{ "model": { "rank": 4659, "code": "thing-q166376", "model_id": "vr.tr.doping-in-sport", "name": "doping in sport", "purpose": "Let an agent explain doping in sport, relay banned substances and methods, testing, notable cases and health and integrity concerns from anti-doping and sports sources with findings attributed, describe the named cases and flag them as cases, and distinguish doping in sport from legitimate medicine and supplements, materials doping and match-fixing.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q166376/", "tier": 2, "score": 73, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Doping in chess", "gene doping", "Doping at the Asian Games", "Doping in Russian athletics", "Doping at the Tour de France", "doping in auto racing", "Russian doping scandal", "abortion doping", "doping at the Olympic Games", "doping in the United States", "Doping in tennis", "doping in East Germany", "blood doping", "doping in figure skating", "Doping at the 2007 Tour de France", "doping at the 2012 Summer Olympics", "EPO doping" ], "aliasCount": 17, "merged": 17, "knownIn": 73, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q166376", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166376", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-14T03:18:27Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q166376", "registryId": "vr.tr.doping-in-sport", "name": "doping in sport", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q166376/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.doping-in-sport", "name": "doping in sport", "purpose": "Let an agent explain doping in sport, relay banned substances and methods, testing, notable cases and health and integrity concerns from anti-doping and sports sources with findings attributed, describe the named cases and flag them as cases, and distinguish doping in sport from legitimate medicine and supplements, materials doping and match-fixing.", "definition": "The use by athletes of banned substances or methods to gain an unfair advantage in sport, prohibited under the World Anti-Doping Code and enforced by testing and sanctions, with forms the registry aliases name such as gene doping, doping in chess and auto racing, and topics such as doping at the Tour de France, the Asian Games and in Russian athletics, which are cases rather than kinds; doping raises health risks to athletes, integrity concerns for sport, and issues of testing, the biological passport and, in major cases, state involvement, with allegations and findings attributed to anti-doping bodies. This entry describes the sporting sense, distinct from doping of materials.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; prohibited performance enhancement in sport.", "affordances": [ "explain banned substances and methods", "relay testing and cases with attribution", "relay health and integrity concerns", "distinguish related concepts" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Banned enhancement", "Testing and sanctions", "Health and integrity risks", "Distinct from materials doping" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; a prohibited practice detected by testing.", "visual_identification": [ "Use of banned substances or methods in sport", "Doping in chess, gene doping, doping at the Asian Games, doping in Russian athletics, doping at the Tour de France, doping in auto racing", "Legitimate medicine follows therapeutic use rules; materials doping is a chemistry term; match-fixing manipulates results, not the body" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "governed by", "typical_range": "World Anti-Doping Code", "unit": "note", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "WADA founded", "typical_range": "1999", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "registry parents", "typical_range": "cheating in sports, drug use", "unit": "note", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "substance doping", "blood doping", "gene doping", "method doping" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "cheating in sports", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is governed by", "target": "World Anti-Doping Agency", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "therapeutic use exemption", "why": "" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "doping (semiconductors)", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "World Anti-Doping Code and Prohibited List", "Athlete biological passport", "National anti-doping rules" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Health harm to athletes", "Unattributed doping allegations", "Confusing with materials doping" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What doping in sport is.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is doping in sport, and how does it differ from legitimate medicine and supplements, materials doping and match-fixing?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is a specific case being discussed, where findings should be attributed to anti-doping bodies?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cases", "name": "Cases", "description": "Named cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "cases-finding", "name": "Cases", "description": "Cases.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the doping cases at the Tour de France, the Asian Games and in Russian athletics, and what is gene doping?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific case?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "methods", "name": "Methods", "description": "Substances and methods.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "substances", "name": "Substances", "description": "Banned substances.", "findings": [ { "id": "substances-finding", "name": "Substances", "description": "Substances.", "questions": [ { "text": "What classes of substance are on the Prohibited List?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "blood", "name": "Blood", "description": "Blood and gene doping.", "findings": [ { "id": "blood-finding", "name": "Blood", "description": "Blood.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do blood doping and gene doping work, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "enforcement", "name": "Enforcement", "description": "Testing.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "testing", "name": "Testing", "description": "Testing.", "findings": [ { "id": "testing-finding", "name": "Testing", "description": "Testing.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does anti-doping testing and the biological passport work?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits athlete biological passport?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sanctions", "name": "Sanctions", "description": "Sanctions.", "findings": [ { "id": "sanctions-finding", "name": "Sanctions", "description": "Sanctions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What sanctions apply for anti-doping violations?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Integrity and health.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "health", "name": "Health", "description": "Health risks.", "findings": [ { "id": "health-finding", "name": "Health", "description": "Health.", "questions": [ { "text": "What health risks does doping pose to athletes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "state", "name": "State", "description": "State-sponsored doping.", "findings": [ { "id": "state-finding", "name": "State", "description": "State.", "questions": [ { "text": "What did investigations find about state-sponsored doping, as officially reported?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "The registry case aliases should be treated as cases rather than kinds", "How should anti-doping findings be attributed and kept current?", "Should gene doping be a separate entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a doping in sport, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain doping in sport, relay banned substances and methods, testing, notable cases and health and integrity concerns from anti-doping and sports sources with findings attributed, describe the named cases and flag them as cases, and distinguish doping in sport from legitimate medicine and supplements, materials doping and match-fixing.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Doping in chess, gene doping, Doping at the Asian Games, Doping in Russian athletics, Doping at the Tour de France, doping in auto racing, Russian doping scandal, abortion doping, doping at the Olympic Games, doping in the United States, Doping in tennis, doping in East Germany.", "17 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a doping in sport, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Doping in chess", "gene doping", "Doping at the Asian Games", "Doping in Russian athletics", "Doping at the Tour de France", "doping in auto racing", "Russian doping scandal", "abortion doping", "doping at the Olympic Games", "doping in the United States", "Doping in tennis", "doping in East Germany" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 17 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one doping in sport from another, and a doping in sport from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a doping in sport sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a doping in sport from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a doping in sport passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a doping in sport between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a doping in sport, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a doping in sport is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a doping in sport proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a doping in sport, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a doping in sport and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a doping in sport consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a doping in sport takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What doping in sport is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of doping in sport are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is doping in sport operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of doping in sport and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of doping in sport?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as doping in sport?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a doping in sport came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a doping in sport and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a doping in sport is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a doping in sport, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a doping in sport, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a doping in sport is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }