{ "model": { "rank": 4810, "code": "thing-q170002", "model_id": "vr.tr.maltose", "name": "maltose", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise maltose, assess the identity and condition of a particular sample, and determine its suitability for a proposed use or transformation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q170002/", "tier": 2, "score": 72, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "α-maltose", "β-maltose" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 72, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q170002", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170002", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:02:38Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 20.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087f9-d1ef-7d81-b390-0255cf8914fc\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: maltose\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.MAT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 registe", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 67.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087f9-d1f6-7510-a8a1-93286682b05a\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: maltose\nRegistry id: vr.tr.maltose\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q170002", "registryId": "vr.tr.maltose", "name": "maltose", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q170002/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.maltose", "name": "maltose", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise maltose, assess the identity and condition of a particular sample, and determine its suitability for a proposed use or transformation.", "definition": "Maltose is a reducing disaccharide composed of two D-glucose residues joined by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond, leaving one anomeric carbon free.", "scope_statement": "This model owns maltose as a chemical substance composed of two D-glucose units joined by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond, including its reducing-end anomers, hydration state, purity, physical condition and use-relevant behaviour.", "in_scope": [ "Molecular identity, glycosidic linkage and reducing-end anomeric state", "Anhydrous and hydrated forms, crystalline material and aqueous solutions", "Maltose content, water content, accompanying sugars and grade", "Hydrolysis, reducing-sugar reactions and biological utilisation", "Sample-specific handling, storage and suitability for food, analytical or biochemical use" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Malt, malt extract and maltose syrups as multicomponent products", "Starch, glucose, maltotriose and other neighbouring carbohydrates as independently modelled substances", "Industrial malting, mashing and starch-saccharification processes", "Maltase, amylases and microbial strains as independently modelled biological entities", "Human digestive disorders, dietary treatment and clinical decisions" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Contains two D-glucose residues linked α(1→4); cellobiose instead has a β(1→4) linkage.", "Differs from isomaltose by its α(1→4) linkage rather than an α(1→6) linkage.", "Has a free reducing-end anomeric centre and can mutarotate in solution; trehalose and sucrose lack an equivalent free reducing end.", "Contains two glucose residues, distinguishing it from glucose itself and the three-residue maltotriose.", "Requires identity-selective evidence: sweetness, molecular formula or a positive reducing-sugar test alone cannot establish that a sample is maltose." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Molecular composition", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "C12H22O11 for anhydrous maltose; record hydrate composition separately", "why_it_matters": "Establishes composition while preventing hydration water from being silently included in substance-based calculations." }, { "name": "Glycosidic linkage", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "α-D-glucose-(1→4)-D-glucose", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes maltose from glucose disaccharides with different linkage positions or stereochemistry." }, { "name": "Reducing-end anomeric state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "α, β, measured mixture or unspecified; include solvent, temperature and time after dissolution", "why_it_matters": "The reducing-end configuration can change in solution without changing the α configuration of the glycosidic linkage." }, { "name": "Hydration and physical form", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Anhydrous, monohydrate or otherwise characterised; crystalline solid, amorphous solid or solution", "why_it_matters": "Affects weighing, dissolution, thermal interpretation and storage behaviour." }, { "name": "Maltose assay", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass with as-received or dry-basis designation and analytical method", "why_it_matters": "Determines how much maltose is actually available and whether a sample meets its intended specification." }, { "name": "Water content", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "% by mass with method; distinguish hydration water where established", "why_it_matters": "Supports concentration correction and interpretation of moisture-related changes." }, { "name": "Related carbohydrate profile", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Glucose, maltotriose and other resolved carbohydrates in % by mass or a stated chromatographic basis", "why_it_matters": "Accompanying sugars can alter fermentation, analytical results and the interpretation of a nominal maltose material." }, { "name": "Solution concentration", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "g/L, mol/L or % by mass; specify temperature and anhydrous-equivalent basis where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Makes solution preparation and comparisons reproducible." }, { "name": "Optical rotation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Specific rotation with declared convention, wavelength, temperature, solvent, concentration and equilibration time", "why_it_matters": "Can support identity and anomeric-state assessment when measurement conditions are controlled." }, { "name": "Grade and lot provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Supplier, lot, production origin, certificate of analysis and declared grade", "why_it_matters": "Connects a sample to evidence supporting its purity and permitted application." }, { "name": "Thermal behaviour", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "°C with form, water content, method and event assignment: dehydration, melting or decomposition", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a form-dependent thermal event from being treated as a universal maltose constant." }, { "name": "Hazard and regulatory identity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Form-matched identifiers, supplier safety data, jurisdiction, classification and assessment date", "why_it_matters": "Supports handling and use decisions without assuming that food use establishes suitability for every exposure or grade." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify maltose and distinguish it from linkage isomers and mixed carbohydrate products.", "Calculate a weighed amount or solution concentration using the sample's assay and hydration basis.", "Select or reject a lot against an explicit food, analytical or biochemical specification.", "Hydrolyse maltose to glucose under documented enzymatic or chemical conditions and verify conversion.", "Assess suitability as a microbial substrate using evidence for the particular organism and conditions.", "Choose storage and processing conditions that address moisture changes, contamination and reducing-sugar reactions." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "molecular-identity", "name": "Molecular identity", "description": "Establishes which glucose disaccharide is present and which molecular variations remain within maltose.", "rationale": "Formula and reducing activity are shared with other sugars, so maltose recognition requires linkage-aware evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "residue-and-linkage-identity", "name": "Residue and linkage identity", "description": "Resolves glucose composition, stereochemistry and the α(1→4) connection.", "findings": [ { "id": "maltose-identity-evidence", "name": "Maltose identity evidence", "description": "Records evidence that distinguishes maltose from cellobiose, isomaltose, trehalose and other carbohydrate components.", "questions": [ { "text": "What analytical evidence establishes two D-glucose residues connected by an α(1→4) bond?", "kind": "definition", "id": "maltose-identity-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which plausible sugar isomers or co-eluting components does the identification method distinguish, and which remain unresolved?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "maltose-identity-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "anomers-and-identifiers", "name": "Anomers and identifiers", "description": "Separates reducing-end configuration from glycosidic configuration and matches records to the stated substance form.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-specific-identity-record", "name": "Form-specific identity record", "description": "Tracks whether a name or identifier denotes generic maltose, a specified reducing-end anomer or a hydrate.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the sample designation specify the reducing-end α or β anomer, an equilibrated solution or an unspecified mixture?", "kind": "definition", "id": "form-specific-identity-record-q01" }, { "text": "Which authoritative records support the CAS number, PubChem CID and EC number for the exact form being described?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "form-specific-identity-record-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "physical-form-and-solution-state", "name": "Physical form and solution state", "description": "Describes water association, solid form and the conditions under which solution properties are measured.", "rationale": "Hydration, dissolution and mutarotation can change measured properties and calculations without changing maltose's linkage identity.", "layers": [ { "id": "solid-form-and-water", "name": "Solid form and water", "description": "Characterises crystalline or amorphous maltose and distinguishes measured moisture from established hydrate composition.", "findings": [ { "id": "hydration-aware-material-state", "name": "Hydration-aware material state", "description": "Relates solid-form evidence and water measurements to weighing and thermal observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence identifies the material as anhydrous maltose, maltose monohydrate or another characterised physical state?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "hydration-aware-material-state-q01" }, { "text": "Do reported thermal events represent dehydration, melting or decomposition, and under what measurement conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "hydration-aware-material-state-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "aqueous-state-and-equilibration", "name": "Aqueous state and equilibration", "description": "Records concentration, dissolution conditions and changes in reducing-end anomer distribution.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioned-solution-properties", "name": "Conditioned solution properties", "description": "Makes solubility and optical measurements interpretable through explicit preparation and equilibration conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the maltose concentration, solvent composition and temperature, and is concentration expressed on an anhydrous-equivalent basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-solution-properties-q01" }, { "text": "How long after dissolution was optical rotation measured, and what evidence indicates whether mutarotation had reached equilibrium?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-solution-properties-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-grade-and-release", "name": "Composition, grade and release", "description": "Determines what a maltose-labelled lot contains and whether its evidence supports an intended application.", "rationale": "Maltose identity alone does not establish purity, distinguish a syrup from a substance sample or qualify a lot for use.", "layers": [ { "id": "assay-and-carbohydrate-impurities", "name": "Assay and carbohydrate impurities", "description": "Separates maltose-specific content from total carbohydrate or total reducing-sugar measurements.", "findings": [ { "id": "selective-maltose-quantification", "name": "Selective maltose quantification", "description": "Captures assay selectivity, reporting basis and accompanying sugars.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the reported assay quantify maltose specifically, or does it combine maltose with glucose and other reducing sugars?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "selective-maltose-quantification-q01" }, { "text": "What are the measured maltose, water, glucose and higher-saccharide contents, and how are their reporting bases reconciled?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "selective-maltose-quantification-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "lot-provenance-and-application-specification", "name": "Lot provenance and application specification", "description": "Connects production origin and certificates to concrete acceptance criteria.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-based-lot-release", "name": "Evidence-based lot release", "description": "Determines whether the particular maltose lot meets the requirements of its proposed use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which supplier records identify the lot, starch or other production feedstock, purification history and declared grade?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-based-lot-release-q01" }, { "text": "Which assay, contaminant and microbiological criteria must this lot meet before it can be used for the proposed application?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-based-lot-release-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "chemical-and-biological-transformations", "name": "Chemical and biological transformations", "description": "Describes cleavage of the maltose linkage and consequences of its free reducing end.", "rationale": "Maltose's usefulness and instability depend on specific reactions and organism-dependent utilisation.", "layers": [ { "id": "hydrolysis-and-utilisation", "name": "Hydrolysis and utilisation", "description": "Tracks conversion to glucose and distinguishes chemical availability from biological uptake and metabolism.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-maltose-conversion", "name": "Verified maltose conversion", "description": "Records the catalyst or organism, reaction conditions and evidence of maltose consumption and product formation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which enzyme or chemical conditions cleave the α(1→4) linkage, and how are residual maltose and generated glucose measured?", "kind": "action", "id": "verified-maltose-conversion-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows that the specified organism or strain can utilise maltose under the proposed culture conditions?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-maltose-conversion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reducing-end-reactivity", "name": "Reducing-end reactivity", "description": "Addresses reducing-sugar assays and reactions with amino-containing materials during processing or storage.", "findings": [ { "id": "reactivity-dependent-compatibility", "name": "Reactivity-dependent compatibility", "description": "Assesses when the reducing end is useful analytically or contributes to unwanted chemical change.", "questions": [ { "text": "Could other reducing substances account for the assay response attributed to maltose?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "reactivity-dependent-compatibility-q01" }, { "text": "Do temperature, pH, water availability and amino-containing ingredients create a relevant risk of Maillard reaction during the intended process?", "kind": "action", "id": "reactivity-dependent-compatibility-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "storage-handling-and-use-constraints", "name": "Storage, handling and use constraints", "description": "Connects maltose sample condition and form-specific documentation to practical handling decisions.", "rationale": "Dry maltose and aqueous maltose require different condition checks, and a chemical name does not establish regulatory or application suitability.", "layers": [ { "id": "condition-preservation", "name": "Condition preservation", "description": "Tracks moisture-related solid changes and the integrity of stored solutions.", "findings": [ { "id": "storage-dependent-sample-integrity", "name": "Storage-dependent sample integrity", "description": "Defines evidence for continued usability after exposure, dissolution or extended storage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Have storage humidity and packaging integrity changed water content, caking or the validity of the original assay basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "storage-dependent-sample-integrity-q01" }, { "text": "What preparation, storage and microbiological evidence supports continued use of an aqueous maltose solution?", "kind": "action", "id": "storage-dependent-sample-integrity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "documented-handling-and-permitted-use", "name": "Documented handling and permitted use", "description": "Matches hazard information and application requirements to the actual material and jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-and-use-specific-constraints", "name": "Form- and use-specific constraints", "description": "Records applicable safety documentation and separates substance identity from authorisation for a particular use.", "questions": [ { "text": "What does the current supplier safety data sheet establish about classification, powder handling and applicable exposure limits for this material?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "form-and-use-specific-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "Which jurisdiction-specific requirements and grade evidence must be satisfied before this maltose lot enters the intended food, laboratory or other application?", "kind": "action", "id": "form-and-use-specific-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This account is based on recall; no sources were consulted.", "Check anomer, hydration state, purity and dry-basis assay before assigning identifiers or comparing measured properties.", "Thermal properties, hazard classifications and jurisdiction-specific requirements are omitted because they require verification for the material and intended use." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "α-Maltose and β-maltose, distinguished by configuration at the reducing end", "Anhydrous maltose", "Maltose monohydrate" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "69-79-4", "note": "Commonly used for maltose; confirm the identifier appropriate to the specific anomer and hydration state." }, { "scheme": "Molecular formula", "value_or_pattern": "C12H22O11", "note": "Formula of anhydrous maltose; it does not distinguish maltose from other disaccharide isomers." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Fermentable sugar in brewing for yeasts capable of transporting and metabolizing maltose.", "Sweetening and carbohydrate ingredient in foods, often supplied within maltose-rich starch syrups.", "Carbon source in microbiological culture media.", "Substrate or reference material in carbohydrate and enzyme assays." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Molar mass of anhydrous maltose", "typical_range": "342.30", "unit": "g/mol" }, { "quantity": "Molar mass of maltose monohydrate", "typical_range": "360.31", "unit": "g/mol" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Its reducing end enables Maillard reactions with amino compounds, potentially causing unwanted browning and flavour changes during processing or storage.", "Hydration state and moisture content can cause concentration errors when solutions are prepared by mass without correcting the assay basis.", "Aqueous solutions can support microbial growth unless appropriately prepared and stored.", "Hydrolysis by suitable enzymes or acidic conditions changes maltose into glucose, altering composition and analytical results." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Glucose", "difference": "Glucose is a monosaccharide; complete hydrolysis of one maltose molecule yields two glucose molecules." }, { "name": "Isomaltose", "difference": "Isomaltose has an α(1→6) linkage between glucose residues rather than maltose's α(1→4) linkage." }, { "name": "Cellobiose", "difference": "Cellobiose has a β(1→4) linkage between glucose residues rather than an α(1→4) linkage." }, { "name": "Trehalose", "difference": "Trehalose joins both glucose anomeric carbons through an α,α(1↔1) linkage and is nonreducing." }, { "name": "Maltose syrup", "difference": "Maltose syrup is a mixture containing water and multiple carbohydrates; maltose names a particular chemical substance." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of maltose this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative identifiers cover generic maltose, its reducing-end anomers and maltose monohydrate, and how should those forms map to this single registry entry?", "Which reliable measurements establish form-specific solubility, optical rotation and thermal behaviour, and is any reported boiling point meaningful before decomposition?", "Which validated methods and acceptance limits best distinguish maltose from glucose, maltotriose and linkage isomers for each intended grade?", "What current jurisdiction-specific classifications, exposure limits and use requirements apply to the relevant maltose forms and commercial grades?", "What storage studies support retest periods for dry maltose and prepared solutions under explicitly defined packaging, temperature and microbiological conditions?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 27 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a maltose, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise maltose, assess the identity and condition of a particular sample, and determine its suitability for a proposed use or transformation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: α-maltose, β-maltose.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 72 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a maltose, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "α-maltose", "β-maltose" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 72 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one maltose from another, and a maltose from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a maltose sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a maltose from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a maltose is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a maltose is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a maltose is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a maltose is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a maltose is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a maltose is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a maltose passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a maltose between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a maltose, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a maltose is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a maltose and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a maltose is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a maltose performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a maltose.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a maltose at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a maltose there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What maltose is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name maltose unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of maltose exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How maltose behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of maltose, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is maltose incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How maltose can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is maltose classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover maltose, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a maltose came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a maltose and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a maltose is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a maltose, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a maltose, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a maltose is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }