{ "model": { "rank": 4479, "code": "thing-q179073", "model_id": "vr.tr.protectionism", "name": "protectionism", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess protectionist policies while distinguishing declared objectives, domestic advantage, trade restrictions and disputed interpretations.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q179073/", "tier": 2, "score": 75, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "agricultural protectionism" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 75, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q179073", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:19:01Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.6, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087d2-03a6-7c90-903d-447259cbd63c\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: protectionism\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 695 things:\n# Batch 004: 1001 re", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 59, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087d2-03b3-7db3-82b5-dc10a0247e49\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: protectionism\nRegistry id: vr.tr.protectionism\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q179073", "registryId": "vr.tr.protectionism", "name": "protectionism", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179073/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.protectionism", "name": "protectionism", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess protectionist policies while distinguishing declared objectives, domestic advantage, trade restrictions and disputed interpretations.", "definition": "Protectionism is the use of government measures to shield domestic producers from foreign competition, with disagreement over whether measures should be classified by their protective intent, discriminatory design, or effects on trade.", "scope_statement": "This model owns protectionism as a policy orientation and pattern of intervention that shields domestic economic activity from foreign competition, including disagreements over whether intent, discriminatory treatment or protective effects establish an instance.", "in_scope": [ "Competing definitions based on protective intent, discriminatory design and economic effects", "Policy instruments and combinations that favour domestic production over foreign competition", "Protected activities, affected trading partners and the distribution of costs and benefits", "Implementation, exemptions, enforcement, duration and withdrawal conditions", "Operational measures of protection and evidence needed to assess competing explanations" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Trade policy as a whole, including measures without a protective purpose or effect", "Industrial policy that does not shield domestic activity from foreign competition", "Economic nationalism as a broader political ideology", "Complete legal models of trade agreements and dispute settlement", "Sanctions whose relevant mechanism is coercion rather than domestic protection", "General models of firms, markets and international supply chains" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Identify a domestic activity receiving an advantage relative to foreign competitors; an intervention affecting trade alone is insufficient.", "Record separately whether classification rests on stated intent, policy design or demonstrated effects, because these tests can produce different answers.", "Distinguish protection from ordinary revenue collection by examining differential treatment, available alternatives and the resulting competitive advantage.", "For health, environmental or security measures, examine the connection between the objective and the restrictions before treating a protective effect as decisive.", "Distinguish the policy orientation from an individual instrument: a tariff, subsidy or procurement rule requires contextual assessment before classification." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Classification basis", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Intent-based, design-based, effects-based or combined; attributed to an evaluator", "why_it_matters": "Makes disagreements about whether a policy is protectionist explicit." }, { "name": "Protected domestic activity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Industries, products, services, production stages or worker groups linked to a jurisdiction", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the activity receiving protection and the relevant meaning of domestic." }, { "name": "Instrument mix", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Tariffs, quotas, licensing restrictions, subsidies, local-content conditions, procurement preferences or other specified mechanisms", "why_it_matters": "Connects the protective advantage to the mechanisms producing it." }, { "name": "Foreign comparator", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Specified foreign suppliers, products or production locations and their treatment relative to domestic comparators", "why_it_matters": "Supports a concrete test of differential treatment." }, { "name": "Nominal border protection", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Tariff percentage or currency per physical unit, with product coverage and aggregation method", "why_it_matters": "Measures one component of protection without equating it with the total protective effect." }, { "name": "Effective protection", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Estimated percentage change in domestic value added relative to a specified baseline, where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Accounts for the interaction between protection of outputs and costs imposed on inputs." }, { "name": "Stated justification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Infant-industry development, employment, security, resilience, response to foreign practices, revenue or another attributed rationale", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to test the policy against its own stated objectives." }, { "name": "Implementation status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed, adopted, active, suspended, expired or withdrawn", "why_it_matters": "Separates announced protection from protection actually operating." }, { "name": "Duration and exit conditions", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Start date, expiry date if any, review schedule and withdrawal criteria", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes temporary intervention from persistent insulation." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a policy under explicit competing definitions and preserve unresolved disagreement.", "Trace how an instrument changes competitive conditions for domestic and foreign suppliers.", "Compare protection across sectors or periods using compatible measures and declared baselines.", "Assess stated objectives against observed outcomes and alternative explanations.", "Identify affected groups, implementation gaps and conditions for review or withdrawal." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concept-and-classification", "name": "Concept and classification", "description": "Establishes what qualifies as protectionism and whose interpretation is being applied.", "rationale": "A policy can receive different classifications depending on whether protective intent, discrimination or effects are decisive.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "Records attributed definitions and their inclusion tests.", "findings": [ { "id": "basis-for-protectionist-label", "name": "Basis for the protectionist label", "description": "Separate claims about policymakers' purposes, instrument design and economic consequences.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the evaluator define protectionism through intent, differential treatment, protective effects or a combination?", "kind": "definition", "id": "basis-for-protectionist-label-q01" }, { "text": "Which source or actor supplies this definition, and what evidence would satisfy its test?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "basis-for-protectionist-label-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "instance-boundaries", "name": "Instance boundaries", "description": "Identifies the intervention being classified and its neighbouring concepts.", "findings": [ { "id": "policy-versus-policy-regime", "name": "Policy versus policy regime", "description": "Specify whether the instance is one intervention, an interacting package or a wider policy orientation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the classification attached to a particular measure, a sectoral package or the jurisdiction's broader trade-policy orientation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "policy-versus-policy-regime-q01" }, { "text": "What makes this instance protectionism rather than trade regulation, industrial policy or economic nationalism alone?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "policy-versus-policy-regime-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "protective-mechanisms", "name": "Protective mechanisms", "description": "Explains how measures alter domestic and foreign competitive positions.", "rationale": "Instrument names alone cannot establish the existence, direction or strength of protection.", "layers": [ { "id": "border-restrictions", "name": "Border restrictions", "description": "Examines duties and restrictions on foreign entry into the domestic market.", "findings": [ { "id": "import-cost-and-access", "name": "Import cost and access", "description": "Record how tariffs, quotas or licensing conditions change import costs or market access.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which imported products or services face additional costs, quantity limits or entry conditions?", "kind": "definition", "id": "import-cost-and-access-q01" }, { "text": "What are the applicable rates, limits and actual utilisation, including exemptions and preferential access?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "import-cost-and-access-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "domestic-preferences", "name": "Domestic preferences", "description": "Examines advantages delivered through spending, production conditions or regulation.", "findings": [ { "id": "advantage-through-domestic-treatment", "name": "Advantage through domestic treatment", "description": "Identify how subsidies, procurement preferences, local-content conditions or regulatory differences favour domestic activity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does eligibility depend on ownership, production location, input origin or another definition of domestic activity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "advantage-through-domestic-treatment-q01" }, { "text": "Through what cost, demand or compliance mechanism does the measure advantage domestic activity relative to foreign competition?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "advantage-through-domestic-treatment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "justifications-and-interests", "name": "Justifications and interests", "description": "Connects stated policy objectives to beneficiaries, advocates and competing interpretations.", "rationale": "Protectionism must be assessed through both its claimed public purposes and its distribution of economic advantage.", "layers": [ { "id": "policy-rationales", "name": "Policy rationales", "description": "Records the problem protection is claimed to solve and the proposed causal pathway.", "findings": [ { "id": "objective-and-success-test", "name": "Objective and success test", "description": "Translate claims about development, employment, security or resilience into assessable objectives.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who states the justification, and what specific problem is the measure intended to address?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "objective-and-success-test-q01" }, { "text": "What observable outcome and time horizon would support or undermine that justification?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "objective-and-success-test-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "beneficiaries-and-advocates", "name": "Beneficiaries and advocates", "description": "Distinguishes those seeking protection from those receiving its benefits or bearing its costs.", "findings": [ { "id": "distribution-of-protective-advantage", "name": "Distribution of protective advantage", "description": "Identify protected producers and workers alongside consumers, downstream users and foreign suppliers affected by the intervention.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which actors advocated the intervention, and what evidence connects their requests to its design?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "distribution-of-protective-advantage-q01" }, { "text": "Which groups receive the intended advantage, and which face higher costs or reduced opportunities?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "distribution-of-protective-advantage-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-contestation", "name": "Operation and contestation", "description": "Tracks how protection operates in practice and how its boundaries are challenged.", "rationale": "Formal rules can differ from applied protection, and legal status does not by itself resolve conceptual classification.", "layers": [ { "id": "application-and-exceptions", "name": "Application and exceptions", "description": "Records enforcement, coverage, exclusions and mechanisms for obtaining preferential treatment.", "findings": [ { "id": "realised-policy-coverage", "name": "Realised policy coverage", "description": "Determine which transactions face protection after exemptions, origin rules and administrative practice are considered.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which transactions are actually covered after exclusions, preferential agreements and origin determinations?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "realised-policy-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows whether the restriction or preference is enforced and materially used?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "realised-policy-coverage-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "challenges-and-review", "name": "Challenges and review", "description": "Separates legal disputes, policy disagreement and scheduled reconsideration.", "findings": [ { "id": "grounds-for-retention-or-withdrawal", "name": "Grounds for retention or withdrawal", "description": "Record challenges and decision criteria without treating legality, effectiveness and protectionist character as interchangeable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which challenges concern legal compatibility, which concern protective character, and which concern effectiveness?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "grounds-for-retention-or-withdrawal-q01" }, { "text": "What review authority, expiry provision or performance condition could amend or end the intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "grounds-for-retention-or-withdrawal-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-and-consequences", "name": "Measurement and consequences", "description": "Assesses the magnitude and consequences of protection against explicit comparison cases.", "rationale": "A visible barrier, a decline in imports and a benefit to domestic producers are different observations requiring different evidence.", "layers": [ { "id": "protection-intensity", "name": "Protection intensity", "description": "Defines comparable measures of nominal barriers and effective domestic advantage.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurement-baseline-and-aggregation", "name": "Measurement baseline and aggregation", "description": "Record the baseline, coverage, weighting and assumptions behind estimates of protection.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is protection measured through tariff rates, estimated non-tariff costs, effective protection or another indicator, and what does that indicator omit?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measurement-baseline-and-aggregation-q01" }, { "text": "How are input costs, product weights and imports deterred entirely by the policy handled in the estimate?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measurement-baseline-and-aggregation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "outcomes-and-adaptation", "name": "Outcomes and adaptation", "description": "Examines domestic outcomes and responses by firms and trading partners over time.", "findings": [ { "id": "attributable-effects-and-responses", "name": "Attributable effects and responses", "description": "Separate estimated policy effects from coincident changes and track responses that alter the initial outcome.", "questions": [ { "text": "Against what counterfactual are changes in prices, production, employment, productivity and downstream costs attributed to protection?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "attributable-effects-and-responses-q01" }, { "text": "How do supplier substitution, production relocation, circumvention or trading-partner responses change the assessment over time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "attributable-effects-and-responses-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This description covers international economic and trade protectionism; no narrower registry sense was supplied.", "Classification by intent, design, and effect can yield different results, especially for subsidies and public-interest regulation.", "Treaty names and measurement concepts are recalled without source consultation; legal applicability and empirical comparisons require verification." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Tariff protection", "Import quotas and restrictive licensing", "Domestic producer subsidies", "Local-content requirements", "Domestic preferences in public procurement", "Regulatory protection through discriminatory technical or administrative requirements" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "World Trade Organization: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, covering tariff commitments, nondiscrimination, and quantitative restrictions, subject to exceptions.", "World Trade Organization: Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, disciplining specified subsidies and countervailing measures.", "World Trade Organization: Agreement on Safeguards, governing temporary safeguards against increased imports.", "World Trade Organization: Anti-Dumping Agreement, governing antidumping investigations and duties.", "World Trade Organization: Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, addressing technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment that affect trade." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Supporting infant industries while domestic production capabilities develop.", "Preserving employment or productive capacity in industries facing import competition.", "Maintaining domestic capacity considered important for national security or supply resilience.", "Supporting agricultural producers through import restrictions and domestic assistance.", "Using restrictions as bargaining instruments in trade disputes or negotiations." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Ad valorem tariff rate", "typical_range": "No universal typical range; zero and positive rates occur, and rates can exceed 100.", "unit": "percent of customs value" }, { "quantity": "Effective rate of protection", "typical_range": "Can be negative, zero, or positive; depends on output and input protection and the free-trade value-added baseline.", "unit": "percent change in domestic value added relative to a free-trade baseline" }, { "quantity": "Non-tariff measure import coverage ratio", "typical_range": "0-100 by construction; coverage alone does not establish restrictiveness or protective intent.", "unit": "percent of import value covered" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Higher prices and reduced choice for consumers and downstream producers.", "Retaliation that reduces export opportunities and escalates trade disputes.", "Reduced competitive pressure, potentially sustaining inefficient production.", "Rent-seeking, regulatory capture, and difficulty withdrawing temporary support.", "Misclassifying legitimate health, environmental, or security measures as protectionist solely because they restrict trade." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Customs unions can remove internal trade barriers while maintaining common external protection; the European Union illustrates this distinction.", "Economies with limited fiscal capacity may rely more on border measures than subsidy-based support, although practices vary substantially.", "Agricultural protection takes different combinations of tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and regulatory measures across economies." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Industrial policy", "difference": "Industrial policy seeks to shape productive activity; it is protectionist when it shields domestic producers from foreign competition, but can instead support research, skills, or infrastructure without such shielding." }, { "name": "Economic nationalism", "difference": "Economic nationalism prioritizes national economic interests as an ideology; protectionism is a set of policy practices that may serve that ideology or other objectives." }, { "name": "Mercantilism", "difference": "Mercantilism is a historical family of doctrines linking commerce and state power, often emphasizing trade surpluses; protectionism does not require those doctrines." }, { "name": "Autarky", "difference": "Autarky denotes economic self-sufficiency or the absence of external trade; protectionism commonly operates within economies that trade extensively." }, { "name": "Trade remedies", "difference": "Trade remedies are legally defined instruments such as antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures; protectionism is a broader analytical category, and legal authorization does not settle its application." }, { "name": "Non-tariff measures", "difference": "Non-tariff measures include policies affecting trade for many purposes; protectionism requires a further judgment about shielding domestic producers, rather than merely identifying a trade effect." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of protectionism this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which reference works and research traditions should anchor the competing definitions, and how do their classification tests differ?", "What evidence is sufficient to distinguish incidental domestic advantage from protectionism in health, environmental and security regulation?", "How should domestic activity be defined when ownership, production location and value-chain participation point to different beneficiaries?", "Which operational measures allow defensible comparisons across tariffs, subsidies, procurement preferences and service-market restrictions?", "What evidence and time horizon can distinguish temporary capability-building protection from persistent dependence on protective measures?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a protectionism, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess protectionist policies while distinguishing declared objectives, domestic advantage, trade restrictions and disputed interpretations.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: agricultural protectionism.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 75 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a protectionism, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "agricultural protectionism" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 75 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one protectionism from another, and a protectionism from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a protectionism sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a protectionism from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a protectionism passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a protectionism between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a protectionism, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a protectionism is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a protectionism proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a protectionism, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a protectionism and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a protectionism consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a protectionism takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What protectionism is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of protectionism are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is protectionism operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of protectionism and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of protectionism?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as protectionism?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a protectionism came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a protectionism and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a protectionism is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a protectionism, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a protectionism, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a protectionism is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }