{ "model": { "rank": 2510, "code": "thing-q165137", "model_id": "vr.tr.prunus-avium", "name": "Prunus avium", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Prunus avium, assess an individual tree's condition and reproductive prospects, and choose interventions supported by its identity, site and intended use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q165137/", "tier": 2, "score": 104, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 104, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q165137", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165137", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T09:44:42Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01211046, "turns": 1, "seconds": 156.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 123.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b3c-8ea5-7172-ab4d-ab107abd03a7\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Prunus avium\nRegistry id: vr.tr.prunus-avium\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q165137", "registryId": "vr.tr.prunus-avium", "name": "Prunus avium", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q165137/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.prunus-avium", "name": "Prunus avium", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise Prunus avium, assess an individual tree's condition and reproductive prospects, and choose interventions supported by its identity, site and intended use.", "definition": "Prunus avium (L.) L. is a diploid (2n = 16) deciduous tree of Rosaceae, native to temperate Europe and western Asia, that comprises both the wild cherry of woodlands and the cultivated sweet cherry of fresh-fruit horticulture, and is separated from sour cherry (P. cerasus) by ploidy, typically sweet low-acid fruit, and a gametophytic self-incompatibility system.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the evidence and decisions specific to living Prunus avium individuals registered under vr.tr.prunus-avium, including wild and cultivated forms, attached organs, seasonal development and the distinction between scion and rootstock.", "in_scope": [ "Species identification with recorded observations, competing identifications and uncertainty", "Individual origin, cultivar evidence and scion-rootstock composition", "Establishment, growth, seasonal development and site response", "Flowering, pollination compatibility, fruit set and attached fruit condition", "Tree health, structural condition and justified management actions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Separate species models for sour cherry, bird cherry, cherry plum and ornamental cherries", "Cultivar breeding programmes and complete cultivar catalogues", "Orchard business operations, workforce planning and commercial accounting", "Harvested cherry batches, food processing and supply-chain quality assurance", "Pathogen and pest taxonomy, pesticide products and treatment regulations", "Timber products, woodland ecosystems and land ownership records" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Against Prunus cerasus, inspect mature leaf undersides for persistent hairs, especially along veins, together with petiole length; sour cherry is generally essentially hairless beneath at maturity and has shorter petioles. Use the combination rather than one character. [Go Botany identification key](https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/prunus/)", "Against Prunus cerasus, inspect sepal margins and leaf-tooth glands: entire sepal margins and glands farther from tooth sinuses support P. avium; glandular-serrate sepals and glands nearer sinuses support P. cerasus. [Go Botany identification key](https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/prunus/)", "Against raceme-bearing cherries such as Prunus padus, inspect flowering shoots for compact, few-flowered clusters rather than an elongated flower-bearing axis. Record the actual arrangement and developmental stage. [Go Botany identification key](https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/prunus/)", "Against plum-like Prunus, examine fruit and stone morphology: the cherry identification pathway uses an ungrooved drupe and a relatively uncompressed stone rather than the grooved fruit and compressed, two-edged stone typical of the plum pathway. [Go Botany identification key](https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/prunus/)" ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identification evidence", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "provisional | supported | disputed | unresolved, with observed characters and evidence references", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a common name or nursery label from becoming an unquestioned species determination." }, { "name": "Leaf and flower diagnostic measurements", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "leaf and petiole length in mm; hair distribution, sepal margins and inflorescence arrangement recorded with organ maturity", "why_it_matters": "Makes identification against sour cherry and other Prunus repeatable." }, { "name": "Cultivar and propagation origin", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "links to cultivar, seed source, parent plant or nursery record; unknown permitted", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of fruit traits and reproduction without assigning a cultivar from appearance alone." }, { "name": "Scion-rootstock composition", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "own-root | grafted | unknown; component identities and graft position", "why_it_matters": "Separates the identity of fruiting branches from the identity of roots and basal shoots." }, { "name": "Seasonal developmental stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "dormant | bud swelling | flowering | leaf expansion | fruit development | ripening | leaf fall; date and organ specified", "why_it_matters": "Provides the timing context for frost assessment, pollination observations and management." }, { "name": "Tree dimensions and annual growth", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "height and crown spread in m; stem diameter and annual shoot extension in cm; measurement position recorded", "why_it_matters": "Supports evaluation of establishment, vigour, crowding and access." }, { "name": "Root-zone water and drainage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "soil moisture with method and depth; duration of standing water in hours", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of water stress and drainage suitability; sweet cherry requires good drainage. [NC State Extension](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-avium/)" }, { "name": "Pollination relationship", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "candidate pollen donor, compatibility evidence, bloom overlap and observed pollinator activity", "why_it_matters": "Allows reproductive prospects to be assessed without assuming every neighbouring cherry is a suitable donor." }, { "name": "Fruit set and retention", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "retained fruits per counted flowers, with sampling dates and branch locations", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes flowering success from subsequent fruit retention." }, { "name": "Health and structural condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "organ-specific symptoms, severity, progression and diagnostic confidence; branch and graft defects", "why_it_matters": "Connects observations to investigation and intervention without treating a symptom as a confirmed cause." }, { "name": "Attached fruit maturity and damage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "colour category, firmness with method, soluble solids in degrees Brix and damaged-fruit percentage", "why_it_matters": "Supports cultivar-aware harvest decisions and quantifies cracking, decay or feeding damage." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify or provisionally classify a tree using seasonal organ observations and documented comparisons.", "Assess a planting location and monitor establishment using rootstock, exposure and root-zone observations.", "Evaluate pollen-donor candidates using documented compatibility and observed flowering overlap.", "Inspect and sample affected organs to investigate decline, fruit loss or structural defects.", "Plan and record pruning, training, watering or propagation with tree-specific evidence and follow-up criteria.", "Assess attached fruit for harvest readiness and transfer harvested material to a separate produce-batch model." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "powo-kew", "title": "Prunus avium (L.) L. - Plants of the World Online", "url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/", "what_it_supports": "Accepted scientific name, authorship, native range in Europe and western Asia, and placement in Rosaceae.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "eppo-prnav", "title": "Prunus avium (PRNAV) - EPPO Global Database", "url": "https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRNAV", "what_it_supports": "EPPO taxon code PRNAV and the phytosanitary identity used in European plant-health lists.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "webster-looney-1996", "title": "Cherries: Crop Physiology, Production and Uses (CAB International, 1996), edited by A. D. Webster and N. E. Looney", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Horticultural distinction of sweet versus sour cherry, cultivar and rootstock practice, fruit cracking, pollination and orchard use." }, { "id": "unece-ffv-13", "title": "UNECE Standard FFV-13 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of cherries - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Commercial quality classes, sizing and presentation rules applied to cherries in international fresh-produce trade." }, { "id": "usda-plants-prav", "title": "Prunus avium (L.) L., plant symbol PRAV - USDA NRCS PLANTS Database", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "North American taxonomic code, naturalized status, and the USDA identifier used in vegetation and weed records." }, { "id": "wikipedia-prunus-avium", "title": "Prunus avium - Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_avium", "what_it_supports": "Common names (sweet cherry, wild cherry, gean, mazzard, merisier), chromosome number, and the practical split from sour cherry and bird cherry.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cherry-identity", "name": "Cherry identity", "description": "Establish whether the observed plant or graft component belongs to Prunus avium.", "rationale": "Similar cherries and mixed-species grafts can make species-level assumptions unreliable.", "layers": [ { "id": "diagnostic-organs", "name": "Diagnostic organs", "description": "Record the leaves, flowers and fruits that support a botanical determination.", "findings": [ { "id": "species-character-combination", "name": "Species character combination", "description": "Keep the determination attached to observations, a regional identification reference and remaining alternatives.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which mature-leaf, petiole, sepal and inflorescence characters support P. avium rather than P. cerasus or another local cherry?", "kind": "definition", "id": "species-character-combination-q01" }, { "text": "Which dated photographs, specimen observations and identification reference support that determination?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "species-character-combination-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grafted-identity", "name": "Grafted identity", "description": "Resolve which parts of the tree carry the recorded species and cultivar identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "scion-rootstock-boundary", "name": "Scion-rootstock boundary", "description": "Attribute observations to the scion, rootstock or unresolved component.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the tree own-root or grafted, and which observed shoots originate above or below the graft?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "scion-rootstock-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "What records establish the scion cultivar and rootstock identity, and which names remain unverified?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "scion-rootstock-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "establishment-and-site-response", "name": "Establishment and site response", "description": "Assess how this cherry's origin, roots and crown interact with its growing location.", "rationale": "Planting suitability and declining vigour require interpretation at the individual and rootstock level.", "layers": [ { "id": "root-zone-fit", "name": "Root-zone fit", "description": "Relate soil conditions and water observations to establishment and root function.", "findings": [ { "id": "drainage-and-water-supply", "name": "Drainage and water supply", "description": "Record actual root-zone conditions before selecting a water-management response.", "questions": [ { "text": "What soil moisture, rooting depth and duration of saturation have been measured around this tree?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "drainage-and-water-supply-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports watering, drainage improvement or relocation for this tree and its rootstock?", "kind": "action", "id": "drainage-and-water-supply-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "crown-development", "name": "Crown development", "description": "Interpret size and growth against establishment history, available light and management purpose.", "findings": [ { "id": "vigour-and-growing-space", "name": "Vigour and growing space", "description": "Distinguish expected growth under the recorded conditions from unexplained stagnation or crowding.", "questions": [ { "text": "How have annual shoot extension, crown dimensions and exposure changed since planting or the previous observation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "vigour-and-growing-space-q01" }, { "text": "Is this individual being managed for fruit, timber, habitat or ornament, and what growing-space constraints follow?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "vigour-and-growing-space-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "season-and-reproduction", "name": "Season and reproduction", "description": "Follow seasonal development from dormancy through flowering and initial fruit set.", "rationale": "A flowering cherry's reproductive prospects depend on timing, flower condition and an evidenced pollination pathway.", "layers": [ { "id": "bud-and-bloom-timing", "name": "Bud and bloom timing", "description": "Record local development and weather exposure without imposing a universal calendar.", "findings": [ { "id": "phenology-and-flower-survival", "name": "Phenology and flower survival", "description": "Associate bud and flower observations with the temperatures experienced at this site.", "questions": [ { "text": "On what dates did bud swelling, first bloom, full bloom and petal fall occur, using which observation criteria?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "phenology-and-flower-survival-q01" }, { "text": "After a cold event, what proportion of sampled buds or flowers shows damage, and how was damage assessed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "phenology-and-flower-survival-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "pollination-pathway", "name": "Pollination pathway", "description": "Separate compatibility, flowering overlap and pollen transfer from the eventual fruit-set outcome.", "findings": [ { "id": "compatible-pollen-and-set", "name": "Compatible pollen and set", "description": "Require cultivar-specific evidence before assigning self-fertility or donor suitability.", "questions": [ { "text": "What reliable cultivar or genetic evidence establishes self-fertility or compatibility with each candidate pollen donor?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "compatible-pollen-and-set-q01" }, { "text": "What flowering overlap, pollinator visits and subsequent fruit-set measurements support the proposed pollination pathway?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "compatible-pollen-and-set-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "attached-cherry-crop", "name": "Attached cherry crop", "description": "Assess fruit development, retention, maturity and damage while fruit remains associated with the tree.", "rationale": "Crop decisions require cultivar-aware observations and a clear boundary between the living tree and harvested produce.", "layers": [ { "id": "fruit-development", "name": "Fruit development", "description": "Track fruit retention and maturity using a repeatable sampling approach.", "findings": [ { "id": "retention-and-ripeness", "name": "Retention and ripeness", "description": "Keep observed crop development distinct from an assumed harvest date or colour standard.", "questions": [ { "text": "How many fruits remain on the sampled branches relative to their earlier flower and fruit counts?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "retention-and-ripeness-q01" }, { "text": "Which measured colour, firmness and soluble-solids criteria support harvest readiness for the verified cultivar and intended use?", "kind": "action", "id": "retention-and-ripeness-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "crop-damage-and-handoff", "name": "Crop damage and handoff", "description": "Record attached-fruit losses and preserve tree provenance when fruit is harvested.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-and-harvest-boundary", "name": "Damage and harvest boundary", "description": "Differentiate observed defects from inferred causes and identify the point of transfer to a produce model.", "questions": [ { "text": "What fractions of sampled fruit show cracking, decay, feeding damage or unexplained loss, and when did these appear?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-and-harvest-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "At harvest, which tree identity, cultivar evidence, harvest date and treatment records must accompany the new fruit batch?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "damage-and-harvest-boundary-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cherry-health-and-intervention", "name": "Cherry health and intervention", "description": "Turn organ-level symptoms and structural observations into justified investigation and care.", "rationale": "Cherry decline and crop loss can have competing explanations; interventions need diagnosis, timing and a measurable intended result.", "layers": [ { "id": "symptoms-and-causes", "name": "Symptoms and causes", "description": "Separate visible abnormalities from confirmed disease, pest or environmental causes.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-confidence", "name": "Diagnostic confidence", "description": "Track the location, progression and evidence behind explanations of cankers, gum exudation, leaf damage or dieback.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which organs show symptoms, how extensive are they, and how have they changed between observations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "diagnostic-confidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which examination, laboratory result or specialist determination supports the proposed cause, and what alternatives remain?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "diagnostic-confidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "care-and-material-use", "name": "Care and material use", "description": "Connect pruning, propagation and material handling to the tree's condition and the specific organ involved.", "findings": [ { "id": "intervention-conditions", "name": "Intervention conditions", "description": "Record the reason, prerequisites and expected outcome of a proposed intervention; distinguish fruit flesh from stones and other tissues when evaluating use. [NC State Extension](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/prunus-avium/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which branch, graft, rootstock shoot or propagating material is targeted, and what diagnosis, seasonal guidance and management objective justify the action?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What organ-specific handling constraints and follow-up observations determine whether the action is appropriate and successful?", "kind": "action", "id": "intervention-conditions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Wild / forest cherry (gean): unselected woodland trees grown for timber, veneer and wildlife", "Mazzard: P. avium seedlings used as cherry rootstocks", "Dark-fruited sweet-cherry dessert cultivars (e.g. Bing, Kordia/Attika, Regina, Lapins, Sweetheart)", "Blush or white-fleshed dessert cultivars (e.g. Napoleón/Royal Ann, Rainier)", "Bigarreau: the old European pomological group with firm, crisp flesh", "Guigne / heart cherries: the old European group with tender, melting flesh", "Timber provenances selected in European forestry for furniture-grade wild-cherry wood", "Ornamental garden forms of the species (double-flowered and weeping selections)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q165137", "note": "Item for the species Prunus avium." }, { "scheme": "EPPO code", "value_or_pattern": "PRNAV", "note": "Plant-health taxon code used in EPPO and related phytosanitary systems." }, { "scheme": "USDA PLANTS symbol", "value_or_pattern": "PRAV", "note": "NRCS identifier for the species in the United States." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "42229", "note": "Taxon ID for Prunus avium in NCBI." }, { "scheme": "ITIS TSN", "value_or_pattern": "24776", "note": "Integrated Taxonomic Information System taxonomic serial number." }, { "scheme": "IPNI / botanical name", "value_or_pattern": "Prunus avium (L.) L.", "note": "Accepted Linnaean name; basionym Prunus cerasus var. avium L." }, { "scheme": "HS / customs (fresh fruit)", "value_or_pattern": "0809.20", "note": "Harmonized System heading for fresh cherries; covers sweet and sour fruit, not the standing tree." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "UNECE Standard FFV-13 (Cherries) - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe", "United States Standards for Grades of Sweet Cherries - USDA Agricultural Marketing Service", "UPOV Test Guidelines TG/35 (Sweet Cherry) for DUS examination of new cultivars - International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants", "EPPO pest lists and diagnostic protocols applying to Prunus avium (PRNAV) - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization", "ISPM phytosanitary measures for Prunus plants for planting and fruit - FAO International Plant Protection Convention", "Codex Alimentarius maximum residue limits for cherries - FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Fresh-market dessert fruit: the commercial sweet cherry of temperate orchards, sold as a short-season summer stone fruit.", "Processing: brined or candied fruit (classically Napoleón/Royal Ann for maraschino-style cherries) and distilled kirsch/kirschwasser from fruit and pits.", "Rootstock: mazzard seedlings of P. avium remain a standard rootstock for sweet-cherry orchards.", "Timber and veneer: European wild cherry (merisier) is a furniture, joinery and instrument wood.", "Ornament: specimen and woodland trees planted for spring blossom and autumn colour.", "Wildlife and forage: early nectar and pollen for bees; fruit taken by birds; mast for woodland fauna." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Mature wild-tree height", "typical_range": "15-32", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Orchard-tree height on modern rootstocks", "typical_range": "2-6", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "Commercial fruit mass", "typical_range": "8-14", "unit": "g" }, { "quantity": "Commercial fruit diameter", "typical_range": "20-30", "unit": "mm" }, { "quantity": "Soluble solids of ripe sweet fruit", "typical_range": "16-25", "unit": "°Brix" }, { "quantity": "Somatic chromosome number", "typical_range": "16 (diploid)", "unit": "2n" }, { "quantity": "Winter chill requirement (cultivar-dependent)", "typical_range": "600-1400", "unit": "chill hours" }, { "quantity": "Air-dry density of wild-cherry timber", "typical_range": "560-630", "unit": "kg/m³" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Rain-induced fruit cracking at harvest, the main pre-harvest quality loss in sweet cherry.", "Crop failure from missing pollinizers or poor bee weather, because most cultivars are self-incompatible.", "Spring frost killing open flowers.", "Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) of blossom and fruit.", "Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae) on trunks and scaffolds, often after winter wounding.", "Infestation by European cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) and spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii).", "Birds stripping ripe fruit.", "Cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin/prunasin) in seeds and wilted foliage; a livestock and food-safety hazard if pits or wilted leaves are consumed in quantity.", "Pollen-food allergy (PR-10 / Bet v 1-related) in people already sensitised to birch pollen." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "English splits wild cherry/gean/mazzard (forest tree and rootstock) from sweet cherry (orchard fruit); French splits merisier (wild/timber) from cerisier doux (cultivated fruit).", "In the United Kingdom and much of continental Europe the species is both a native woodland tree and a fruit crop; in western North America it is mainly a naturalised orchard and escapee.", "Turkey is the largest producer of sweet cherries; other concentrated industries are Washington/Oregon (USA), Chile (counter-season export), Spain, Italy and Germany.", "Japanese table-cherry culture centres on cultivars such as Satō-Nishiki, with different size and colour expectations from Pacific Northwest dark cherries such as Bing.", "Colloquial English 'bird cherry' is sometimes applied to P. avium, but in standard botanical English bird cherry is Prunus padus." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Prunus cerasus (sour / tart cherry)", "difference": "Tetraploid (2n = 32), typically more acid fruit used for processing, often self-fertile, and a smaller tree; P. avium is diploid, sweeter, and usually needs a pollinizer." }, { "name": "Prunus padus (bird cherry)", "difference": "Flowers in elongated racemes; P. avium flowers in small umbels of a few blossoms." }, { "name": "Prunus serotina (black cherry)", "difference": "A New World timber species with racemose inflorescences and later, astringent fruit; not the European sweet cherry." }, { "name": "Prunus mahaleb (mahaleb / St Lucie cherry)", "difference": "Smaller, often pubescent, more cordate leaves and small bitter fruit; used as a rootstock rather than as a dessert cherry." }, { "name": "Prunus serrulata and other East Asian flowering cherries", "difference": "Grown for blossom, often with double sterile flowers and little or no edible fruit; not the sweet-cherry crop species." }, { "name": "Duke cherries (P. avium × P. cerasus)", "difference": "Intermediate acidity and ploidy; fruit and tree sit between sweet and sour types, whereas pure P. avium remains diploid and sweet." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Prunus avium this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which regional identification keys and additional tests reliably resolve sterile specimens, atypical cultivars and suspected P. avium-P. cerasus hybrids?", "Which authoritative cultivar and rootstock records establish compatibility, self-fertility and expected vigour for the actual planting material?", "Which locally validated chilling, heat and frost-response models apply to each cultivar, rootstock and developmental stage?", "Which regional diagnostic protocols and intervention thresholds distinguish the causes of gum exudation, cankers, fruit decay and premature decline?", "Which cultivar-specific maturity standards, propagation requirements and organ-specific handling guidance should govern the intended use?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Prunus avium, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise Prunus avium, assess an individual tree's condition and reproductive prospects, and choose interventions supported by its identity, site and intended use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 104 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Prunus avium, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 104 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Prunus avium from another, and a Prunus avium from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Prunus avium sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Prunus avium from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Prunus avium is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Prunus avium and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Prunus avium is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Prunus avium is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Prunus avium is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Prunus avium moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Prunus avium passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Prunus avium between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Prunus avium, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Prunus avium is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Prunus avium is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Prunus avium, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Prunus avium from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Prunus avium from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Prunus avium does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Prunus avium pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Prunus avium judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Prunus avium lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Prunus avium, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Prunus avium hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Prunus avium came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Prunus avium and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Prunus avium is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Prunus avium, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Prunus avium, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Prunus avium is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }