{ "model": { "rank": 5526, "code": "thing-q167510", "model_id": "vr.tr.bitumen", "name": "bitumen", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise bitumen, assess its condition and grade, and judge its suitability for a specified binding, waterproofing or protective use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q167510/", "tier": 2, "score": 66, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "pyrobitumen", "shungite", "thucholite", "Elaterite" ], "aliasCount": 4, "merged": 4, "knownIn": 66, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q167510", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167510", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:33:31Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0884d-1fd3-7a01-a7b6-ba809e21ba53\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: bitumen\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 registe", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 61, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0884d-1fe3-7d02-b9c1-5de9c3c256e5\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: bitumen\nRegistry id: vr.tr.bitumen\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q167510", "registryId": "vr.tr.bitumen", "name": "bitumen", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q167510/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.bitumen", "name": "bitumen", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise bitumen, assess its condition and grade, and judge its suitability for a specified binding, waterproofing or protective use.", "definition": "Bitumen is a dark, highly viscous to solid, predominantly hydrocarbon material obtained from petroleum refining or natural deposits, whose adhesive and water-resistant properties make it useful as a binder and waterproofing material.", "scope_statement": "This model owns bitumen as a variable-composition material, including petroleum-derived and naturally occurring forms, with grade, modification, condition and handling constraints recorded explicitly; it distinguishes the bituminous binder from aggregate mixtures and formulated delivery products.", "in_scope": [ "Material identity, origin and terminology for petroleum-derived and natural bitumen", "Composition, impurities, mineral content and declared modification", "Grade-specific consistency, rheology and temperature-dependent behaviour", "Ageing, storage condition and compatibility with intended substrates or aggregates", "Material-specific handling hazards and jurisdiction-dependent identity" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Asphalt concrete and other finished aggregate-binder mixtures", "Coal tar, coal-tar pitch and their products", "Refinery operations and natural-bitumen extraction processes", "Complete formulations and manufacture of bitumen emulsions, cutbacks and roofing products", "Pavement, roof and waterproofing-system design", "Transport equipment and application machinery" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish petroleum or natural-deposit provenance to distinguish bitumen from coal-derived tar or pitch; dark colour and stickiness alone are insufficient.", "Determine whether the record describes the binder itself or a mixture containing aggregate, water, solvent or reinforcement.", "Interpret 'asphalt' using the source's terminology and region, because it may designate the binder or an aggregate mixture.", "Require a grade and test conditions when comparing consistency; a material name alone does not establish equivalent performance.", "Distinguish bitumen from a single pure chemical by recording its material identity and composition variability rather than assuming one molecular formula." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Origin and production class", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Petroleum-derived, natural deposit, blended, or unresolved; processing history where known", "why_it_matters": "Origin and processing help establish identity and interpret composition and behaviour." }, { "name": "Regulatory substance identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Supplier substance description linked to applicable CAS, EC or other identifiers and jurisdiction", "why_it_matters": "A generic name is insufficient to assign every bitumen product the same regulatory identity." }, { "name": "Grade designation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Designation plus grading system, standard edition and certificate", "why_it_matters": "Grade determines which measured requirements apply and prevents unsupported equivalence between grading systems." }, { "name": "Composition and modification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Declared binder fractions, polymer or other modifiers, blending components and analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Composition and modification influence compatibility, rheology and storage behaviour." }, { "name": "Water and mineral content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass % with sampling basis and test method", "why_it_matters": "These measurements help distinguish binder from mineral-bearing material and identify handling or quality concerns." }, { "name": "Penetration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "0.1 mm with temperature, applied load, duration and test method", "why_it_matters": "Penetration characterises consistency under a defined test and may determine grade acceptance." }, { "name": "Softening point", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "°C with test method", "why_it_matters": "A method-defined softening point supports comparison without implying a single pure-substance melting point." }, { "name": "Viscosity and rheological response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Viscosity in Pa·s, modulus in Pa and phase angle in degrees, with temperature and loading conditions", "why_it_matters": "Temperature and loading conditions govern handling and mechanical response." }, { "name": "Ageing and homogeneity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "As supplied, laboratory-aged, service-aged, recovered, separated or unresolved; evidence and conditioning history", "why_it_matters": "Current condition can differ materially from the original grade certificate." }, { "name": "Handling envelope", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Supplier instructions and measured limits linked to material form, temperature, exposure route and jurisdiction", "why_it_matters": "Permissible handling depends on the actual material and operating conditions." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a sample or supplier record as bitumen, a bitumen-containing formulation or a neighbouring material.", "Compare a batch's measured properties with a specified grade and intended use.", "Identify missing tests before accepting, blending, heating or applying the material.", "Assess evidence of ageing, contamination or separation and route questionable material for investigation.", "Check proposed handling conditions against the applicable supplier instructions and exposure controls." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "bitumen-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Bitumen identity and boundaries", "description": "Establish which material the record represents and resolve terminology that overlaps with neighbouring materials.", "rationale": "Confusing binder, asphalt mixture and coal tar would invalidate subsequent property and hazard assessments.", "layers": [ { "id": "origin-and-substance-identity", "name": "Origin and substance identity", "description": "Connect the material name to documented origin and supplier identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-bitumen-identity", "name": "Documented bitumen identity", "description": "Record evidence supporting the identification, leaving unverified identifiers unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies this material as petroleum-derived or natural bitumen rather than coal tar or another dark binder?", "kind": "definition", "id": "documented-bitumen-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Which supplier or deposit record supports its substance description and any assigned CAS or EC identifier?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-bitumen-identity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "binder-and-product-boundary", "name": "Binder and product boundary", "description": "Separate bitumen from the material systems that contain or deliver it.", "findings": [ { "id": "represented-material-form", "name": "Represented material form", "description": "Specify whether observations concern the binder, a recovered residue or a containing product.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record represent bitumen itself, mineral-bearing natural material, asphalt concrete, an emulsion or a cutback?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "represented-material-form-q01" }, { "text": "When the source uses 'asphalt', does it mean the binder or the aggregate mixture?", "kind": "definition", "id": "represented-material-form-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-modification", "name": "Composition and modification", "description": "Describe the composition evidence needed to interpret variability, additives and unwanted constituents.", "rationale": "Bitumen quality cannot be represented adequately by a single purity value or chemical formula.", "layers": [ { "id": "binder-composition", "name": "Binder composition", "description": "Record analytical composition and the limitations of method-defined fractions.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-evidence", "name": "Composition evidence", "description": "Keep measured fractions and non-binder content attached to their methods and sample basis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which compositional measurements, such as saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes fractions, are available, and by what method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What water, mineral matter or other non-binder content was measured, and was the result reported on the whole material or isolated binder?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "modifiers-and-blending", "name": "Modifiers and blending", "description": "Identify intentional changes to the binder and evidence of compatibility.", "findings": [ { "id": "declared-modification", "name": "Declared modification", "description": "Distinguish unmodified material from modified or blended binder without assuming compatibility.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which polymers, rubber, fluxing components or other additives are declared, and what is known about their proportions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "declared-modification-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports compatibility and resistance to separation for the proposed blend and storage conditions?", "kind": "action", "id": "declared-modification-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-temperature-response", "name": "Grade and temperature response", "description": "Connect grade claims to method-specific measurements across relevant temperatures and loading conditions.", "rationale": "Bitumen's suitability depends strongly on test conditions, so unqualified property values can mislead decisions.", "layers": [ { "id": "grade-verification", "name": "Grade verification", "description": "Establish the applicable specification and evidence of conformity.", "findings": [ { "id": "grade-claim-and-results", "name": "Grade claim and results", "description": "Represent grade as a claim supported by the required batch evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which penetration, viscosity, performance or application-specific grading system and edition defines the claimed grade?", "kind": "definition", "id": "grade-claim-and-results-q01" }, { "text": "Which required test results support the grade, and do their sampling and conditioning records match this batch?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "grade-claim-and-results-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-and-rheological-behaviour", "name": "Thermal and rheological behaviour", "description": "Record consistency, flow and mechanical response under stated conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioned-property-profile", "name": "Conditioned property profile", "description": "Use measured temperature-dependent behaviour rather than assuming fixed melting or boiling constants.", "questions": [ { "text": "What penetration, softening point and viscosity results are available with complete test conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-property-profile-q01" }, { "text": "What rheological or low-temperature test evidence covers the intended service temperatures and loading durations?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-property-profile-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-use-fitness", "name": "Condition and use fitness", "description": "Assess changes since production and connect present binder properties to a specified use.", "rationale": "An original grade designation alone does not establish the fitness of aged, stored or recovered bitumen.", "layers": [ { "id": "ageing-and-storage-state", "name": "Ageing and storage state", "description": "Track conditioning, thermal history and evidence that a sample represents the current material.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-binder-condition", "name": "Current binder condition", "description": "Distinguish measured changes from assumptions about ageing or storage stability.", "questions": [ { "text": "What heating, storage, laboratory-ageing or service history is documented for this material?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "current-binder-condition-q01" }, { "text": "Which measurements or sampling observations indicate hardening, contamination or separation relative to its reference condition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-binder-condition-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "binding-and-waterproofing-fitness", "name": "Binding and waterproofing fitness", "description": "Evaluate binder contributions while preserving the boundary with finished-system performance.", "findings": [ { "id": "application-specific-acceptance", "name": "Application-specific acceptance", "description": "Relate acceptance to the actual aggregate, substrate and service conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports adhesion and resistance to moisture-related loss of bonding with the intended aggregate or substrate?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "application-specific-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "Which decisions can the binder evidence support, and which require testing the finished pavement, membrane or coating system?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "application-specific-acceptance-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-regulatory-controls", "name": "Handling and regulatory controls", "description": "Tie handling decisions to the specific bitumen form, operating conditions and applicable documentation.", "rationale": "Hot material, emissions and formulated products require distinctions that a generic hazard label cannot supply.", "layers": [ { "id": "heating-and-exposure", "name": "Heating and exposure", "description": "Establish evidence for managing heated material and potential emissions.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-handling-conditions", "name": "Supported handling conditions", "description": "Record supplier limits and site evidence for heating, transfer and exposure assessment.", "questions": [ { "text": "What supplier-supported temperature limits and precautions apply to heating and transfer, including water ingress and contact with hot bitumen?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-handling-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "What assessment addresses fumes and possible hydrogen sulfide accumulation under the actual storage and handling conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-handling-conditions-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-material-routing", "name": "Classification and material routing", "description": "Connect substance and product documentation to jurisdiction-specific controls and subsequent use.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-regulatory-record", "name": "Applicable regulatory record", "description": "Keep classification, exposure requirements and recovery decisions specific to the material being assessed.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which current safety data sheet and jurisdiction establish the applicable classification, exposure limits and transport requirements for this material form?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-regulatory-record-q01" }, { "text": "What contamination evidence and local requirements determine whether recovered bitumen may be reused or must enter a waste-management route?", "kind": "action", "id": "applicable-regulatory-record-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is a recall-based description of the material sense, centered on petroleum bitumen; no sources were consulted.", "Bitumen is a variable-composition mixture with no single molecular formula, sharp melting point or unique boiling point; numerical properties require a grade and test method.", "Verify current standard editions, product-specific identifiers, hazard classifications and occupational exposure limits before regulatory or engineering use." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Paving-grade bitumen", "Oxidized or blown bitumen", "Polymer-modified bitumen", "Natural bitumen", "Cutback bitumen, formulated with a volatile diluent", "Bitumen emulsion, formulated as a dispersion in water" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "8052-42-4", "note": "Commonly assigned to asphalt or petroleum bitumen; modified, oxidized and formulated materials may have different identities." }, { "scheme": "European penetration-grade designation", "value_or_pattern": "35/50, 50/70, 70/100", "note": "The numbers specify a penetration interval in tenths of a millimetre under standardized test conditions." }, { "scheme": "AASHTO performance grade", "value_or_pattern": "PG 64-22", "note": "An example binder grade tied to high and low pavement design temperatures, not ambient air temperatures." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "CEN EN 12591 specifies paving-grade bitumens.", "CEN EN 14023 provides a specification framework for polymer-modified bitumens.", "CEN EN 13808 provides a specification framework for cationic bituminous emulsions.", "ASTM International ASTM D5/D5M specifies penetration testing of bituminous materials.", "AASHTO M 320 specifies performance-graded asphalt binders." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Binding mineral aggregates in road pavement mixtures.", "Roofing membranes and shingles.", "Waterproofing foundations and other structures.", "Protective coatings for infrastructure.", "Formulated sealants and pavement maintenance treatments." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Density of unmodified petroleum bitumen near room temperature", "typical_range": "Approximately 1000-1050", "unit": "kg/m³" }, { "quantity": "Needle penetration for common paving grades at 25 °C, with a 100 g load for 5 seconds", "typical_range": "35-100; grade-dependent", "unit": "0.1 mm" }, { "quantity": "Ring-and-ball softening point for common unmodified paving grades", "typical_range": "Approximately 40-60; grade-dependent", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Oxidative aging and loss of lighter components can increase stiffness and brittleness, contributing to cracking.", "Excessive softening at high pavement temperatures can contribute to rutting and bleeding.", "Moisture can weaken adhesion between binder and aggregate, causing stripping.", "Hot bitumen causes severe thermal burns; contact with water can cause violent foaming and splashing.", "Heating can generate hazardous fumes, and hydrogen sulfide can accumulate in some storage environments; cutback formulations also introduce solvent exposure and flammability hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "European usage generally distinguishes bitumen, the binder, from asphalt, the aggregate-containing mixture; North American usage also calls the binder asphalt or asphalt cement.", "European specifications commonly use penetration grades, while North American pavement specifications commonly use performance grades.", "In Canadian oil-sands usage, bitumen also denotes the naturally occurring, highly viscous petroleum feedstock before upgrading or refining." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Asphalt concrete", "difference": "An engineered mixture of aggregate and bituminous binder; bitumen is the binder component." }, { "name": "Coal tar", "difference": "Produced by destructive distillation of coal and chemically distinct from petroleum-derived bitumen." }, { "name": "Pitch", "difference": "A broader class of heavy residues from distillation or thermal treatment; origin and composition determine whether a pitch is bituminous." }, { "name": "Heavy crude oil", "difference": "Overlaps with natural bitumen, but petroleum classifications distinguish them using viscosity and density criteria under stated conditions." }, { "name": "Asphaltenes", "difference": "An operationally defined solubility fraction present in bitumen, not the whole material." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of bitumen this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend bitumen to include mineral-rich natural deposits, or only the bituminous constituent extracted from them?", "Which existing registry or world-model entries already own asphalt binder, modified bitumen, emulsions and cutbacks, and where should this entry link to them?", "Which authoritative substance records establish the identifiers applicable to the bitumen forms included in scope?", "Which grading standards and application families should supply the initial acceptance criteria and required test methods?", "Which jurisdiction and handling scenarios should anchor researched classification, exposure and recovery requirements?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 29 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a bitumen, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise bitumen, assess its condition and grade, and judge its suitability for a specified binding, waterproofing or protective use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: pyrobitumen, shungite, thucholite, Elaterite.", "4 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 66 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a bitumen, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "pyrobitumen", "shungite", "thucholite", "Elaterite" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 66 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 4 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one bitumen from another, and a bitumen from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a bitumen sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a bitumen from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a bitumen is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a bitumen is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a bitumen is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a bitumen is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a bitumen is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a bitumen is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a bitumen passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a bitumen between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a bitumen, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a bitumen is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a bitumen and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a bitumen is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a bitumen performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a bitumen.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a bitumen at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a bitumen there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What bitumen is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name bitumen unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of bitumen exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How bitumen behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of bitumen, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is bitumen incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How bitumen can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is bitumen classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover bitumen, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a bitumen came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a bitumen and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a bitumen is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a bitumen, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a bitumen, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a bitumen is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }