{ "model": { "rank": 2335, "code": "thing-q173817", "model_id": "vr.tr.radius", "name": "radius", "purpose": "Let an agent explain and compute radii in geometry and applications, distinguish specialised radii, and separate the anatomical sense.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q173817/", "tier": 2, "score": 109, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "radius of curvature", "Schwarzschild radius", "minimum bend radius", "pipe radius", "shaft radius", "inner annulus radius", "outer annulus radius", "radial coordinate", "gyroradius", "effective radius", "mean radius", "Potato radius", "outer radius", "inner radius", "minimum railway curve radius", "particle horizon", "turning radius", "hydrodynamic radius", "Molière radius", "nuclear radius", "circumradius", "inradius", "hydraulic radius", "ship's turning circle", "atomic radius", "blast radius", "Einstein radius", "Jeans length", "scrub radius", "exradius", "van der Waals radius", "covalent radius", "ionic radius" ], "aliasCount": 33, "merged": 34, "knownIn": 109, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.radius", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q173817", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173817", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T20:58:16Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q173817", "registryId": "vr.tr.radius", "name": "radius", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q173817/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.radius", "name": "radius", "purpose": "Let an agent explain and compute radii in geometry and applications, distinguish specialised radii, and separate the anatomical sense.", "definition": "A line segment from the centre of a circle or sphere to its boundary, and the length of that segment, half the diameter, extended to related measures such as the radius of curvature of a curve, the radius of a pipe or shaft, and specialised radii such as the Schwarzschild radius and minimum bend radius; the radius is fundamental to geometry, engineering and physics, and is also the name of a forearm bone.", "what_it_is_for": "Geometry, engineering and physics.", "affordances": [ "compute radii from other measurements", "explain radius of curvature and specialised radii", "apply radius in engineering specifications", "separate the anatomical sense" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Centre-to-boundary length", "Defines circles and spheres", "Many specialised forms", "Homonym with the bone" ], "appearance": "Not physical; a length in diagrams and specifications.", "visual_identification": [ "Centre to boundary", "Half the diameter", "The radius bone is a separate anatomical sense" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "radius of circles and spheres", "radius of curvature", "engineering radii such as pipe, shaft and bend radii", "physical radii such as the Schwarzschild radius", "atomic and ionic radii" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "line segment", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "length", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "triangle", "why": "circumradius and inradius" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "Reissner-Nordstrom black hole", "why": "horizon radii" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "ISO 80000-2 and 80000-3 notation", "Engineering standards for bend radii and fillets" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing radius and diameter", "Ignoring minimum bend radius in cables and pipes", "Confusing senses" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "compute", "name": "Compute", "description": "Finding the radius.", "rationale": "From other measures.", "layers": [ { "id": "circle", "name": "Circle", "description": "Circles and spheres.", "findings": [ { "id": "circle-finding", "name": "Circle", "description": "Circles.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the radius given the diameter, circumference, area or volume?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How does the radius enter these formulas?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "curvature", "name": "Curvature", "description": "Radius of curvature.", "findings": [ { "id": "curvature-finding", "name": "Curvature", "description": "Curvature.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the radius of curvature of this curve or surface at this point?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How does it relate to curvature?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "apply", "name": "Apply", "description": "Engineering radii.", "rationale": "Specifications.", "layers": [ { "id": "bend", "name": "Bend", "description": "Minimum bend radius.", "findings": [ { "id": "bend-finding", "name": "Bend", "description": "Bend radius.", "questions": [ { "text": "What minimum bend radius applies to this cable, pipe or sheet, according to the standard?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What happens if it is exceeded?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "parts", "name": "Parts", "description": "Radii on parts.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-finding", "name": "Parts", "description": "Parts.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are radii specified on drawings for shafts, fillets and pipes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which tolerances apply?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "physics", "name": "Physics", "description": "Physical radii.", "rationale": "Specialised radii.", "layers": [ { "id": "schwarzschild", "name": "Schwarzschild", "description": "Schwarzschild radius.", "findings": [ { "id": "schwarzschild-finding", "name": "Schwarzschild", "description": "Schwarzschild radius.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the Schwarzschild radius, and what is it for this mass?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What does it mean physically?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "atomic", "name": "Atomic", "description": "Atomic and ionic radii.", "findings": [ { "id": "atomic-finding", "name": "Atomic", "description": "Atomic radii.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are atomic and ionic radii defined and measured?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How do they vary across the periodic table?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "senses", "name": "Senses", "description": "Disambiguation.", "rationale": "Radius has other senses.", "layers": [ { "id": "bone", "name": "Bone", "description": "The radius bone.", "findings": [ { "id": "bone-finding", "name": "Bone", "description": "Anatomical sense.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the forearm bone meant?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Which entry fits?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can radius and diameter be taught without confusion?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should radius of curvature be a separate entry?", "How should engineering standards be linked?", "How should the anatomical sense be split?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a radius, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain and compute radii in geometry and applications, distinguish specialised radii, and separate the anatomical sense.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: radius of curvature, Schwarzschild radius, minimum bend radius, pipe radius, shaft radius, inner annulus radius, outer annulus radius, radial coordinate, gyroradius, effective radius, mean radius, Potato radius.", "34 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 109 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a radius, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "radius of curvature", "Schwarzschild radius", "minimum bend radius", "pipe radius", "shaft radius", "inner annulus radius", "outer annulus radius", "radial coordinate", "gyroradius", "effective radius", "mean radius", "Potato radius" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 109 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 34 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one radius from another, and a radius from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a radius sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a radius from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a radius passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a radius between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a radius, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a radius is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What radius is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of radius are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is radius operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of radius and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of radius?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as radius?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a radius came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a radius and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a radius is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a radius, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a radius, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a radius is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }