stemmed mountain birch is particularly ice- and snow-loaded.", "Hybridisation and introgression with Betula pendula (and in the north with dwarf birches B. nana / B. glandulosa) blurs identification and seed-lot identity.", "Allergenic pollen (Bet v 1 family) is a major cause of spring rhinoconjunctivitis in northern Europe.", "Peatland drainage or drying climate can shift stands toward B. pendula or open heath, collapsing wet woodland.", "Moose and reindeer browsing can suppress regeneration; conversely, lack of browsing plus nitrogen deposition can densify mountain-birch scrub.", "Timber degrade: birch is perishable in ground contact, stains readily, and is not naturally durable (Euroclass 5)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English: downy birch, white birch, moor birch; 'white birch' is also used for B. pendula and for North American B. papyrifera.", "Nordic mountain form: called fjellbjörk (Swedish), fjellbjørk (Norwegian), tunturikoivu (Finnish); treated as subsp. czerepanovii or subsp. tortuosa depending on the flora.", "Central European floras often use subsp. carpatica or var. glabrata for upland/glabrescent plants; British and Irish floras usually keep a single variable B. pubescens with var. pubescens and var. pumila (or var. glabrata).", "Russian and Siberian usage historically split B. pubescens, B. czerepanovii, B. tortuosa and several microspecies; Western treatments tend to lump them.", "Commercial timber in the Baltic and Russia is sold as birch without species split; B. pendula is preferred for quality veneer, B. pubescens more often pulp and lower-grade sawlog.", "In Iceland and the Faroes, downy/mountain birch is the native woodland tree and the local morph is often assigned to subsp. tortuosa." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Betula pendula (silver birch)", "difference": "B. pendula has warty (resin-glandular), glabrous young twigs, more pendulous branchlets, usually more triangular, doubly serrate leaves with an acuminate tip, and 2n = 28; B. pubescens has softly hairy young shoots, usually unwarted twigs, ovate leaves with a rounded or acute (not long-acuminate) apex, and 2n = 56. Hybrids (B. × aurata) are intermediate and often partially fertile." }, { "name": "Betula nana (dwarf birch)", "difference": "B. nana is a low shrub (usually <1 m) with orbicular, crenate leaves and much smaller catkins; it hybridises with B. pubescens (B. × intermedia) in the subarctic, producing shrubby plants that can be mistaken for mountain birch." }, { "name": "Betula papyrifera (paper birch)", "difference": "North American species with peeling white bark in large sheets, larger leaves, and different chromosome races; not native in Europe. Bark peeling in large papery curls and the North American range separate it from B. pubescens, whose bark is typically duller, browner or grey-white and less freely peeling." }, { "name": "Betula alba L. (name of mixed application)", "difference": "Linnaeus's B. alba mixed pendula and pubescens; the name is rejected or treated as ambiguous. Use B. pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth, not B. alba, in modern checklists." }, { "name": "Alnus glutinosa / Alnus incana (alders, in winter or on peat)", "difference": "Alders have persistent woody cone-like catkins, different bark lenticels, and nitrogen-fixing nodules; birches have papery male catkins that shatter and winged nutlets, not woody cones." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Betula pubescens this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional taxonomic treatments should govern northern forms and infraspecific variation within this registry entry?", "Which character combinations and specialist methods reliably resolve ambiguous individuals involving Betula pendula or Betula nana across the intended geographic coverage?", "What locally validated moisture, inundation and shade limits should trigger an establishment warning for each developmental stage?", "Which provenance-specific phenology and seed-handling evidence is sufficient to guide planting and collection outside the regions covered by existing guidance?", "What evidence supports age- and site-specific predictions of decline, recovery and regrowth after cutting, and what follow-up interval detects management failure?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 38 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Betula pubescens, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise Betula pubescens, assess an individual tree's condition and regeneration potential, and choose interventions appropriate to its identity, provenance and site.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Betula pubescens, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 60 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Betula pubescens from another, and a Betula pubescens from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Betula pubescens sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Betula pubescens from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Betula pubescens is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Betula pubescens and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Betula pubescens is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Betula pubescens is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Betula pubescens is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Betula pubescens moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Betula pubescens passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Betula pubescens between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Betula pubescens, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Betula pubescens is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Betula pubescens is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Betula pubescens, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Betula pubescens from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Betula pubescens from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Betula pubescens does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Betula pubescens pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Betula pubescens judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Betula pubescens lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Betula pubescens, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Betula pubescens hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Betula pubescens came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Betula pubescens and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Betula pubescens is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Betula pubescens, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Betula pubescens, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Betula pubescens is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }