{ "model": { "rank": 5843, "code": "thing-q15808", "model_id": "vr.tr.handcuffs", "name": "handcuffs", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise handcuffs, assess their condition and restraint state, and determine which handling, maintenance or use actions are appropriate and authorised.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q15808/", "tier": 2, "score": 64, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "plastic handcuffs" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 64, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q15808", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15808", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:39:24Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.00858772, "turns": 1, "seconds": 143.9, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 80.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b37-fb85-7992-83b8-9cffda573d3e\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: handcuffs\nRegistry id: vr.tr.handcuffs\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Ver" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q15808", "registryId": "vr.tr.handcuffs", "name": "handcuffs", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q15808/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.handcuffs", "name": "handcuffs", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise handcuffs, assess their condition and restraint state, and determine which handling, maintenance or use actions are appropriate and authorised.", "definition": "A two-cuff mechanical wrist restraint in which each wrist is enclosed by a lockable, usually ratcheting, bow joined to its pair by a short chain, hinge or rigid bar, so the wearer cannot separate the hands or open the bows without a key or cutter.", "scope_statement": "This model owns a handcuff device as linked wrist restraints, including its construction, fit limits, closure and release mechanisms, condition, and device-specific constraints on use.", "in_scope": [ "Identification of linked wrist restraints and their intended function", "Wrist-enclosing components, connecting elements and supported configurations", "Closure, locking, release and any secondary locking features", "Documented fit limits and observed contact with wrists", "Mechanical condition, cleanliness and readiness for service", "Device-specific compatibility, instructions and restrictions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The restrained person's identity, medical history and clinical assessment", "Legal grounds for detention or restraint", "Operator qualifications and organisational restraint policy", "Restraint tactics, transport procedures and custody management", "Leg irons, body restraints and combined restraint systems as complete devices", "Standalone keys and maintenance equipment as independently managed objects" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether the device provides two linked wrist-enclosing restraints; compare with a single cuff or an unconnected wrist loop.", "Check whether its documented purpose is restricting independent hand movement, rather than decoration, exercise or support.", "Distinguish handcuffs from leg irons using documented intended anatomy and fit range rather than appearance alone.", "Distinguish functional restraints from toys or replicas using documentation and verified mechanism behaviour rather than material or styling alone.", "Determine whether a flexible restraint is specifically configured for paired wrist restraint or is a general-purpose tie being used that way." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Intended function", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Wrist restraint; training; replica or toy; other documented purpose; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Appearance alone does not establish suitability for restraining a person." }, { "name": "Connection construction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Chain; hinge; rigid connector; flexible connector; other; unknown", "why_it_matters": "The connection affects relative cuff movement and which components require inspection." }, { "name": "Permitted relative movement", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Angular travel in degrees and separation in millimetres, with measurement conditions", "why_it_matters": "Records the movement allowed by the device without assuming that construction labels fully describe it." }, { "name": "Usable opening range", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Millimetres, specifying circumference or opening dimensions, cuff side and source", "why_it_matters": "Supports fit assessment without conflating opening geometry with an approved wrist-size range." }, { "name": "Closure mechanism", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Ratchet; fixed-position closure; flexible one-way closure; other; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Determines how closure state is represented and which documented checks apply." }, { "name": "Per-cuff closure state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Open; closed with engagement unverified; closed with engagement verified; indeterminate", "why_it_matters": "The two cuffs may have different states, and apparent closure may not prove engagement." }, { "name": "Secondary lock state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Absent; present and disengaged; present and engaged; state unknown; malfunction suspected", "why_it_matters": "Any feature intended to restrict further closure or otherwise change lock behaviour needs its own verified state." }, { "name": "Release compatibility", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Link to documented compatible key, release tool or manufacturer-specified release method", "why_it_matters": "A visually similar key or tool should not be assumed compatible." }, { "name": "Wrist-contact condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Not applied; assessed with recorded observations; concern reported or observed; unassessed", "why_it_matters": "Connects device fit observations to review or escalation without asserting medical safety." }, { "name": "Service disposition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Unassessed; available under documented criteria; inspection due; quarantined; retired", "why_it_matters": "Separates physical operability from permission to return the device to service." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify the handcuff variant and retrieve its applicable instructions.", "Inspect each cuff, lock housing and connecting element for recorded defects.", "Verify closure, secondary locking and release behaviour using the documented inspection procedure.", "Assess documented fit compatibility and record wrist-contact concerns when applied.", "Clean, maintain or quarantine the device according to its instructions and observed condition.", "Support an authorised decision to apply, adjust or release the device using the relevant human oversight and procedure." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "nij-0307-01", "title": "Metallic Handcuffs: NIJ Standard-0307.01", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Product definition of metallic police handcuffs, double-lock expectation, and the 2 200 N connector tensile minimum used in US procurement." }, { "id": "mandela-rules", "title": "United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 47", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "International custodial limits on when instruments of restraint may be used, and the ban on inherently degrading restraint methods." }, { "id": "eu-2019-125", "title": "Regulation (EU) 2019/125 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/125/oj", "what_it_supports": "EU trade controls that list certain restraint devices (including some handcuffs, thumb-cuffs and related gear) as goods of torture concern, with carve-outs for ordinary police cuffs.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "restraint-identity", "name": "Restraint identity", "description": "Establishes what device is present and whether it belongs within the handcuffs concept.", "rationale": "Similar-looking wrist objects and restraints can have different purposes and capabilities.", "layers": [ { "id": "functional-boundary", "name": "Functional boundary", "description": "Separates handcuffs from adjacent restraint and non-restraint objects.", "findings": [ { "id": "paired-wrist-restraint", "name": "Paired wrist restraint", "description": "Record evidence that the object is intended to enclose and link two wrists to restrict independent hand movement.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies this object as a paired wrist restraint?", "kind": "definition", "id": "paired-wrist-restraint-q01" }, { "text": "Is this a standalone handcuff device, a replica, or a component of a larger restraint system?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "paired-wrist-restraint-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variant-identification", "name": "Variant identification", "description": "Connects the physical device to the correct product variant and documentation.", "findings": [ { "id": "device-document-match", "name": "Device and documentation match", "description": "Record markings and distinguishing construction details sufficient to judge whether instructions apply to this device.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which manufacturer, model, revision or other markings can be read on the device?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "device-document-match-q01" }, { "text": "Which documentation matches those markings and the observed construction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "device-document-match-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "wrist-enclosure-and-linkage", "name": "Wrist enclosure and linkage", "description": "Describes the geometry that encloses the wrists and connects the cuffs.", "rationale": "Fit and permitted movement depend on both cuff geometry and the connection between cuffs.", "layers": [ { "id": "enclosure-geometry", "name": "Enclosure geometry", "description": "Records opening dimensions and documented fit limits for each cuff.", "findings": [ { "id": "opening-and-fit-envelope", "name": "Opening and fit envelope", "description": "Keep measured opening dimensions distinct from any manufacturer-stated fit limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "What minimum and maximum usable opening dimensions are documented or measured for each cuff?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "opening-and-fit-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "What documented limits determine whether a wrist is outside the intended fit range?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "opening-and-fit-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "connection-mobility", "name": "Connection mobility", "description": "Records the joining construction and the relative motion it permits.", "findings": [ { "id": "linkage-travel", "name": "Linkage travel", "description": "Describe the connector and its observed travel without inferring restraint performance from its category alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "What chain, hinge, rigid or flexible elements connect the wrist enclosures?", "kind": "definition", "id": "linkage-travel-q01" }, { "text": "What separation and relative rotation does the connection permit under stated inspection conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "linkage-travel-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "closure-locking-and-release", "name": "Closure, locking and release", "description": "Records how each cuff closes, maintains its state and can be released.", "rationale": "Closure, secondary locking and release readiness are distinct properties that cannot be inferred from one another.", "layers": [ { "id": "per-cuff-lock-state", "name": "Per-cuff lock state", "description": "Tracks closure engagement and any secondary locking feature separately for each cuff.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-lock-behaviour", "name": "Verified lock behaviour", "description": "Record observed states and the evidence used to establish them, including any uncertainty or malfunction.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the closure engagement state of each cuff, and how was it verified?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "verified-lock-behaviour-q01" }, { "text": "Does this variant have a secondary lock, what does its documentation say it does, and what is its current state?", "kind": "definition", "id": "verified-lock-behaviour-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "release-readiness", "name": "Release readiness", "description": "Connects the device to its documented release method and available compatible equipment.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatible-release-means", "name": "Compatible release means", "description": "Record release compatibility and verified availability without assuming keys or methods are universal.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source identifies the compatible key, tool or release method for this exact variant?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatible-release-means-q01" }, { "text": "What release-readiness check is required before this device may be used?", "kind": "action", "id": "compatible-release-means-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "integrity-and-serviceability", "name": "Integrity and serviceability", "description": "Assesses defects and contamination that affect wrist contact or mechanism reliability.", "rationale": "A cuff can appear intact while having a hazardous contact surface, damaged connector or unreliable lock.", "layers": [ { "id": "restraint-component-integrity", "name": "Restraint component integrity", "description": "Inspects wrist-enclosing parts, lock housings and connecting elements.", "findings": [ { "id": "component-defect-evidence", "name": "Component defect evidence", "description": "Record the location and nature of damage, wear, rough edges or abnormal movement against applicable inspection criteria.", "questions": [ { "text": "What defects are visible or detected in each cuff, its lock housing and the connector?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "component-defect-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which documented defect criteria require removal from service or specialist inspection?", "kind": "action", "id": "component-defect-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cleaning-and-maintenance", "name": "Cleaning and maintenance", "description": "Determines which treatment is compatible with wrist-contact surfaces and locking components.", "findings": [ { "id": "maintenance-disposition", "name": "Maintenance disposition", "description": "Record contamination, completed treatment and the evidence supporting return to service, quarantine or retirement.", "questions": [ { "text": "What cleaning or maintenance procedure applies to this variant's contact surfaces and lock mechanism?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "maintenance-disposition-q01" }, { "text": "What inspection or treatment remains necessary before the device meets its documented service criteria?", "kind": "action", "id": "maintenance-disposition-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "applied-state-and-action-constraints", "name": "Applied state and action constraints", "description": "Connects observed device state to fit review and externally governed action decisions.", "rationale": "Mechanical readiness alone does not establish acceptable fit or authorisation to restrain a person.", "layers": [ { "id": "wrist-contact-assessment", "name": "Wrist-contact assessment", "description": "Records fit observations for each applied cuff and refers concerns to the relevant human assessment.", "findings": [ { "id": "fit-observations-and-concerns", "name": "Fit observations and concerns", "description": "Record who assessed each cuff, when, and what contact or discomfort concerns were observed or reported.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fit and contact observations were recorded for each wrist, by whom and at what time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "fit-observations-and-concerns-q01" }, { "text": "What applicable procedure determines the response to reported discomfort, visible concerns or an uncertain fit assessment?", "kind": "action", "id": "fit-observations-and-concerns-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "permitted-device-actions", "name": "Permitted device actions", "description": "Links proposed handling or use to device instructions and the external authority governing the situation.", "findings": [ { "id": "action-prerequisites", "name": "Action prerequisites", "description": "Record the prerequisites for a proposed action and unresolved constraints without treating device ownership or operability as authorisation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which device-specific instructions constrain the proposed application, adjustment, release or maintenance action?", "kind": "action", "id": "action-prerequisites-q01" }, { "text": "Which external policy or authority governs this action, and have its required prerequisites been established?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "action-prerequisites-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Chain-linked metallic swing-through handcuffs (the common double-strand patrol pair)", "Hinged metallic handcuffs (bows joined by a hinge instead of chain)", "Rigid-bar handcuffs / speedcuffs (bows fixed on a solid bar)", "Disposable polymer flex-cuffs (single-use nylon ratchet loops)", "Soft fabric or padded wrist restraints (clinical, psychiatric or some transport use)", "Oversized / large-wrist metallic cuffs", "High-security or restricted-key metallic cuffs (non-universal keyway)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q19131", "note": "Item for handcuffs as a physical restraint device." }, { "scheme": "NIJ standard class", "value_or_pattern": "NIJ 0307.01", "note": "US Department of Justice performance standard that still names the metallic police-cuff product class." }, { "scheme": "Manufacturer model codes", "value_or_pattern": "e.g. Smith & Wesson 100; Peerless 700/710; ASP chain/hinged models; Hiatt/TCH Speedcuffs", "note": "De facto procurement identities; most North American chain cuffs also share a near-universal blade keyway." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "NIJ Standard-0307.01 Metallic Handcuffs - National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice (1982; still the cited US product standard).", "United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules), Rule 47 - UN General Assembly resolution 70/175 (2015), on instruments of restraint in custody.", "Regulation (EU) 2019/125 - European Parliament and Council, trade controls on certain restraint devices as potential torture goods, with exemptions for standard police handcuffs meeting specified criteria.", "National police and corrections use-of-force / prisoner-transport policy (not a product standard): e.g. UK College of Policing authorised professional practice; agency policy in the United States implementing constitutional limits on seizure and restraint." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Street arrest: applied to the wrists, usually behind the back, once a subject is controlled standing or on the ground.", "Prisoner escort and vehicle transport, often combined with a waist chain, 'black box' cover or leg irons.", "Court production, holding cells and jail intake.", "Military police and private detention/security where local law allows.", "Hospital or psychiatric settings when a person is in custody, or as soft clinical restraints rather than metal cuffs.", "Training with issued or inert cuffs; also a large non-police novelty and restraint-fetish market whose locks are usually not built to NIJ." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mass of a metallic pair", "typical_range": "280-420 (chain); 350-500 (hinged); 400-650 (rigid)", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Inside wrist opening (adjustable ratchet range)", "typical_range": "about 45-85", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Span between cuffs", "typical_range": "about 40-60 (two-link chain); near 0 (hinge); about 50-70 (rigid bar)", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Connector tensile load (NIJ 0307.01 minimum)", "typical_range": "≥2200", "unit": "N" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Progressive tightening during a struggle if the double-lock is not set, causing ischemia and nerve injury.", "Handcuff neuropathy, typically of the superficial radial nerve (also ulnar or median) from over-tight or prolonged application.", "Escape by shimming the ratchet pawl, picking, or use of the near-universal key used on most US-pattern cuffs.", "Slip-off on small wrists, or a cuff that never ratcheted past the first teeth.", "Bow, rivet or chain failure under extreme load or after corrosion.", "Soft-tissue cuts and delayed removal with flex-cuffs, which need a cutter.", "Positional asphyxia when behind-back cuffing is combined with prolonged prone restraint or hogtie.", "Wrist, shoulder or rotator-cuff injury when the cuffs are used as a twist/pain-compliance handle.", "Lock seizure from grit, paint, ice or corrosion; broken key left in the keyway." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "United States and Canada: chain and hinged swing-through cuffs dominate patrol issue; a shared 'universal' keyway is normal; NIJ 0307.01 is the product reference.", "United Kingdom, Ireland and much Commonwealth patrol practice: rigid speedcuffs (historically Hiatt/TCH) are the usual issued street cuff.", "Some European and other forces prefer hinged cuffs to limit the twisting that chain cuffs allow.", "EU dual-use/anti-torture trade rules treat some restraint types more strictly than ordinary police handcuffs.", "Ordinary-language names differ: menottes (French), Handschellen (German), esposas (Spanish); UK speech often just 'cuffs' or 'speedcuffs'.", "Pre-ratchet Darby or screw cuffs survive in museums and a few obsolete inventories, not in current patrol issue." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Leg irons / ankle cuffs", "difference": "Sized and chained for ankles, not wrists; longer connector; different bow diameter." }, { "name": "Thumbcuffs", "difference": "Encircle the thumbs, not the wrists; much smaller bows; often treated more strictly as a potential-abuse device." }, { "name": "Improvised cable ties / zip ties", "difference": "Not a lockable police cuff: no double-lock, no standard key, not built to NIJ tensile/cycle tests; removal is by cutting." }, { "name": "Waist chain / belly chain / transport belt", "difference": "A torso anchor that a pair of handcuffs may be clipped to; the chain itself is not the wrist cuff." }, { "name": "Clinical limb holders", "difference": "Soft or padded, used under medical protocol; typically quick-release or two-finger check, not a ratcheting metal bow." }, { "name": "Historical shackles (Darby, barrel, screw cuffs)", "difference": "Closed by a screw, rivet or padlock rather than a swinging ratchet bow and pawl." }, { "name": "Hobble / ankle-to-wrist strap", "difference": "Links a leg to a wrist or binds the ankles; it is a hobble, not a pair of wrist cuffs." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of handcuffs this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend handcuffs to include disposable flexible wrist restraints, training devices and nonfunctional replicas, or should some be linked to neighbouring entries?", "Which manufacturer documents and applicable standards provide defensible fit, inspection and retirement criteria for the variants this model must cover?", "How should a measured opening be related to wrist fit without inventing a universal clearance or safety threshold?", "Which secondary locking behaviours and release compatibility distinctions require separate representation across supported variants?", "Where should responsibility sit for recording applied-fit reassessments and urgent concerns across the device, person and restraint-event models?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a handcuffs, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise handcuffs, assess their condition and restraint state, and determine which handling, maintenance or use actions are appropriate and authorised.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: plastic handcuffs.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a handcuffs, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "plastic handcuffs" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 64 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one handcuffs from another, and a handcuffs from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a handcuffs sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a handcuffs from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a handcuffs is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a handcuffs is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a handcuffs is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a handcuffs is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a handcuffs is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a handcuffs is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a handcuffs passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a handcuffs between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a handcuffs, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a handcuffs is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What handcuffs is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does handcuffs perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise handcuffs, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How handcuffs is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does handcuffs have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does handcuffs need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about handcuffs is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about handcuffs hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern handcuffs, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a handcuffs came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a handcuffs and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a handcuffs is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a handcuffs, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a handcuffs, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a handcuffs is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }