{ "model": { "rank": 3605, "code": "thing-q162564", "model_id": "vr.tr.ultrasound", "name": "ultrasound", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise ultrasound, describe its acoustic behaviour and intended use, and identify the evidence needed before measurement, interpretation or exposure decisions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q162564/", "tier": 2, "score": 84, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Ultrasonic vocalization", "high-intensity focused ultrasound", "high-energy shock waves", "MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound", "Transcranial focused ultrasound" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 84, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.ultrasound", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q162564", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:40:25Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 28.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c4f-0d79-7241-9616-4a779afaaeab\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: ultrasound\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 regi", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 74.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c4f-0d6b-7e53-84a4-09e7d8308560\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: ultrasound\nRegistry id: vr.tr.ultrasound\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q162564", "registryId": "vr.tr.ultrasound", "name": "ultrasound", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q162564/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.ultrasound", "name": "ultrasound", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise ultrasound, describe its acoustic behaviour and intended use, and identify the evidence needed before measurement, interpretation or exposure decisions.", "definition": "Ultrasound is acoustic vibration at frequencies above the conventional upper limit of human hearing, approximately 20 kHz; the term also commonly denotes imaging performed using such waves.", "scope_statement": "This model owns ultrasound as an acoustic phenomenon and operational concept: sound above the conventional upper limit of human hearing, its generation, propagation, detection and application-specific interpretation. Because the registry has no definition, this scope is provisional; ultrasound imaging is treated as an application rather than the entire meaning of the entry.", "in_scope": [ "Frequency-based identification of an acoustic field as ultrasonic", "Propagation, reflection, scattering and absorption in specified media", "Generation, coupling and reception of ultrasonic energy", "Acoustic measurements and their acquisition conditions", "Relationships between ultrasonic signals, intended applications and exposure constraints" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete ultrasound scanner, transducer or industrial equipment models", "Clinical diagnoses and patient-specific treatment decisions", "Complete imaging examinations and therapeutic procedure workflows", "Anatomical structures, inspected components and other target entities", "Infrasound, audible sound and non-acoustic imaging modalities" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The phenomenon is a mechanical acoustic disturbance in a material medium; electromagnetic radiation is not ultrasound.", "Its relevant frequency content lies above the conventional human audible range, commonly bounded at approximately 20 kHz; an individual listener's inability to hear a sound is insufficient to classify it.", "Ultrasound can be present without producing an image, including in ranging, cleaning and material processing.", "An ultrasound image is a derived representation of acoustic measurements, while the ultrasonic field is the underlying phenomenon.", "A device's marketing label does not establish ultrasonic operation; operating frequency and evidence of acoustic output are needed." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Frequency content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Hz, kHz or MHz; centre frequency, bandwidth or measured spectrum", "why_it_matters": "Establishes ultrasonic classification and supports interpretation of wavelength, attenuation and resolution." }, { "name": "Propagation medium and wave mode", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Specified gas, liquid, solid or layered medium; longitudinal, shear, surface or guided mode where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Determines which propagation assumptions and sound-speed values are appropriate." }, { "name": "Sound speed", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "m/s, with medium, temperature, wave mode and measured or assumed status", "why_it_matters": "Connects frequency to wavelength and travel time to distance." }, { "name": "Acoustic pressure", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Pa or MPa; identify peak positive, peak negative or root-mean-square convention", "why_it_matters": "Describes field amplitude without conflating different pressure summaries." }, { "name": "Acoustic intensity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "W/m² or W/cm², with spatial and temporal averaging conventions", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison of acoustic energy delivery only when measurement conventions are compatible." }, { "name": "Temporal operation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Continuous or pulsed; pulse duration in s, repetition frequency in Hz and duty cycle in %", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes instantaneous output from accumulated exposure and sampling behaviour." }, { "name": "Field geometry", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Beam width, focal depth and measurement location in mm or m, with defining criterion", "why_it_matters": "Identifies where energy is concentrated and where a reported measurement applies." }, { "name": "Coupling condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Established, degraded, absent or unverified; describe interface and coupling method", "why_it_matters": "Helps distinguish target properties from transmission failures at interfaces." }, { "name": "Application and target", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to an imaging, sensing, inspection, cleaning or therapeutic activity and its target", "why_it_matters": "Determines which observations, performance criteria and operating constraints are relevant." }, { "name": "Measurement confidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Supported, qualified or unresolved, with calibration evidence, uncertainty and known limitations", "why_it_matters": "Prevents precise-looking measurements from being treated as reliable without supporting conditions." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a measured acoustic spectrum against an explicitly stated ultrasonic boundary.", "Estimate wavelength or travel distance when the relevant sound speed and propagation path are supported.", "Compare acoustic outputs after reconciling frequency, location and averaging conventions.", "Identify coupling failures, propagation assumptions and acquisition artifacts that weaken an interpretation.", "Relate measured echoes or transmitted signals to an application's observation goal.", "Flag missing exposure evidence or unresolved operating constraints before recommending a change in output." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "ultrasonic-identity", "name": "Ultrasonic identity", "description": "Establish the acoustic meaning of ultrasound and distinguish it from application shorthand.", "rationale": "The name can denote a frequency regime, an imaging modality or an examination; an agent must establish which meaning a record uses.", "layers": [ { "id": "frequency-boundary", "name": "Frequency boundary", "description": "Record the convention and spectral evidence used to identify ultrasound.", "findings": [ { "id": "ultrasonic-frequency-classification", "name": "Ultrasonic frequency classification", "description": "Require a stated frequency boundary and distinguish fully ultrasonic signals from signals with only some ultrasonic content.", "questions": [ { "text": "What frequency boundary defines ultrasound in this record, and which reference or application convention supports it?", "kind": "definition", "id": "ultrasonic-frequency-classification-q01" }, { "text": "What measured or specified frequency content lies above that boundary?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "ultrasonic-frequency-classification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sense-and-registry-boundary", "name": "Sense and registry boundary", "description": "Separate the acoustic phenomenon from devices, representations and procedures.", "findings": [ { "id": "intended-ultrasound-sense", "name": "Intended ultrasound sense", "description": "Make explicit whether a source uses ultrasound for sound itself or as shorthand for an application.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the registry's ACT placement refer to an ultrasound activity, or is this entry intended to cover the acoustic concept?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "intended-ultrasound-sense-q01" }, { "text": "Which linked model owns any scanner, examination, image or treatment mentioned in the record?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "intended-ultrasound-sense-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "propagation-and-interaction", "name": "Propagation and interaction", "description": "Describe how ultrasound travels through the relevant materials and interfaces.", "rationale": "Travel times, received amplitudes and observable targets depend on the medium and propagation path.", "layers": [ { "id": "medium-and-wave-mode", "name": "Medium and wave mode", "description": "Establish material conditions and wave modes before deriving acoustic quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-propagation-assumptions", "name": "Supported propagation assumptions", "description": "Record the medium, mode and sound-speed evidence that support wavelength or distance estimates.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which media and wave modes occupy the propagation path, and what conditions could change their sound speeds?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-propagation-assumptions-q01" }, { "text": "Is each sound-speed value measured, taken from a reference or assumed by the instrument?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-propagation-assumptions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interfaces-and-signal-loss", "name": "Interfaces and signal loss", "description": "Account for reflection, transmission, scattering and attenuation along the path.", "findings": [ { "id": "path-dependent-observability", "name": "Path-dependent observability", "description": "Require evidence before attributing a weak or absent signal to the absence of a target.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which interfaces, incidence angles and material losses could explain the observed echo or transmitted amplitude?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "path-dependent-observability-q01" }, { "text": "What additional acquisition could distinguish target absence from poor coupling, attenuation or an unfavourable beam direction?", "kind": "action", "id": "path-dependent-observability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "generation-and-acoustic-field", "name": "Generation and acoustic field", "description": "Connect source configuration and coupling to the ultrasonic field produced.", "rationale": "Electrical settings and nominal frequency alone do not specify the acoustic field reaching a target.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-coupling", "name": "Source and coupling", "description": "Identify how ultrasound is generated and transmitted into the working medium.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-acoustic-delivery", "name": "Verified acoustic delivery", "description": "Separate source settings from evidence of acoustic transmission across the source-medium interface.", "questions": [ { "text": "What source or transducer generates the ultrasound, and how is it coupled to the propagation medium?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-acoustic-delivery-q01" }, { "text": "What observation verifies acoustic delivery and identifies air gaps, poor contact or coupling changes?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "verified-acoustic-delivery-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "spatial-and-temporal-output", "name": "Spatial and temporal output", "description": "Describe beam geometry, pulse structure and acoustic amplitude at specified locations.", "findings": [ { "id": "located-and-qualified-field-measures", "name": "Located and qualified field measures", "description": "Attach location, timing and averaging conventions to reported field measurements.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are pressure, intensity and beam dimensions evaluated relative to the source, focus and target?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "located-and-qualified-field-measures-q01" }, { "text": "Which pulse parameters and spatial or temporal averaging conventions qualify the reported output?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "located-and-qualified-field-measures-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-and-interpretation", "name": "Measurement and interpretation", "description": "Track how received ultrasound becomes a distance, image, flow estimate or material observation.", "rationale": "Ultrasonic measurements depend on acquisition geometry, instrument response and inference assumptions.", "layers": [ { "id": "signal-acquisition", "name": "Signal acquisition", "description": "Record the receiving arrangement and evidence that the signal is adequately measured.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-ultrasonic-observation", "name": "Traceable ultrasonic observation", "description": "Connect an observation to its pulse-echo, through-transmission or other acquisition arrangement and calibration.", "questions": [ { "text": "What acquisition arrangement, receiver bandwidth and sampling settings produced this observation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-ultrasonic-observation-q01" }, { "text": "What calibration and uncertainty evidence supports the measured timing, amplitude or frequency shift?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "traceable-ultrasonic-observation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "inference-and-artifacts", "name": "Inference and artifacts", "description": "Expose assumptions that connect acoustic signals to claims about a target.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-specific-inference", "name": "Application-specific inference", "description": "Distinguish directly measured signals from derived quantities and assess plausible artifacts.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which assumptions about sound speed, path length, round-trip travel or Doppler angle support the derived result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "application-specific-inference-q01" }, { "text": "Could reverberation, refraction, shadowing, aliasing or limited resolution explain the observation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "application-specific-inference-q02" }, { "text": "What repeat measurement or independent evidence would resolve the leading alternative explanation?", "kind": "action", "id": "application-specific-inference-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-and-exposure", "name": "Application and exposure", "description": "Relate ultrasonic operation to its intended effect and the constraints governing exposure.", "rationale": "Imaging, inspection, cleaning and therapeutic uses require different performance evidence and operating limits.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-acoustic-effect", "name": "Intended acoustic effect", "description": "Establish whether ultrasound is used to observe a target or deliberately change it.", "findings": [ { "id": "purpose-linked-success-criteria", "name": "Purpose-linked success criteria", "description": "Connect the intended use to a measurable outcome without transferring success criteria between applications.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is ultrasound intended to obtain information, transfer energy or produce a specified material or biological effect?", "kind": "definition", "id": "purpose-linked-success-criteria-q01" }, { "text": "What application-specific evidence establishes adequate detection, resolution, cleaning or other intended performance?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "purpose-linked-success-criteria-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "exposure-evidence-and-constraints", "name": "Exposure evidence and constraints", "description": "Record exposure conditions, relevant effects and the authority for operating constraints.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-operating-decision", "name": "Supported operating decision", "description": "Require context-specific evidence before judging an exposure or changing ultrasonic output.", "questions": [ { "text": "What target, duration, frequency and acoustic output define the exposure, and what evidence addresses heating or mechanical effects?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-operating-decision-q01" }, { "text": "Which applicable operating limits, manufacturer instructions or professional guidance have been checked for this use?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-operating-decision-q02" }, { "text": "What missing evidence or observed condition requires pausing operation or referring the decision to the responsible specialist?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-operating-decision-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "No sense is recorded. This description covers the acoustic phenomenon and its applications; ACT.ACT may instead intend the activity of performing an ultrasound examination.", "Frequency ranges are representative application ranges, not universal limits or recommended exposure settings.", "Standards are named from recall; their current editions and applicability require verification." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Diagnostic ultrasound imaging", "Doppler ultrasound", "Therapeutic ultrasound", "Ultrasonic nondestructive testing", "Ultrasonic cleaning", "Ultrasonic ranging" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "DICOM modality defined terms", "value_or_pattern": "US", "note": "Identifies ultrasound imaging as a modality, not ultrasound as a physical phenomenon." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60601-2-37, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, addresses basic safety and essential performance of ultrasonic medical diagnostic and monitoring equipment.", "IEC 61157, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission, addresses reporting the acoustic output of medical diagnostic ultrasonic equipment." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Medical imaging of internal anatomy and movement.", "Measurement of blood flow using Doppler frequency shifts.", "Therapeutic heating or focused tissue ablation.", "Detection of internal defects and measurement of material thickness.", "Cleaning components through ultrasound-induced cavitation in liquids." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Acoustic frequency defining ultrasound", "typical_range": "Above approximately 20,000; the boundary is conventional rather than an individual hearing threshold", "unit": "Hz" }, { "quantity": "Frequency in conventional diagnostic medical imaging", "typical_range": "Approximately 1-20; specialized applications extend beyond this range", "unit": "MHz" }, { "quantity": "Frequency in ultrasonic cleaning", "typical_range": "Commonly approximately 20-80; equipment varies", "unit": "kHz" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Attenuation limits penetration, especially at higher frequencies.", "Strong reflection at gas interfaces and attenuation by bone can obscure structures in medical imaging.", "Reverberation, acoustic shadowing and other artifacts can cause misleading images or measurements.", "Poor acoustic coupling or unsuitable probe positioning can degrade signals.", "Sufficient acoustic exposure can cause heating and mechanical effects, including cavitation; risk depends on exposure conditions and the medium." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Diagnostic ultrasonography", "difference": "An imaging procedure using ultrasound; ultrasound itself is the broader acoustic phenomenon." }, { "name": "Ultrasound scanner", "difference": "A device that generates, receives and processes ultrasound signals rather than the waves themselves." }, { "name": "Audible sound", "difference": "Falls within the conventional human hearing frequency band rather than above its upper boundary." }, { "name": "Infrasound", "difference": "Has frequencies below the conventional lower human hearing boundary, approximately 20 Hz." }, { "name": "Electromagnetic radiation", "difference": "Can propagate through vacuum; ultrasound is a mechanical disturbance requiring a material medium." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ultrasound this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the source registry intend ultrasound as an acoustic concept or specifically as an imaging activity, given its ACT / ACT.ACT placement?", "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept or an application sense that this entry should link to?", "Which reference definitions should govern the upper-audible boundary and classification of broadband signals that cross it?", "Which application families require dedicated neighbouring models rather than further detail within this shared ultrasound model?", "Which authoritative measurement conventions and exposure references should be attached for each supported application and jurisdiction?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a ultrasound, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise ultrasound, describe its acoustic behaviour and intended use, and identify the evidence needed before measurement, interpretation or exposure decisions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Ultrasonic vocalization, high-intensity focused ultrasound, high-energy shock waves, MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound, Transcranial focused ultrasound.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 84 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a ultrasound, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Ultrasonic vocalization", "high-intensity focused ultrasound", "high-energy shock waves", "MRI-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound", "Transcranial focused ultrasound" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 84 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one ultrasound from another, and a ultrasound from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a ultrasound sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a ultrasound from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a ultrasound passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a ultrasound between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a ultrasound, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a ultrasound is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a ultrasound proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a ultrasound, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a ultrasound and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a ultrasound consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a ultrasound takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What ultrasound is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of ultrasound are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is ultrasound operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of ultrasound and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of ultrasound?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as ultrasound?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a ultrasound came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a ultrasound and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a ultrasound is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a ultrasound, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a ultrasound, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a ultrasound is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }