{ "model": { "rank": 4934, "code": "thing-q178185", "model_id": "vr.tr.heat-engine", "name": "heat engine", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a heat engine, assess its thermal and mechanical state, and determine which operating actions its configuration and limits permit.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q178185/", "tier": 2, "score": 71, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Ariabox", "drinking bird", "heat pump", "vacuum engine", "hot air engine", "aeolipile", "combustion engine", "heat pump for heating", "seawater-source heat pump", "geothermal heat pump", "chiller", "air source heat pump", "water source heat pump", "thermal copper pillar bump", "gas combustion engine", "TSI", "motorcycle engine", "refrigerated cabinet", "Selbstkühlendes Bierfass", "adsorption refrigerator", "vapor-compression refrigeration", "Ecodan", "Piaggio LEADER", "Piaggio QUASAR" ], "aliasCount": 24, "merged": 24, "knownIn": 71, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q178185", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178185", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:18:33Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 19.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08808-6db7-7071-a557-c0df70856a80\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: heat engine\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 reg", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08808-6db6-7751-a4cd-2145da429b22\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: heat engine\nRegistry id: vr.tr.heat-engine\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q178185", "registryId": "vr.tr.heat-engine", "name": "heat engine", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q178185/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.heat-engine", "name": "heat engine", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a heat engine, assess its thermal and mechanical state, and determine which operating actions its configuration and limits permit.", "definition": "A heat engine is a device that produces net work by taking in heat at a higher temperature and rejecting part of it at a lower temperature, using a working substance in a cyclic process or a steady-flow process represented by a thermodynamic cycle.", "scope_statement": "This model owns heat engine as a kind of physical machine that converts part of an energy input supplied through thermal processes into mechanical work, including cyclic and continuous-flow implementations; it provides the distinctions needed to describe designs and assess instances without treating a product model or individual unit as a separate kind.", "in_scope": [ "Heat-to-work conversion principle, working medium and thermodynamic process", "Energy and mass boundaries, thermal input, work output and heat rejection", "Expansion machinery, heat-transfer components and output coupling", "Operating envelope, controls, startup, load changes and shutdown", "Efficiency, losses, degradation, maintenance and protective functions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Electric motors and other machines whose primary conversion is not thermal energy to work", "Refrigerators and heat pumps operated primarily to move heat using work input", "Boilers, combustors and heat exchangers considered independently of an engine", "Generators, vehicles and industrial plants that incorporate a heat engine", "Fuel production, distribution and storage infrastructure", "Product catalogues and individual asset histories as standalone models" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its intended output includes mechanical work obtained through a thermal process; a heater or boiler alone does not meet this test.", "Its energy account includes a thermal input and a route for energy not converted into work, such as exhaust or a cooling stream.", "An idealised cycle may return a working medium to its initial state, while a physical open-flow engine may continually replace that medium.", "Combustion is optional: an external heat supply can support heat-engine operation, so fuel burning is not a defining test.", "Its intended operating mode produces work; a related machine operating with net work input to transfer heat belongs to a refrigerator or heat-pump model for that mode." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Thermodynamic process family", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Named cycle or process family, with idealisation and actual implementation identified", "why_it_matters": "Determines which state transitions and performance comparisons are meaningful." }, { "name": "Working medium and flow arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Medium composition and phase; closed circulation, open flow or mixed arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Controls how mass flow, phase changes, contamination and material compatibility are assessed." }, { "name": "Thermal input source", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked combustion process, external heater or other thermal source", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes the engine's conversion function from the equipment or process supplying energy." }, { "name": "Heat-rejection route", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Linked exhaust stream, coolant circuit, condenser or ambient heat-transfer path", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the boundary condition needed to sustain operation." }, { "name": "Net useful power", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "W or kW, with output boundary, auxiliary deductions and operating condition", "why_it_matters": "Shows usable output rather than gross expansion work." }, { "name": "Thermal efficiency", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless ratio or %, with energy-input basis and test conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparisons only when input, output and auxiliary boundaries match." }, { "name": "Thermodynamic operating points", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in K, absolute pressure in Pa and mass flow in kg/s at named locations", "why_it_matters": "Allows the agent to evaluate process state and operating limits." }, { "name": "Mechanical output condition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Torque in N·m and rotational speed in rad/s or rpm; force in N and velocity in m/s where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Determines compatibility with the driven load and detects overload or overspeed." }, { "name": "Operating mode", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Stopped, starting, warming, loaded, unloading, cooling down, tripped or maintenance-isolated", "why_it_matters": "Makes permissible actions depend on the engine's current condition." }, { "name": "Protective-function readiness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Available, degraded, bypassed, demanded or unknown for each applicable protective function", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an agent from assuming that installed protection is currently effective." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify an engine by working medium, thermal input arrangement and work-producing process.", "Trace energy and mass flows across an explicitly chosen engine boundary.", "Compare output and efficiency at matched loads and thermal boundary conditions.", "Check whether a requested load or operating transition lies within documented limits.", "Identify evidence of thermal, flow or mechanical degradation and select further inspections.", "Determine whether startup, continued operation or shutdown prerequisites are satisfied." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "conversion-identity", "name": "Conversion identity", "description": "Establishes why the thing qualifies as a heat engine and which thermodynamic description applies.", "rationale": "Heat engines share a conversion function but differ substantially in how heat, working media and mechanical output are arranged.", "layers": [ { "id": "heat-to-work-function", "name": "Heat-to-work function", "description": "Defines the intended conversion and separates the engine from adjacent equipment.", "findings": [ { "id": "work-producing-boundary", "name": "Work-producing boundary", "description": "Record the boundary across which thermal-process energy enters and useful mechanical work leaves.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which thermal process produces mechanical work in this engine?", "kind": "definition", "id": "work-producing-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Does the engine boundary include the combustor, heater, compressor, condenser and auxiliaries, or are any external?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "work-producing-boundary-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "cycle-and-working-medium", "name": "Cycle and working medium", "description": "Connects an idealised process description to the actual flow arrangement.", "findings": [ { "id": "actual-process-sequence", "name": "Actual process sequence", "description": "Record the working medium, its replacement or recirculation, and the sequence of compression, heating, expansion and cooling where applicable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which working medium and phase changes participate in work production?", "kind": "definition", "id": "actual-process-sequence-q01" }, { "text": "Which named cycle describes the design, and where does the actual machine depart from that idealisation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "actual-process-sequence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-and-flow-interfaces", "name": "Thermal and flow interfaces", "description": "Describes the thermal supply, rejection paths and working-medium flows needed for sustained operation.", "rationale": "Available output and safe operation depend on both energy supply and the ability to discharge residual energy.", "layers": [ { "id": "energy-admission", "name": "Energy admission", "description": "Characterises how energy reaches the work-producing process.", "findings": [ { "id": "input-basis-and-quality", "name": "Input basis and quality", "description": "Record thermal input conditions and distinguish supplied heat from fuel-energy accounting.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is energy supplied by internal combustion or heat transfer from an external source, and how is its rate determined?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "input-basis-and-quality-q01" }, { "text": "What temperature, composition, pressure or supply-stability requirements constrain that input?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "input-basis-and-quality-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "energy-discharge", "name": "Energy discharge", "description": "Characterises exhaust, cooling and other residual-energy paths.", "findings": [ { "id": "rejection-and-backpressure", "name": "Rejection and backpressure", "description": "Record the discharge conditions that affect expansion work, cooling adequacy and continued operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Through which exhaust, coolant or condenser paths does energy leave without becoming useful mechanical work?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "rejection-and-backpressure-q01" }, { "text": "Which discharge temperatures, coolant flows or backpressures limit permitted load?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "rejection-and-backpressure-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "work-output-and-performance", "name": "Work output and performance", "description": "Relates expansion work to usable output and condition-dependent efficiency.", "rationale": "Gross work, net power and overall plant output are different quantities and cannot be compared without explicit boundaries.", "layers": [ { "id": "mechanical-delivery", "name": "Mechanical delivery", "description": "Describes the mechanism and interface through which work reaches a load.", "findings": [ { "id": "net-output-interface", "name": "Net output interface", "description": "Record output form, coupling conditions and deductions for compression and auxiliary demand.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which piston, turbine, rotor or other mechanism delivers work, and at what mechanical interface is output measured?", "kind": "definition", "id": "net-output-interface-q01" }, { "text": "What net power and torque-speed or force-velocity range are available after the stated internal and auxiliary demands?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "net-output-interface-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "efficiency-and-losses", "name": "Efficiency and losses", "description": "Defines comparable performance evidence and separates expected losses from deterioration.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioned-performance-account", "name": "Conditioned performance account", "description": "Record performance against load, source and sink conditions using a declared energy-accounting basis.", "questions": [ { "text": "What efficiency is measured at the stated load and thermal conditions, using which input-energy basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-performance-account-q01" }, { "text": "Which test report or validated performance map supports the expected output and loss distribution?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "conditioned-performance-account-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operating-envelope-and-transitions", "name": "Operating envelope and transitions", "description": "Defines allowable states, load changes and thermal transitions.", "rationale": "A heat engine can remain within a steady-state rating while experiencing damaging startup, shutdown or load-change conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "steady-operation", "name": "Steady operation", "description": "Connects load control to thermal and mechanical limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "load-and-limit-control", "name": "Load and limit control", "description": "Record manipulated inputs, controlled outputs and limits that constrain sustained operation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which controls regulate power or speed through fuel, heat input, working-medium flow or other variables?", "kind": "action", "id": "load-and-limit-control-q01" }, { "text": "What documented temperature, pressure, speed and load limits apply at the current source and sink conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "load-and-limit-control-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "thermal-transitions", "name": "Thermal transitions", "description": "Describes prerequisites and constraints during startup, load changes and shutdown.", "findings": [ { "id": "transition-readiness", "name": "Transition readiness", "description": "Record applicable preparation, warmup, ramp-rate and cooldown requirements before permitting a transition.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which lubrication, cooling, purge, pressure or starting-system conditions must be established before startup?", "kind": "action", "id": "transition-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Which load-change rates and cooldown requirements prevent unacceptable thermal gradients or residual-heat damage?", "kind": "action", "id": "transition-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "integrity-and-protection", "name": "Integrity and protection", "description": "Connects heat-engine failure mechanisms to inspection, maintenance and protective action.", "rationale": "Thermal stress, pressure, moving machinery and impaired heat rejection require configuration-specific evidence of readiness.", "layers": [ { "id": "degradation-and-service", "name": "Degradation and service", "description": "Tracks deterioration of work-producing and heat-transfer functions.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-linked-maintenance", "name": "Condition-linked maintenance", "description": "Record applicable wear, leakage, fouling, corrosion and thermal-fatigue mechanisms alongside service requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which changes in power, efficiency, vibration, leakage or temperature distribution indicate the suspected degradation mechanism?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "condition-linked-maintenance-q01" }, { "text": "Which inspection, cleaning, lubricant or working-medium service is due according to documented condition or usage criteria?", "kind": "action", "id": "condition-linked-maintenance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protective-functions-and-requirements", "name": "Protective functions and requirements", "description": "Identifies applicable protective responses and the evidence governing their use.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-protective-response", "name": "Verified protective response", "description": "Record applicable trips, relief functions, isolation provisions and requirements with their issuing authority and verification evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which documented protective responses address overspeed, excessive temperature or pressure, loss of lubrication and loss of cooling in this configuration?", "kind": "action", "id": "verified-protective-response-q01" }, { "text": "Which manufacturer requirements, standards or regulatory provisions apply, who issued them, and what evidence confirms protective-function readiness?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-protective-response-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the general device class, not a particular product model or individual machine; the listed kinds overlap.", "Efficiency ranges are approximate recall values for selected engine types, not limits for all heat engines; load, operating conditions and fuel heating-value convention affect comparisons.", "The standards listed apply to particular engine classes or installation components; their current editions and applicability require checking." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Reciprocating internal combustion engine", "Gas turbine", "Steam engine", "Steam turbine", "Stirling engine", "Organic Rankine cycle engine" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ISO 3046 series, issued by the International Organization for Standardization: performance of reciprocating internal combustion engines.", "ISO 2314, issued by the International Organization for Standardization: gas turbine acceptance tests.", "ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers: applicable boilers and pressure vessels in heat-engine installations." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Generating electricity in steam-cycle and gas-turbine power plants.", "Propelling road vehicles, ships and aircraft.", "Driving pumps, compressors and industrial machinery.", "Converting waste heat into useful work.", "Producing mechanical power from solar thermal or geothermal heat." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Brake thermal efficiency of conventional automotive spark-ignition engines near favorable operating conditions", "typical_range": "Approximately 25-40", "unit": "%" }, { "quantity": "Brake thermal efficiency of conventional diesel engines near favorable operating conditions", "typical_range": "Approximately 30-50", "unit": "%" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Overheating or inadequate cooling can damage components and degrade lubricants.", "Lubrication loss can cause bearing failure, excessive wear or seizure.", "Pressure-boundary failure can release hot, pressurized fluids.", "Overspeed, fatigue or vibration can cause rotating or reciprocating components to fail.", "Combustion-powered installations can present fuel-fire, explosion and toxic-exhaust hazards." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Emissions limits, pressure-equipment requirements and inspection rules vary by jurisdiction and application." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Heat pump", "difference": "A heat pump consumes work to transfer heat from a colder region to a hotter one; a heat engine produces net work while heat flows from hotter to colder." }, { "name": "Electric motor", "difference": "An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical work without requiring a heat-engine cycle." }, { "name": "Internal combustion engine", "difference": "An internal combustion engine is a narrower kind of heat engine in which combustion occurs within the working-fluid flow or working chamber." }, { "name": "Thermodynamic cycle", "difference": "A thermodynamic cycle describes a sequence of states and processes; a heat engine is a physical device that implements work-producing processes." }, { "name": "Fuel cell", "difference": "A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions rather than through a heat-engine cycle." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of heat engine this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover heat engines, requiring this registry entry to link to that publication?", "Should direct-thrust thermal engines and nontraditional converters such as thermoacoustic engines fall within this entry, and how should their work-output boundaries be represented?", "Which engine-family references should establish the supported cycle taxonomy and distinguish ideal-cycle descriptions from actual machine behaviour?", "Which sourced power, size and operating-condition ranges are useful for each engine family without implying a universal heat-engine range?", "Which standards, certification requirements and protective-function criteria apply to each engine family, installation context and jurisdiction?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a heat engine, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a heat engine, assess its thermal and mechanical state, and determine which operating actions its configuration and limits permit.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Ariabox, drinking bird, heat pump, vacuum engine, hot air engine, aeolipile, combustion engine, heat pump for heating, seawater-source heat pump, geothermal heat pump, chiller, air source heat pump.", "24 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a heat engine, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Ariabox", "drinking bird", "heat pump", "vacuum engine", "hot air engine", "aeolipile", "combustion engine", "heat pump for heating", "seawater-source heat pump", "geothermal heat pump", "chiller", "air source heat pump" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 24 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one heat engine from another, and a heat engine from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a heat engine sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a heat engine from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a heat engine is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a heat engine is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a heat engine is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a heat engine is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a heat engine is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a heat engine is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a heat engine passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a heat engine between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a heat engine, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a heat engine is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What heat engine is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does heat engine perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise heat engine, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How heat engine is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does heat engine have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does heat engine need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about heat engine is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about heat engine hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern heat engine, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a heat engine came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a heat engine and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a heat engine is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a heat engine, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a heat engine, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a heat engine is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }