{ "model": { "rank": 4318, "code": "thing-q162940", "model_id": "vr.tr.diacritic", "name": "diacritic", "purpose": "Let an agent handle diacritics by mark, script, function, encoding and correct use in names and text processing.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q162940/", "tier": 2, "score": 76, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "chōonpu", "cá-nháy", "two dots", "nuqta", "nasal vowel marker", "tone mark", "umlaut", "◌𑏉", "Syriac diacritic", "Sharada diacritic", "Glagolitic diacritic", "Cyrillic diacritic", "Garay diacritic", "Bamum diacritic", "diacritic numeral", "Samaritan diacritic", "Kannada diacritic", "Tulu-Tigalari diacritic", "Khmer diacritic", "Khudabadi diacritic", "Malayalam diacritic", "rough breathing", "polytonic orthography of Greek", "niqqud", "accent symbol", "◌̣", "Tiberian vocalization", "tzere", "virama", "breathing mark", "Hebrew diacritics", "kamatz", "Cyrillic alphabet diacritic", "Latin alphabet diacritic", "bangjeom", "◌̤", "segol", "patach", "payerok", "◌̈" ], "aliasCount": 184, "merged": 185, "knownIn": 76, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q162940", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162940", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T09:12:59Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q162940", "registryId": "vr.tr.diacritic", "name": "diacritic", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q162940/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.diacritic", "name": "diacritic", "purpose": "Let an agent handle diacritics by mark, script, function, encoding and correct use in names and text processing.", "definition": "A mark added to a letter or character to change its pronunciation, meaning or tone, such as accents, umlauts, cedillas, tone marks, the Arabic nuqta and the Japanese long vowel mark.", "what_it_is_for": "Distinguishing sounds, tones and meanings in writing.", "affordances": [ "identify a diacritic and its function", "type and encode diacritics correctly", "preserve diacritics in names", "handle diacritics in search and sorting" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Modifies a base character", "Changes sound, tone or meaning", "Encoded as combining or precomposed characters", "Often stripped incorrectly by software" ], "appearance": "Small marks above, below or through letters.", "visual_identification": [ "Accents, umlauts, cedillas, tone marks", "Combining and precomposed characters", "Script-specific marks such as nuqta" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "accents such as acute and grave", "umlaut and diaeresis", "cedilla and ogonek", "tone marks", "script-specific marks" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "additional sign", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "writing system", "why": "context" }, { "relation": "is encoded by", "target": "Unicode", "why": "standard" }, { "relation": "affects", "target": "string comparison", "why": "computing" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "Unicode code point", "value_or_pattern": "combining diacritical marks block", "note": "characters" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Unicode Standard and normalisation forms", "National orthography rules" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Stripping diacritics from names", "Normalisation mismatches in search", "Mojibake from wrong encoding" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "mark", "name": "Mark", "description": "Which diacritic.", "rationale": "Marks differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "identity", "name": "Identity", "description": "Name.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-finding", "name": "Identity", "description": "Diacritic.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which diacritic is it, and what is its name?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "In which languages is it used?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "function", "name": "Function", "description": "Sound or meaning.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-finding", "name": "Function", "description": "Function.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does it change: sound, tone or meaning?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Does it make a separate letter in the alphabet?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "encoding", "name": "Encoding", "description": "Digital text.", "rationale": "Encoding needs care.", "layers": [ { "id": "unicode", "name": "Unicode", "description": "Code points.", "findings": [ { "id": "unicode-finding", "name": "Unicode", "description": "Encoding.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is it encoded as a precomposed or combining character?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which normalisation form is used?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "input", "name": "Input", "description": "Typing.", "findings": [ { "id": "input-finding", "name": "Input", "description": "Typing.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can it be typed on this keyboard?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Is a font available?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "processing", "name": "Processing", "description": "Search and sorting.", "rationale": "Software often mishandles diacritics.", "layers": [ { "id": "search", "name": "Search", "description": "Matching.", "findings": [ { "id": "search-finding", "name": "Search", "description": "Search.", "questions": [ { "text": "Should search treat accented and unaccented forms as equal?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How is that configured?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sorting", "name": "Sorting", "description": "Collation.", "findings": [ { "id": "sorting-finding", "name": "Sorting", "description": "Collation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which collation rules apply for this language?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Does sorting follow local expectations?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "names", "name": "Names", "description": "Respect.", "rationale": "Names deserve correct spelling.", "layers": [ { "id": "preserve", "name": "Preserve", "description": "Correct spelling.", "findings": [ { "id": "preserve-finding", "name": "Preserve", "description": "Preserving names.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the person name kept with its diacritics?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Does the system support it?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transliteration", "name": "Transliteration", "description": "Other scripts.", "findings": [ { "id": "transliteration-finding", "name": "Transliteration", "description": "Transliteration.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are diacritics handled in transliteration?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which standard applies?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each diacritic be a separate entry?", "How should language-specific rules be linked?", "How should normalisation guidance be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a diacritic, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle diacritics by mark, script, function, encoding and correct use in names and text processing.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: chōonpu, cá-nháy, two dots, nuqta, nasal vowel marker, tone mark, umlaut, ◌𑏉, Syriac diacritic, Sharada diacritic, Glagolitic diacritic, Cyrillic diacritic.", "185 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 76 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a diacritic, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "chōonpu", "cá-nháy", "two dots", "nuqta", "nasal vowel marker", "tone mark", "umlaut", "◌𑏉", "Syriac diacritic", "Sharada diacritic", "Glagolitic diacritic", "Cyrillic diacritic" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 76 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 185 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one diacritic from another, and a diacritic from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a diacritic sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a diacritic from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a diacritic passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a diacritic between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a diacritic, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a diacritic is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What diacritic is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of diacritic are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is diacritic operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of diacritic and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of diacritic?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as diacritic?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a diacritic came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a diacritic and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a diacritic is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a diacritic, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a diacritic, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a diacritic is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }