{ "model": { "rank": 4544, "code": "thing-q161249", "model_id": "vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid", "name": "DL-lactic acid", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify DL-lactic acid, assess its stereochemical composition and material condition, and determine whether a documented batch is suitable for an intended use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q161249/", "tier": 2, "score": 74, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "D-lactic acid", "L-lactic acid" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 74, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q161249", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161249", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:29:02Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 24.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087da-d9bf-7201-a0a5-80b70cf6e37a\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: DL-lactic acid\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 80.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087da-d9c5-7dd0-88f5-1496ef3c27d3\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: DL-lactic acid\nRegistry id: vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (no" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q161249", "registryId": "vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid", "name": "DL-lactic acid", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q161249/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid", "name": "DL-lactic acid", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify DL-lactic acid, assess its stereochemical composition and material condition, and determine whether a documented batch is suitable for an intended use.", "definition": "DL-lactic acid is the racemic form of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, C3H6O3, containing equal molar amounts of its D and L enantiomers.", "scope_statement": "This model owns vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid in PHY / PHY.MAT: racemic lactic acid, its identity criteria, batch composition, condition-dependent properties and use constraints, including the concentration of aqueous supply forms.", "in_scope": [ "Racemic identity and measured D:L composition", "Free-acid assay, water content, impurities and any condensed lactic-acid species", "Physical state and properties under stated temperature, pressure and concentration", "Batch provenance, analytical evidence and grade qualification", "Concentration-specific hazards and jurisdiction-specific identity and use requirements" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Enantiopure D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid as independently specified substances", "Lactate salts, lactate esters, lactide and polylactic acid as separate substances", "Manufacturing plants and synthesis or fermentation process models", "Finished foods, cosmetics, medicines and other formulations containing lactic acid", "Physiological lactate metabolism and clinical diagnosis or treatment" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require evidence of an approximately equimolar D:L mixture under a declared acceptance tolerance; the DL designation refers to racemic composition. [Sigma-Aldrich product information](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/documents/208/625/l1250pis.pdf)", "Match the 2-hydroxypropanoic-acid structure, rather than relying on molecular formula alone. Lactic acid has formula C3H6O3 and molar mass 90.08 g/mol. [PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lactic-Acid)", "Distinguish the free acid from a lactate salt or ester through structural identification and counterion or functional-group analysis.", "Do not treat a lactic-acid identifier as proof of racemic composition: PubChem CID 612 groups lactic-acid names, including DL-lactic acid. [PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lactic-Acid)", "Distinguish neat material from aqueous supply forms using measured water content and assay basis; an identified commercial DL-lactic-acid product is approximately 85% by mass in solution. [Sigma-Aldrich product information](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/deepweb/assets/sigmaaldrich/product/documents/208/625/l1250pis.pdf)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Chemical identity and identifier scope", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Registry vr.tr.dl-lactic-acid; candidate external mappings CAS 50-21-5 and PubChem CID 612, with stereochemical scope recorded", "why_it_matters": "Supports record matching without treating a broad identifier as a batch stereochemical certificate. [PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Lactic-Acid)" }, { "name": "Enantiomeric composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "D and L mole fractions; D:L ratio; enantiomeric excess in %, with method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether the material meets the declared racemic specification." }, { "name": "Lactic-acid assay", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass, specifying free monomer or total lactic-acid equivalents and as-received or dry basis", "why_it_matters": "Makes concentration, purity and dosing calculations interpretable." }, { "name": "Water content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass, with analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Separates aqueous concentration from chemical purity and qualifies physical-property comparisons." }, { "name": "Condensed species and impurity profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fractions or mg/kg by identified species; detection limits and unknown fraction", "why_it_matters": "Tests whether the batch contains species that alter monomer availability or application suitability." }, { "name": "Acidity and neutralization state", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "pH at stated dilution and temperature; titratable acidity in mmol/g; counterion content", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes solution acidity from assay and detects partial conversion to lactate salts." }, { "name": "Physical state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Liquid, crystalline, partially crystalline or multiphase, with temperature and composition", "why_it_matters": "Informs sampling, transfer and interpretation of apparent batch changes." }, { "name": "Density and viscosity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Density in g/mL; dynamic viscosity in mPa·s; temperature and concentration required", "why_it_matters": "Supports volume-to-mass conversion and transfer planning for the actual material." }, { "name": "Thermal behavior", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Melting or freezing range and boiling or decomposition observations in °C; pressure in kPa", "why_it_matters": "Prevents values for different solution strengths or pressures from being treated as interchangeable." }, { "name": "Grade qualification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Technical, reagent, food, pharmaceutical or other documented specification; qualified, unqualified or unknown for intended use", "why_it_matters": "A substance name alone cannot establish suitability for a regulated or stereochemically sensitive application." }, { "name": "Applicable hazard and exposure record", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Current SDS, GHS categories and statements, jurisdiction, concentration and applicable exposure limits with units", "why_it_matters": "Connects handling decisions to evidence for the supplied material." } ], "affordances": [ "Verify a batch's chemical identity and racemic composition against an explicit acceptance specification.", "Calculate mass or dilution requirements from a documented assay, water content and concentration basis.", "Select or reject a batch for an application using stereochemical, impurity and grade requirements.", "Determine sampling, transfer and storage conditions from measured material properties and the applicable SDS.", "Assess suitability as a feedstock for neutralization, esterification or polymer production while linking resulting substances to their own models." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "racemic-identity", "name": "Racemic identity", "description": "Establish what makes this entry DL-lactic acid rather than unspecified or enantiopure lactic acid.", "rationale": "The defining distinction is stereochemical composition, which a name or broad chemical identifier cannot independently verify.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Resolve structural identity and external identifier boundaries.", "findings": [ { "id": "structure-and-identifier-match", "name": "Structure and identifier match", "description": "Require evidence linking the registry entry to the free-acid structure and explain what each identifier covers.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which structural evidence identifies 2-hydroxypropanoic acid and excludes lactate salts, esters and positional isomers?", "kind": "definition", "id": "structure-and-identifier-match-q01" }, { "text": "Which CAS, PubChem and EC records apply, and do they specify racemic material or leave stereochemistry unspecified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "structure-and-identifier-match-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "racemate-verification", "name": "Racemate verification", "description": "Turn the DL designation into a testable composition requirement.", "findings": [ { "id": "d-l-balance", "name": "D:L balance", "description": "Record enantiomer-specific analytical results and the tolerance used to accept a batch as racemic.", "questions": [ { "text": "What D:L ratio and measurement uncertainty does a validated chiral assay report?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "d-l-balance-q01" }, { "text": "What permitted deviation from a 1:1 ratio defines acceptance, and how is a batch outside that tolerance classified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "d-l-balance-q02" }, { "text": "If optical rotation is offered as evidence, what confirms chemical identity and enantiomer composition independently?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "d-l-balance-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-assay", "name": "Composition and assay", "description": "Describe what a supplied quantity contains and what its reported concentration actually measures.", "rationale": "Water, assay conventions and nonmonomeric species can make nominally similar DL-lactic-acid batches behave differently.", "layers": [ { "id": "acid-and-water-balance", "name": "Acid and water balance", "description": "Separate chemical purity from aqueous concentration.", "findings": [ { "id": "interpretable-acid-content", "name": "Interpretable acid content", "description": "Require a defined assay basis and an independently interpretable water result.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the assay quantify free lactic-acid monomer, titratable acidity or total lactic-acid equivalents after a specified pretreatment?", "kind": "definition", "id": "interpretable-acid-content-q01" }, { "text": "What are the acid and water mass fractions on an as-received basis, and how were they measured?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "interpretable-acid-content-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "secondary-species", "name": "Secondary species", "description": "Identify constituents that an overall acidity result could conceal.", "findings": [ { "id": "impurities-and-condensation-products", "name": "Impurities and condensation products", "description": "Investigate salts, residual feedstock contaminants and condensed species without assuming their presence or amount.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which methods distinguish monomer from any oligomers or other condensation products, and what amounts are detected?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "impurities-and-condensation-products-q01" }, { "text": "Which counterions, residual solvents, metals or organic impurities require limits for the intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "impurities-and-condensation-products-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "physical-and-chemical-state", "name": "Physical and chemical state", "description": "Qualify property measurements by the composition and conditions of the actual material.", "rationale": "Aqueous supply forms and differing measurement conditions prevent a single unqualified property list from guiding operations reliably.", "layers": [ { "id": "phase-and-flow", "name": "Phase and flow", "description": "Connect observable state and transport properties to sampling and transfer.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioned-physical-properties", "name": "Conditioned physical properties", "description": "Record phase, density and viscosity for a stated temperature and composition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What phase, density and viscosity are measured at the intended sampling or transfer temperature and acid concentration?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-physical-properties-q01" }, { "text": "Does crystallization or phase separation require a validated homogenization procedure before sampling?", "kind": "action", "id": "conditioned-physical-properties-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "acidity-and-thermal-response", "name": "Acidity and thermal response", "description": "Keep acid-base measurements and thermal observations tied to their experimental conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-acidity-and-transition-data", "name": "Qualified acidity and transition data", "description": "Avoid treating pH as concentration or a reduced-pressure boiling value as an atmospheric constant; one supplier reports 122 °C at 15 mmHg. [Sigma-Aldrich](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/GL/en/product/sial/69785)", "questions": [ { "text": "At what dilution, temperature and ionic conditions were pH or dissociation measurements obtained?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "qualified-acidity-and-transition-data-q01" }, { "text": "For each melting, freezing or boiling value, what composition, pressure and evidence of decomposition or reaction accompany it?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "qualified-acidity-and-transition-data-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-use-fitness", "name": "Grade and use fitness", "description": "Determine whether evidence for a particular batch supports a particular application.", "rationale": "Racemic identity alone does not establish analytical quality, regulated-use eligibility or suitability for stereochemically sensitive synthesis.", "layers": [ { "id": "batch-evidence", "name": "Batch evidence", "description": "Tie claimed composition and grade to traceable analytical documentation.", "findings": [ { "id": "certificate-and-specification", "name": "Certificate and specification", "description": "Separate measured lot results from catalogue claims and identify the governing specification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which lot-specific certificate supports assay, D:L ratio, water content and impurity claims?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "certificate-and-specification-q01" }, { "text": "Which specification and edition define the claimed grade, and which required tests remain unverified?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "certificate-and-specification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-acceptance", "name": "Application acceptance", "description": "Translate the intended use into explicit material acceptance criteria.", "findings": [ { "id": "racemate-suitability", "name": "Racemate suitability", "description": "Require the receiving application to state whether it accepts a racemic input and the measured composition.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the intended application permit racemic lactic acid, or does it require a specified enantiomeric composition?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "racemate-suitability-q01" }, { "text": "What assay, water and impurity limits must the batch meet before dilution, neutralization, esterification or polymer-feedstock use?", "kind": "action", "id": "racemate-suitability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazards-and-material-stewardship", "name": "Hazards and material stewardship", "description": "Connect handling, storage and disposition decisions to the actual concentration, grade and jurisdiction.", "rationale": "A hazard classification for one DL-lactic-acid supply form cannot establish requirements for every concentration or use.", "layers": [ { "id": "applicable-hazard-record", "name": "Applicable hazard record", "description": "Identify the safety evidence that covers the material in hand.", "findings": [ { "id": "concentration-specific-classification", "name": "Concentration-specific classification", "description": "Capture classifications from the applicable record; a supplier's approximately 90% product lists Skin Corr. 1C and Eye Dam. 1, illustrating why concentration and product context must accompany the classification. [Sigma-Aldrich](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/GL/en/product/sial/69785)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which current SDS and jurisdiction cover this concentration and impurity profile, and what GHS classifications do they assign?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "concentration-specific-classification-q01" }, { "text": "Which occupational exposure limits apply to the planned operation, in what units and averaging periods, and where is applicability unresolved?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "concentration-specific-classification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-and-disposition", "name": "Storage and disposition", "description": "Preserve qualified material condition and determine how changed or unusable material is handled.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-preservation-and-release", "name": "Condition preservation and release", "description": "Require evidence for container compatibility, storage conditions, retesting and disposal routes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which container materials, storage temperatures and segregation requirements are supported for this acid concentration?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-preservation-and-release-q01" }, { "text": "Which changes in appearance, water content, assay or impurity profile trigger retesting or rejection?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-preservation-and-release-q02" }, { "text": "Which transport and waste requirements apply to the actual supplied or spent mixture in the relevant jurisdiction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "condition-preservation-and-release-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is a recall-based description; no sources were consulted.", "Check exact CAS, PubChem and EC identifiers against records that explicitly distinguish racemic from unspecified lactic acid.", "Verify melting and boiling behaviour, exposure limits and formal hazard classifications for the actual purity, water content and jurisdiction." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Anhydrous DL-lactic acid", "Aqueous DL-lactic acid solutions", "Food-grade DL-lactic acid", "Reagent-grade DL-lactic acid" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "IUPAC nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "rac-2-hydroxypropanoic acid", "note": "The racemic designation distinguishes DL-lactic acid from either individual enantiomer." }, { "scheme": "Molecular formula", "value_or_pattern": "C3H6O3", "note": "Shared by both enantiomers; the formula alone does not identify the racemate." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "Digits in three hyphen-separated groups, with a final check digit", "note": "Verify the registry record's stereochemical scope before assigning a number to DL-lactic acid." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Acidulant and pH adjustment in formulations where the applicable grade and stereochemical composition are acceptable.", "Starting material for lactate salts and esters.", "Feedstock for racemic lactide and poly(D,L-lactic acid).", "Laboratory reagent for studying reactions and separation of lactic acid enantiomers." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molar mass", "typical_range": "90.08", "unit": "g/mol" }, { "quantity": "Acid dissociation constant, pKa", "typical_range": "Approximately 3.86 in dilute aqueous solution near 25 °C", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Enantiomeric composition", "typical_range": "50:50 D:L for the ideal racemate", "unit": "molar ratio" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Concentrated material can cause serious eye injury and skin damage; severity depends on concentration and formulation.", "Mist exposure can irritate the respiratory tract.", "Water content and self-esterification can change the composition and analytical behaviour of concentrated material.", "Using a racemic feedstock where an enantiopure feedstock is required can change polymer crystallinity and thermal properties." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Permitted food uses, purity requirements and labelling depend on jurisdiction and application.", "Hazard classification and safety-data-sheet wording should be checked for the supplied concentration under the applicable national system." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Lactic acid", "difference": "The broader name can leave stereochemistry unspecified; DL-lactic acid specifically denotes the racemate." }, { "name": "L-lactic acid", "difference": "The L enantiomer is stereochemically distinct from an equal D/L mixture." }, { "name": "D-lactic acid", "difference": "The D enantiomer is stereochemically distinct from an equal D/L mixture." }, { "name": "Lactate", "difference": "Lactate is the conjugate-base anion; lactic acid is the protonated carboxylic acid." }, { "name": "Lactide", "difference": "Lactide is a cyclic diester formed from two lactic acid units." }, { "name": "Poly(D,L-lactic acid)", "difference": "The polymer contains covalently linked lactyl repeating units rather than free lactic acid molecules." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of DL-lactic acid this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "What analytical tolerance should this registry use for racemic composition, and should measurably nonracemic batches remain linked as off-specification instances?", "Which authoritative EC and other regulatory records distinguish racemic lactic acid from stereochemically unspecified lactic acid, and is an existing world model authoritative for this concept?", "Which validated assays distinguish free monomer, total lactic-acid equivalents and condensed species across commercial concentrations?", "Which reliable thermal and transport-property datasets apply separately to neat racemic material and defined aqueous concentrations?", "Which current jurisdiction-specific exposure limits, hazard classifications and food or pharmaceutical specifications apply to the intended grades and uses?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a DL-lactic acid, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify DL-lactic acid, assess its stereochemical composition and material condition, and determine whether a documented batch is suitable for an intended use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 74 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a DL-lactic acid, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "D-lactic acid", "L-lactic acid" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 74 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one DL-lactic acid from another, and a DL-lactic acid from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a DL-lactic acid sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a DL-lactic acid from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a DL-lactic acid is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a DL-lactic acid is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a DL-lactic acid is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a DL-lactic acid is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a DL-lactic acid is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a DL-lactic acid is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a DL-lactic acid passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a DL-lactic acid between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a DL-lactic acid, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a DL-lactic acid is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a DL-lactic acid and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a DL-lactic acid is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a DL-lactic acid performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a DL-lactic acid.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a DL-lactic acid at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a DL-lactic acid there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What DL-lactic acid is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name DL-lactic acid unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of DL-lactic acid exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How DL-lactic acid behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of DL-lactic acid, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is DL-lactic acid incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How DL-lactic acid can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is DL-lactic acid classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover DL-lactic acid, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a DL-lactic acid came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a DL-lactic acid and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a DL-lactic acid is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a DL-lactic acid, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a DL-lactic acid, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a DL-lactic acid is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }