hydrogen bond
Let an agent explain hydrogen bonding and its importance, relay energies, geometry and the IUPAC definition from chemistry references, describe roles in water, biology and materials, and distinguish hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds and van der Waals forces.
Research draft, second pass
A second pass drafted this model: the structure a model of this thing needs, and what is known about it in the world. The line under this one says how the second half was obtained - researched against sources, or recalled without web access, in which case nothing here was read anywhere and every claim is a lead to verify. Unreviewed either way.
written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify
Researched by: Claude
Purpose and description
Let an agent explain hydrogen bonding and its importance, relay energies, geometry and the IUPAC definition from chemistry references, describe roles in water, biology and materials, and distinguish hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds and van der Waals forces.
An attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom such as oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine and a nearby electronegative atom or electron-rich region, stronger than most intermolecular forces but weaker than covalent bonds, responsible for the properties of water, the structure of proteins and DNA, and the behaviour of many materials, with variants such as the dihydrogen bond between a protic hydrogen and a hydridic hydrogen; hydrogen bonds are characterised by their energy, geometry and spectroscopic signatures.
What it is for: Not applicable; an interaction.
It can be explain the interaction; relay energies and geometry; describe roles; distinguish from other bonds.
Distinguishing features
Directional
Intermediate strength
Donor and acceptor
Ubiquitous in water and biology
What it looks like
Not a visible object; an interaction shown as dotted lines in structures.
Physical character
typical energy: about 4-40 kJ/mol
O-H...O distance: about 2.7-3.0 angstrom - donor to acceptor
water hydrogen bonds per molecule: up to 4 count - in ice
How it is recognised
Attraction between H on an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom
Hydrogen bonds in water, proteins and DNA; dihydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds share electrons; van der Waals forces are weaker and non-directional
Related models
is a kind of - in registry terms
is a kind of - in registry terms
determines - properties
stabilises - base pairing
In practice
Families and kinds
conventional hydrogen bonds with O, N and F
weak hydrogen bonds with C-H donors
strong and symmetric hydrogen bonds
dihydrogen bonds
intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds
Standards and regulation
IUPAC 2011 definition of the hydrogen bond
No regulation
Failure modes and hazards
Confusing hydrogen bonds with covalent bonds to hydrogen
Overstating strength
Ignoring weak and unconventional hydrogen bonds
Also called
Where this came from
wikidata · CC0 1.0
Drafted structure
Bundle to layer to finding to question, as the second pass will find it: 4 bundles · 8 layers · 8 findings · 16 questions.
Understand What a hydrogen bond is.
Science.
Definition
Definition.
Definition
Definition.
- What is a hydrogen bond, and how does the IUPAC definition describe it? definition
- Is the question about hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds to hydrogen or van der Waals forces? boundary
Kinds
Kinds.
Kinds
Kinds.
- How do conventional, weak, strong and dihydrogen bonds differ? definition
- Which entry fits the specific kind? action
Measure Properties.
Science.
Energy
Energy and geometry.
Energy
Energy.
- What energies, distances and angles characterise hydrogen bonds? measurement
- Which references are standard? provenance
Detection
Detection.
Detection
Detection.
- How are hydrogen bonds detected by spectroscopy, crystallography and computation? provenance
- Which sources are cited? provenance
Roles Roles.
Application.
Water
Water and materials.
Water
Water.
- How do hydrogen bonds explain the properties of water, ice and materials such as cellulose and nylon? provenance
- Which entry fits properties of water? action
Biology
Biology.
Biology
Biology.
- How do hydrogen bonds shape proteins, DNA and drug binding? provenance
- Which entry fits protein structure? action
Context History and research.
Context.
History
History.
History
History.
- How was the hydrogen bond concept developed by Latimer, Rodebush and Pauling? provenance
- Which entry fits the history of chemistry? action
Research
Research.
Research
Research.
- What current research explores unconventional hydrogen bonds and their role in catalysis? provenance
- Which entry fits supramolecular chemistry? action
What the second pass must settle
- Should dihydrogen bond be a separate entry?
- How should chemistry references be linked?
- How should biological roles be linked?