{ "model": { "rank": 9287, "code": "thing-q1733207", "model_id": "vr.tr.private-international-law", "name": "private international law", "purpose": "Let an agent explain private international law, relay jurisdiction, choice of law and recognition of judgments, regional systems and Hague conventions from legal sources in general terms, describe the named systems, point people to specialist lawyers and central authorities, and distinguish private international law from public international law, comparative law, international commercial arbitration and immigration law.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1733207/", "tier": 2, "score": 48, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "private international law in Tunisia", "private international law in Switzerland", "Conflict of divorce laws", "Conflict of laws in the United States", "private international law in the European Union" ], "aliasCount": 5, "merged": 5, "knownIn": 48, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1733207", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1733207", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-14T00:01:21Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1733207", "registryId": "vr.tr.private-international-law", "name": "private international law", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1733207/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.private-international-law", "name": "private international law", "purpose": "Let an agent explain private international law, relay jurisdiction, choice of law and recognition of judgments, regional systems and Hague conventions from legal sources in general terms, describe the named systems, point people to specialist lawyers and central authorities, and distinguish private international law from public international law, comparative law, international commercial arbitration and immigration law.", "definition": "The body of law that determines which country s courts have jurisdiction over cases with foreign elements, which country s law applies, and whether foreign judgments are recognised and enforced, also called conflict of laws, as in conflict of divorce laws and conflict of laws in the United States; national and regional systems the registry aliases name include private international law in the European Union, harmonised through regulations such as Brussels I bis and Rome I and II, and in Switzerland and Tunisia, codified in national statutes, while the Hague Conference on Private International Law develops conventions on child abduction, service of documents and choice of court. People with cross-border family or commercial disputes should seek specialist legal advice.", "what_it_is_for": "Resolving cross-border private legal disputes.", "affordances": [ "explain core questions", "relay regional systems and conventions", "describe named systems", "point to legal help" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Cross-border private matters", "Three core questions", "National and regional rules", "Hague conventions" ], "appearance": "Not a physical object; seen in statutes, regulations, treaties and court decisions.", "visual_identification": [ "Law on jurisdiction, applicable law and recognition", "Private international law in Tunisia, private international law in Switzerland, conflict of divorce laws, conflict of laws in the United States, private international law in the European Union", "Public international law governs states; comparative law compares systems; arbitration is private dispute resolution; immigration law covers entry and residence" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "Hague Conference founded", "typical_range": "1893", "unit": "year", "note": "permanent from 1955" }, { "quantity": "Swiss PIL Act", "typical_range": "1987", "unit": "year", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Hague Child Abduction Convention", "typical_range": "1980", "unit": "year", "note": "" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "jurisdiction rules", "choice of law rules", "recognition and enforcement of judgments", "family and succession conflicts", "commercial conflicts" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "conflict of laws", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is developed by", "target": "Hague Conference on Private International Law", "why": "" }, { "relation": "includes", "target": "Brussels I Regulation", "why": "EU instrument" }, { "relation": "is contrasted with", "target": "public international law", "why": "" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "EU Brussels I bis, Rome I, Rome II and Brussels II ter regulations", "Hague conventions", "National PIL codes" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Giving legal advice", "Stale rules after reforms", "Missing child abduction urgency" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What private international law is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "Has a child been taken abroad without consent, in which case contact police and the national central authority for the Hague Convention urgently, and seek a specialist lawyer?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What is private international law, and how does it differ from public international law, comparative law, arbitration and immigration law?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "systems", "name": "Systems", "description": "Named systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "systems-finding", "name": "Systems", "description": "Systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do the EU, Switzerland, Tunisia and the US handle conflicts, and what are conflicts of divorce laws?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific system?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "questions", "name": "Core questions", "description": "Core questions.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "jurisdiction", "name": "Jurisdiction", "description": "Jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "jurisdiction-finding", "name": "Jurisdiction", "description": "Jurisdiction.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do courts decide jurisdiction in cross-border cases, in general terms?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "choice", "name": "Choice of law", "description": "Applicable law.", "findings": [ { "id": "choice-finding", "name": "Choice of law", "description": "Choice of law.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do connecting factors such as habitual residence determine applicable law?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instruments", "name": "Instruments", "description": "Instruments.", "rationale": "Regulation.", "layers": [ { "id": "eu", "name": "EU", "description": "EU regulations.", "findings": [ { "id": "eu-finding", "name": "EU", "description": "EU.", "questions": [ { "text": "What do Brussels I bis and Rome I and II cover?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Rome I Regulation?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "hague", "name": "Hague", "description": "Hague conventions.", "findings": [ { "id": "hague-finding", "name": "Hague", "description": "Hague.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which Hague conventions address child abduction, choice of court and judgments?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "Debates.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "public_policy", "name": "Public policy", "description": "Public policy exception.", "findings": [ { "id": "public_policy-finding", "name": "Public policy", "description": "Public policy.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the public policy exception limit foreign law, with debates attributed?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the presentation neutral and attributed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "current", "name": "Current rules", "description": "Reforms.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-finding", "name": "Current rules", "description": "Current rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "What recent reforms apply, checked against current sources?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Is the information current?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should national PIL systems be separate entries?", "How should Hague conventions be linked and kept current?", "Should conflict of divorce laws be moved to family law entries?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a private international law, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain private international law, relay jurisdiction, choice of law and recognition of judgments, regional systems and Hague conventions from legal sources in general terms, describe the named systems, point people to specialist lawyers and central authorities, and distinguish private international law from public international law, comparative law, international commercial arbitration and immigration law.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: private international law in Tunisia, private international law in Switzerland, Conflict of divorce laws, Conflict of laws in the United States, private international law in the European Union.", "5 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a private international law, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "private international law in Tunisia", "private international law in Switzerland", "Conflict of divorce laws", "Conflict of laws in the United States", "private international law in the European Union" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 5 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one private international law from another, and a private international law from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a private international law sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a private international law from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a private international law passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a private international law between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a private international law, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a private international law is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What private international law is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of private international law are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is private international law operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of private international law and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of private international law?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as private international law?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a private international law came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a private international law and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a private international law is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a private international law, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a private international law, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a private international law is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }