{ "model": { "rank": 6278, "code": "thing-q178026", "model_id": "vr.tr.fullerene", "name": "fullerene", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a fullerene, assess its cage identity and material state, and select evidence-supported characterisation, handling or transformation actions.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q178026/", "tier": 2, "score": 61, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "polyfullerene", "buckminsterfullerene", "nano-onion", "fullerene C20", "Lower fullerenes", "heterofullerene", "C70 fullerene", "Higher fullerenes", "fullerene whiskers", "Azafullerene" ], "aliasCount": 10, "merged": 10, "knownIn": 61, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q178026", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178026", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T13:33:56Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.04246482, "turns": 2, "seconds": 158.2, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 91.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c10-ed22-7243-a06d-02a5b55dad8d\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: fullerene\nRegistry id: vr.tr.fullerene\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.MAT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\nA Ver" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q178026", "registryId": "vr.tr.fullerene", "name": "fullerene", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.MAT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q178026/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.fullerene", "name": "fullerene", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a fullerene, assess its cage identity and material state, and select evidence-supported characterisation, handling or transformation actions.", "definition": "A fullerene is a molecular carbon allotrope whose atoms form a polyhedral closed cage of n three-coordinate carbons with twelve pentagonal faces and (n/2 − 10) hexagonal faces (n ≥ 20), of which the isolated-pentagon (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene cage is the parent member.", "scope_statement": "For vr.tr.fullerene in PHY / PHY.MAT, this model owns the identity, integrity, chemical state and experimentally relevant presentation of a discrete fullerene cage, together with fullerene-specific observations about samples containing it; inclusion of modified cages is provisional pending registry boundary research.", "in_scope": [ "Carbon cage size, connectivity, isomer assignment and evidence of closure", "Cage integrity, charge state and relationships to attached groups or encapsulated species", "Fullerene composition, purity and unresolved cage mixtures within a sample", "Molecular, aggregated and crystalline presentation under recorded conditions", "Evidence and prerequisites for separation, characterisation, storage and cage transformation" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Graphene sheets, graphite and extended carbon nanotube structures", "Carbon black, soot and amorphous carbon as whole materials", "Bulk solvents, dispersants and formulation recipes beyond their effects on the fullerene", "Complete devices, composites and coatings incorporating fullerenes", "Synthesis equipment and manufacturing process control", "Organism-level toxicity, clinical efficacy and environmental risk assessments" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require evidence for a discrete closed cage; a curved carbon surface or hollow particle image alone does not distinguish a fullerene from a nanotube, carbon onion or soot particle.", "Distinguish cage atom count from cage connectivity: an assigned C60 composition alone does not establish a particular structural isomer.", "Distinguish an individual molecular cage from an aggregate containing many cages; hydrodynamic particle diameter must not be recorded as molecular cage diameter.", "Distinguish atoms enclosed within the cage from external substituents, adsorbed species and material trapped between cages.", "Distinguish a fullerene constituent from its host material: detecting a fullerene does not establish that the entire soot, powder or composite is fullerene." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Cage composition", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Cage formula and atom count; distinguish cage atoms from guests and substituents", "why_it_matters": "Separates cage families and prevents total molecular composition from being mistaken for cage size." }, { "name": "Cage connectivity assignment", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Structural identifier, connectivity representation, assigned symmetry or unresolved isomer set", "why_it_matters": "Different connectivities must remain distinguishable even when their formulas match." }, { "name": "Cage integrity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Closed and intact; opened; fragmented; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether recognition as an intact fullerene remains justified." }, { "name": "Cage modification", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Attached group identities, counts and sites; parent cage; inter-cage bonds", "why_it_matters": "Prevents properties measured for one derivative from being assigned to its parent or another derivative." }, { "name": "Encapsulated species", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Guest identity, occupancy and evidence for internal location; absent or unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates endohedral assignment from adsorption or contamination." }, { "name": "Charge state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Signed integer charge in elementary-charge units, counterions and observation conditions", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes the sample's chemical state from ions produced during analysis." }, { "name": "Fullerene composition and purity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass fraction or mole fraction with denominator, method, uncertainty and detection limits", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about isolation and use without equating chromatographic peak area with absolute purity." }, { "name": "Physical presentation", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Isolated molecule; molecular solution; dispersion; aggregate; molecular crystal; film; host-bound constituent", "why_it_matters": "Determines which measurements and operations describe the actual material." }, { "name": "Aggregate size distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "nm, with method, weighting basis, medium, concentration and measurement time", "why_it_matters": "Supports dispersion assessment while keeping aggregate size separate from cage dimensions." }, { "name": "Condition-specific response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Spectral positions in nm or cm−1; redox potentials in V versus a named reference; relevant medium and temperature", "why_it_matters": "Allows identity and functional comparisons only between measurements with compatible conditions." } ], "affordances": [ "Assign a cage family or retain an explicit set of candidate isomers using complementary analytical evidence.", "Select separation and purity checks for a fullerene mixture, then verify the recovered fraction.", "Prepare or exchange a molecular solution or dispersion while checking cage identity and aggregation.", "Compare optical or electrochemical responses under matched conditions before selecting a fullerene for a specified role.", "Evaluate a proposed functionalisation or charge-state change against cage-specific evidence and verify the resulting species.", "Choose storage and reassessment conditions from observed cage and dispersion stability." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "iupac-fu-2002", "title": "Nomenclature for the C60-Ih and C70-D5h(6) Fullerenes (IUPAC Recommendations 2002; Queen Mary University of London HTML edition of Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 629-695)", "url": "https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/fullerene", "what_it_supports": "IUPAC definition of the closed-cage allotrope, the broadened cage definition, systematic names, and the fullerane/fulleroid distinction.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iupac-fu-defs", "title": "Fu-0 to Fu-3 definitions and names (IUPAC fullerene nomenclature, Queen Mary University of London)", "url": "https://iupac.qmul.ac.uk/fullerene/Fu01t03.html", "what_it_supports": "Classical twelve-pentagon definition, the n > 20 three-coordinate-carbon broadening, and recommended names (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene and (C70-D5h(6))[5,6]fullerene.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wiki-c60", "title": "Buckminsterfullerene (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene", "what_it_supports": "C60 identifiers (CAS, ChEBI, PubChem, UNII, CompTox, ChemSpider, ECHA), truncated-icosahedron geometry, solubility colour, endohedral guests, and light-exposed-solution hazard notes.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wiki-fullerene", "title": "Fullerene (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene", "what_it_supports": "IUPAC cage formula with 12 pentagons, informal buckyball usage, occurrence in sooty flames and lightning, and that nanotubes are treated as a later, separate carbon nanoform.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "sccs-2023", "title": "Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety opinion on fullerenes and hydroxylated fullerenes (European Commission, SCCS/o/271 PDF)", "url": "https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-11/sccs_o_271.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Cosmetic use, CAS/EC numbers, C60 and C70 molecular sizes, and the unresolved genotoxicity/safety conclusion for cosmetic nanomaterials.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "oecd-c60-2016", "title": "Fullerenes (C60): Summary of the Dossier (OECD, ENV/JM/MONO(2016)21)", "url": "https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2016/07/fullerenes-c60-summary-of-the-dossier_6aa885ad/833ba7b1-en.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Manufactured-nanomaterial identity, commercial purity, agglomerate size, BET surface area, zeta potential, pour density, and low acute aquatic toxicity in the tested preparation.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pubchem-c70", "title": "Fullerene-C70 compound record (PubChem, NCBI)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Fullerene-C70", "what_it_supports": "C70 CAS/homopolymer identifiers, ECHA C&L eye-irritation and STOT SE 3 classifications, and Wikidata Q3885009.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "medpracy-2016", "title": "Fullerenes: Characteristics of the substance, biological effects and occupational exposure levels (Medycyna Pracy)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00352", "what_it_supports": "Occupational airborne levels, agglomeration, low oral/respiratory absorption, transient lung inflammation, mild eye irritation, and claimed uses in diagnostics, medicine, electronics and energy.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "kona-2018", "title": "Risk assessment of carbonaceous nanomaterials and elemental-carbon analysis for inhalation exposure (KONA Powder and Particle Journal / J-STAGE)", "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kona/35/0/35_2018013/_pdf", "what_it_supports": "That well-dispersed C60 is less hazardous than carbon nanotubes, transient pulmonary inflammation, and the Japanese NEDO-project occupational exposure value of 0.39 mg/m³.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "zhwiki-fullerene", "title": "富勒烯 (Chinese Wikipedia)", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF", "what_it_supports": "Sinophone naming (mainland 富勒烯, Taiwan 球碳, Hong Kong 布克碳) and the older practice of listing carbon nanotubes inside the fullerene family.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "cage-recognition", "name": "Cage recognition", "description": "Establish what cage is present and how specifically it can be named.", "rationale": "A fullerene label must distinguish molecular cage identity from generic carbon composition or particle shape.", "layers": [ { "id": "cage-composition", "name": "Cage composition", "description": "Separate the cage formula from the composition of the complete analysed species.", "findings": [ { "id": "cage-atom-assignment", "name": "Cage atom assignment", "description": "Record the proposed cage atom count and competing explanations for the observed molecular signal.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which atoms belong to the cage, and which belong to guests, substituents, counterions or analytical adducts?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cage-atom-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "What mass, isotope-pattern or complementary evidence supports the cage formula rather than a fragment or cluster assignment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "cage-atom-assignment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "closure-and-connectivity", "name": "Closure and connectivity", "description": "Assess cage closure and resolve structural isomers only as far as evidence permits.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-cage-structure", "name": "Supported cage structure", "description": "Keep experimentally supported connectivity separate from a plausible structural drawing.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes a discrete closed cage rather than an open carbon fragment or extended structure?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supported-cage-structure-q01" }, { "text": "Which connectivity or symmetry assignment is supported by diffraction, spectroscopy or comparison with an identified reference, and which alternatives remain?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-cage-structure-q02" }, { "text": "Is the structural assignment measured for this material, inherited from a supplier or inferred computationally?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "supported-cage-structure-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "cage-chemistry", "name": "Cage chemistry", "description": "Describe what is attached to, enclosed by or electronically associated with the cage.", "rationale": "The parent cage name alone cannot identify a modified or charged fullerene species.", "layers": [ { "id": "attachments-and-guests", "name": "Attachments and guests", "description": "Separate external functionalisation, internal occupancy and noncovalent association.", "findings": [ { "id": "modification-assignment", "name": "Modification assignment", "description": "Record group count and positional uncertainty independently; NIST describes mass-spectrometric quantification of groups attached to fullerene cages. [NIST](https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/macromolecule-and-nanoparticle-composition-and-architecture)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which attached groups and addition counts are established, and are their attachment positions resolved?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "modification-assignment-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence places a proposed guest inside the cage rather than on its exterior or between neighbouring cages?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "modification-assignment-q02" }, { "text": "Which parent cage does this modified species derive from, and does the registry treat it as within this entry?", "kind": "definition", "id": "modification-assignment-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "charge-and-integrity", "name": "Charge and integrity", "description": "Track electronic state and structural changes that affect continuing identity.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-cage-state", "name": "Current cage state", "description": "Describe the material before analysis separately from changes introduced by measurement or treatment.", "questions": [ { "text": "What charge state and counterions are supported under the recorded sample conditions rather than solely in the mass spectrometer?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-cage-state-q01" }, { "text": "Has treatment opened, fragmented or covalently linked cages, and what evidence establishes the remaining cage integrity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "current-cage-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fullerene-sample-state", "name": "Fullerene sample state", "description": "Connect identified cages to the composition and physical presentation of an actual sample.", "rationale": "A molecular assignment does not establish sample purity, molecular dissolution or aggregate state.", "layers": [ { "id": "cage-mixture-and-residues", "name": "Cage mixture and residues", "description": "Identify fullerene fractions and non-fullerene material affecting interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantified-fullerene-fraction", "name": "Quantified fullerene fraction", "description": "Record the abundance of assigned species with an explicit analytical basis.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cage sizes, isomers and derivatives are resolved, and what fraction remains unidentified or co-eluting?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "quantified-fullerene-fraction-q01" }, { "text": "Does the reported purity represent calibrated mass or mole fraction, chromatographic area, or another basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "quantified-fullerene-fraction-q02" }, { "text": "Which extraction, purification and solvent-removal steps could account for residual solvent, other carbon material or metal contamination?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "quantified-fullerene-fraction-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "molecules-and-assemblies", "name": "Molecules and assemblies", "description": "Distinguish molecular cages from particles and ordered solids formed from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "observed-assembly-state", "name": "Observed assembly state", "description": "Record aggregation or solid-state organisation without changing the underlying molecular identity by assumption.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence distinguishes molecular dissolution from a colloidal dispersion or suspended crystallites?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-assembly-state-q01" }, { "text": "What aggregate distribution or crystal-phase assignment is observed, under which medium, concentration, temperature and ageing conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-assembly-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-dependent-behaviour", "name": "Condition-dependent behaviour", "description": "Connect observable fullerene responses and changes to the conditions producing them.", "rationale": "Recognition and use require separating intrinsic cage assignment from responses specific to charge, medium and assembly state.", "layers": [ { "id": "spectral-and-redox-response", "name": "Spectral and redox response", "description": "Capture comparable optical, vibrational and electrochemical evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "response-attribution", "name": "Response attribution", "description": "Associate measured features with a stated species and sample state, preserving competing assignments.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which spectral features support this cage assignment, and what reference, medium and instrument conditions make the comparison valid?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "response-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Which redox transitions are observed, against what reference electrode, and with what evidence of reversibility or chemical change?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "response-attribution-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "persistence-under-exposure", "name": "Persistence under exposure", "description": "Determine whether the cage and its presentation persist through relevant conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "observed-change-window", "name": "Observed change window", "description": "Record demonstrated stability intervals and distinguish cage chemistry from physical redistribution.", "questions": [ { "text": "Over what tested time, temperature, atmosphere and illumination range does the identified species remain unchanged within detection limits?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "observed-change-window-q01" }, { "text": "Does signal loss indicate chemical transformation, precipitation, aggregation or adsorption to the container?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "observed-change-window-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "fullerene-action-selection", "name": "Fullerene action selection", "description": "Translate cage identity and sample evidence into justified next operations.", "rationale": "An agent must know which operations are supported for this fullerene and what observations would establish success.", "layers": [ { "id": "separation-and-presentation", "name": "Separation and presentation", "description": "Choose operations that deliver the required species and physical state.", "findings": [ { "id": "preparation-fit", "name": "Preparation fit", "description": "Relate purification, solvent exchange and dispersion preparation to explicit acceptance criteria.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which separation or preparation method is supported for this cage and modification state, and what purity or dispersion target must it meet?", "kind": "action", "id": "preparation-fit-q01" }, { "text": "Which post-operation measurements will verify cage retention, recovered composition and the intended molecular or aggregate state?", "kind": "action", "id": "preparation-fit-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transformation-and-use", "name": "Transformation and use", "description": "Evaluate cage-changing operations and condition-specific suitability for a requested role.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-operation", "name": "Supported operation", "description": "Require evidence matching the identified species and distinguish a proposed outcome from a demonstrated one.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence supports the proposed functionalisation, charging or irradiation conditions for this cage, including likely product mixtures?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-operation-q01" }, { "text": "What result would establish suitability for the requested role, and which unverified assumptions currently prevent that decision?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-operation-q02" }, { "text": "Which observed changes require reassessment before further use or after storage?", "kind": "action", "id": "supported-operation-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "(C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene (buckminsterfullerene, buckyball)", "(C70-D5h(6))[5,6]fullerene", "Higher empty cages and their IPR isomers (C76, C78, C84 and related)", "Endohedral fullerenes and metallofullerenes (M@Cn, noble-gas or small-molecule guests)", "Heterofullerenes and fulleroids (opened, inserted, or hetero-substituted cages)", "Exohedral adducts and hydroxylated/hydrated fullerenes (fullerenols)", "Hydrogenated fullerenes (fulleranes)", "As-produced fullerene soot and mixed higher-fullerene fractions" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "IUPAC systematic name", "value_or_pattern": "(Cn-)[5,6]fullerene", "note": "Parent examples: (C60-Ih)[5,6]fullerene and (C70-D5h(6))[5,6]fullerene; bracketed ring sizes are required when rings other than 5 and 6 occur." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "99685-96-8", "note": "[5,6]Fullerene-C60-Ih / buckminsterfullerene." }, { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "115383-22-7", "note": "Fullerene C70." }, { "scheme": "EC number", "value_or_pattern": "628-630-7", "note": "Fullerene C60, as cited by SCCS." }, { "scheme": "PubChem CID", "value_or_pattern": "123591", "note": "C60; C70 is CID 16131935." }, { "scheme": "ChEBI", "value_or_pattern": "CHEBI:33128", "note": "C60 fullerene." }, { "scheme": "MeSH", "value_or_pattern": "D037741", "note": "Class heading Fullerenes (polyhedral carbon cages, typically ~60-80 carbons)." }, { "scheme": "UNII", "value_or_pattern": "NP9U26B839", "note": "C60." }, { "scheme": "EPA CompTox", "value_or_pattern": "DTXSID4031772", "note": "C60." }, { "scheme": "ChemSpider", "value_or_pattern": "110185", "note": "C60." }, { "scheme": "ECHA InfoCard", "value_or_pattern": "100.156.884", "note": "C60." }, { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q3885009", "note": "C70 fullerene; the class item for fullerene was not confirmed in the pages read." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IUPAC: Nomenclature for the (C60-Ih)[5,6] and (C70-D5h(6))[5,6] fullerenes (Pure Appl. Chem. 74, 629-695, 2002).", "IUPAC: Numbering of Fullerenes (Pure Appl. Chem. 77, 843-923, 2005), covering cages from C20 to C120.", "EU CLP (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008): C60 typically classified Eye Irrit. 2 (H319) and STOT SE 3 (H335).", "EU SCCS: cannot conclude on the safety of fullerenes and (hydrated) hydroxylated fullerenes in cosmetics; genotoxicity of C60 and C70 cannot be excluded.", "OECD WPMN manufactured-nanomaterial dossier Fullerenes (C60), ENV/JM/MONO(2016)21.", "JIS Z 8981:2010 (Japanese Industrial Standards): HPLC quantification of [60]fullerene and [70]fullerene.", "US TSCA inventory listing for [5,6]Fullerene-C60-Ih (CAS 99685-96-8).", "Japan NEDO nanomaterial risk-assessment project: recommended occupational exposure value 0.39 mg/m³ for fullerenes (project recommendation, not a statute)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Produced by graphite arc discharge or combustion soot and sold as black crystalline research solids that dissolve in hydrocarbon solvents (C60 solutions are purple).", "Notified as a cosmetic nanomaterial (pristine C60 and hydroxylated/hydrated forms, e.g. 'Radical Sponge' type products); EU SCCS still cannot conclude safety.", "Used in electronics and energy materials and in experimental diagnostics and medicine, though few bulk industrial applications of unmodified C60 are established.", "Occupationally encountered as dry powder during production, weighing, transfer and ultrasonic dispersion; airborne mass is usually agglomerated rather than free 0.7 nm cages.", "Occurs in trace amounts in sooty flames and lightning discharges, and is the carbon allotrope that is soluble in ordinary organic solvents at room temperature." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "C60 cage diameter", "typical_range": "about 0.7", "unit": "nm" }, { "quantity": "C70 cage axes", "typical_range": "about 0.8 × 0.7", "unit": "nm" }, { "quantity": "Carbon atoms in the cage (n)", "typical_range": "≥ 20, even; common isolated cages 60 and 70", "unit": "atoms" }, { "quantity": "Agglomerate / crystallite mass-median diameter (commercial C60 powder)", "typical_range": "20-30", "unit": "nm" }, { "quantity": "Specific surface area (BET, ISO 9277, Nanom Purple)", "typical_range": "0.87", "unit": "m²/g" }, { "quantity": "Zeta potential (aqueous dispersion used in mammalian tests)", "typical_range": "about −20", "unit": "mV" }, { "quantity": "Pour density", "typical_range": "0.838", "unit": "g/cm³" }, { "quantity": "Occupational airborne nanoparticle-fraction mass", "typical_range": "0.12-1.2", "unit": "μg/m³" }, { "quantity": "Proposed Japanese occupational exposure value (NEDO)", "typical_range": "0.39", "unit": "mg/m³" }, { "quantity": "Commercial C60 purity", "typical_range": ">99 to >99.8", "unit": "% w/w" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "CLP hazards for typical C60 powder: serious eye irritation (H319) and respiratory-tract irritation (H335).", "C60 solutions that have been exposed to light have been associated with tumour risk if ingested; light-protected handling is required for any ingestible formulation.", "SCCS cannot exclude genotoxicity of C60 and C70, so cosmetic nanomaterial safety remains unresolved.", "Inhaled well-dispersed C60 causes only slight, transient pulmonary inflammation in rodents and is much less fibrogenic than carbon nanotubes, but agglomeration changes the relevant dose metric.", "Pristine C60 is poorly absorbed by oral, respiratory and dermal routes; intravenous or intraperitoneal administration can load liver, spleen and kidney and has harmed mouse fetuses in those unnatural routes.", "Fullerene soot and hydroxylated derivatives are not toxicologically interchangeable with empty C60; surface chemistry and guest atoms can dominate hazard.", "Confusing fullerenes with carbon nanotubes overstates asbestos-like fibre risk: IARC/NIOSH fibre concerns attach to high-aspect-ratio tubes, not to closed ~1 nm cages." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Sinophone names diverge: mainland China 富勒烯, Taiwan 球碳, Hong Kong 布克碳; informal 足球烯 / 巴克球 also occur, and written forms include [60]富勒烯, 碳60 and C60.", "Japan has a dedicated HPLC standard (JIS Z 8981:2010) and a NEDO-project OEL of 0.39 mg/m³ that other regions have not adopted as a statutory limit.", "The EU treats cosmetic fullerenes as notifiable nanomaterials under CLP/SCCS review; the United States lists C60 on TSCA without a NIOSH REL specific to fullerenes (NIOSH RELs cited in the same literature are for CNTs/CNFs).", "Older and some popular Chinese sources still list carbon nanotubes as a kind of fullerene; current IUPAC and materials practice restrict fullerene to closed cages and treat tubes as a separate nanoform." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Carbon nanotube (SWCNT/MWCNT)", "difference": "A nanotube is a high-aspect-ratio cylinder; a fullerene is a closed 0-D polyhedral cage. Separate them by morphology (TEM/SEM aspect ratio) and by the much higher pulmonary/fibre hazard of some MWCNTs (NIOSH REL 1 µg/m³; IARC 2B for Mitsui-7) versus low C60 lung toxicity." }, { "name": "Graphene", "difference": "Graphene is an open 2-D hexagonal sheet; a classical fullerene needs twelve pentagons to close. Separate by dimensionality and by the presence of pentagons / a discrete Cn molecular ion in mass spectrometry." }, { "name": "Soot / carbon black", "difference": "Soot is a mixed amorphous/graphitic solid; molecular C60/C70 are HPLC-isolable cages (JIS Z 8981:2010) and, unlike other carbon allotropes, dissolve in ordinary organic solvents." }, { "name": "Graphite", "difference": "Graphite is an extended stacked sp² solid of hexagons only; fullerenes are discrete, solvent-soluble cages whose curvature comes from pentagons." }, { "name": "Fulleroid / heterofullerene / secofullerene", "difference": "These resemble the cage but fail the IUPAC closed-cage, all-carbon, three-coordinate definition (opened bonds, inserted atoms, or heteroatoms). Separate by molecular formula and by whether the cage remains a closed Cn polyhedron." }, { "name": "Onion-like carbon", "difference": "Concentric multi-shell nanoparticles versus a single molecular cage; TEM shows nested shells, whereas C60/C70 give discrete molecular masses and HPLC peaks." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of fullerene this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the registry intend fullerene to include endohedral species, covalent derivatives, heterofullerenes and cage-linked polymers, or should these be related through neighbouring entries?", "Which authoritative structural convention should govern unusual cages, including nonstandard ring patterns and the boundary with short capped nanotubes?", "What minimum combination of analytical evidence is sufficient for cage-family recognition versus a specific isomer assignment in each intended workflow?", "Which methods and reference materials can quantify mixed fullerene samples without uncorrected differences in extraction recovery, detector response or ionisation efficiency?", "Which fullerene-specific storage, transformation and use limits are supported for the actual cage, modification and presentation, rather than extrapolated from another fullerene?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 32 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a fullerene, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a fullerene, assess its cage identity and material state, and select evidence-supported characterisation, handling or transformation actions.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: polyfullerene, buckminsterfullerene, nano-onion, fullerene C20, Lower fullerenes, heterofullerene, C70 fullerene, Higher fullerenes, fullerene whiskers, Azafullerene.", "10 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a fullerene, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "polyfullerene", "buckminsterfullerene", "nano-onion", "fullerene C20", "Lower fullerenes", "heterofullerene", "C70 fullerene", "Higher fullerenes", "fullerene whiskers", "Azafullerene" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 61 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 10 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one fullerene from another, and a fullerene from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a fullerene sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a fullerene from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a fullerene is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a fullerene is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a fullerene is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a fullerene is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a fullerene is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a fullerene is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a fullerene passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a fullerene between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a fullerene, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a fullerene is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a fullerene and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a fullerene is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a fullerene performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a fullerene.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a fullerene at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a fullerene there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What fullerene is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name fullerene unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of fullerene exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How fullerene behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of fullerene, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is fullerene incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How fullerene can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is fullerene classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover fullerene, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a fullerene came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a fullerene and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a fullerene is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a fullerene, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a fullerene, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a fullerene is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }