{ "model": { "rank": 4774, "code": "thing-q179234", "model_id": "vr.tr.cro-magnon-man", "name": "Cro-Magnon Man", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify what a Cro-Magnon Man attribution refers to, evaluate its archaeological and biological evidence, and determine appropriate interpretation or investigation.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q179234/", "tier": 2, "score": 72, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 72, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q179234", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179234", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:58:28Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 18.4, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087f5-e866-71b1-914a-46a5951821bf\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Cro-Magnon Man\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.LIV\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 ", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 73.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087f5-e872-7a10-8c2d-ed4a05526237\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Cro-Magnon Man\nRegistry id: vr.tr.cro-magnon-man\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (no" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q179234", "registryId": "vr.tr.cro-magnon-man", "name": "Cro-Magnon Man", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179234/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cro-magnon-man", "name": "Cro-Magnon Man", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify what a Cro-Magnon Man attribution refers to, evaluate its archaeological and biological evidence, and determine appropriate interpretation or investigation.", "definition": "Cro-Magnon Man is a historical, informal designation for early European Homo sapiens, named after human remains discovered in 1868 at the Cro-Magnon rock shelter in southwestern France, rather than a distinct biological species.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the historically named Cro-Magnon human referent under vr.tr.cro-magnon-man, provisionally covering the original remains and explicitly qualified broader usages while leaving the registry's intended individual-versus-group sense unresolved.", "in_scope": [ "Disambiguation between Cro-Magnon 1, the original Cro-Magnon remains, and broader historical uses of the name", "Specimen-level attribution to Homo sapiens and its supporting evidence", "Discovery locality, excavation context, specimen identity and custody", "Dating evidence, skeletal observations and preservation", "Evidence supporting ecological, behavioural or population-level interpretations" ], "out_of_scope": [ "A complete species model of Homo sapiens", "Neanderthals as a separately modelled human lineage", "The Cro-Magnon rock shelter as a geographical or heritage-site entity", "Upper Palaeolithic archaeological cultures and their artefact typologies as independent entities", "Modern racial classifications or claims of direct ancestry inferred from the historical name" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require an explicit referent: Cro-Magnon 1, multiple original specimens, or a source-defined broader grouping; the name alone cannot resolve identity.", "Check locality and specimen identifiers before equating a record with the original remains: Cro-Magnon 1 belongs to remains found at the Cro-Magnon rock shelter near Les Eyzies, France. [Smithsonian fossil record](https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/cro-magnon-1)", "Separate the historical label from species identification: the Smithsonian identifies Cro-Magnon 1 as Homo sapiens. [Smithsonian specimen classification](https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/3d-collection/fossils/904/cro-magnon-1)", "Distinguish original skeletal material from casts, scans and reconstructions, which represent a specimen without being that specimen.", "Require independent evidence for archaeological culture, biological sex and population membership; none follows from the words Cro-Magnon Man." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Referent level", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "individual specimen | original site assemblage | source-defined historical grouping | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Prevents observations on one skeleton from becoming attributes of an entire population." }, { "name": "Taxonomic attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Accepted taxon reference, authority, identification source and confidence", "why_it_matters": "Connects biological classification to a species model without treating the historical label as a separate taxon." }, { "name": "Material identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "original remains | cast | digital scan | reconstruction | uncertain", "why_it_matters": "Determines which anatomical observations and analytical procedures the material can support." }, { "name": "Archaeological age", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Reported interval in radiocarbon years BP or calibrated years cal BP, with method and uncertainty; BP reference year stated", "why_it_matters": "Prevents incompatible date scales and indirectly dated contexts from being treated as exact specimen ages." }, { "name": "Context association", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "documented in situ | reconstructed from excavation records | inferred | disputed | unknown", "why_it_matters": "Controls whether nearby objects or dated samples can inform claims about the remains." }, { "name": "Biological profile", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Estimated age-at-death interval and sex assessment, each with method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports individual description without interpreting 'Man' as evidence that every referent is male." }, { "name": "Skeletal dimensions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Millimetres for defined landmarks; derived estimates with method and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Allows reproducible anatomical comparison while separating measurements from reconstructions." }, { "name": "Preservation and treatment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Element-level completeness, distortion, reconstruction, consolidants and contamination history", "why_it_matters": "Determines the reliability of morphology, dating and potential biomolecular analysis." }, { "name": "Research permission", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Documented permission scope for inspection, imaging, sampling and data reuse", "why_it_matters": "Makes proposed work depend on actual custodial conditions and the sensitivity of human remains." } ], "affordances": [ "Resolve a Cro-Magnon label to a documented specimen or explicitly bounded grouping.", "Compare skeletal observations with referenced human material while preserving uncertainty.", "Reconcile competing dates by tracing sampled material, calibration and contextual association.", "Assess whether claims about burial, subsistence or population relationships exceed the available evidence.", "Select permitted imaging or sampling procedures using preservation evidence and custodial requirements." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "name-and-human-referent", "name": "Name and human referent", "description": "Establish what the historical name identifies in each record.", "rationale": "The registry provides no definition, and specimen, assemblage and broader historical usages require different reasoning.", "layers": [ { "id": "referent-resolution", "name": "Referent resolution", "description": "Resolve the relationship between the registry label and cited human material.", "findings": [ { "id": "cro-magnon-label-sense", "name": "Cro-Magnon label sense", "description": "Record the source's intended individual or collective meaning without silently changing registry granularity.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this source mean Cro-Magnon 1, the original site assemblage or a broader grouping?", "kind": "definition", "id": "cro-magnon-label-sense-q01" }, { "text": "What identifier or passage establishes that meaning?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "cro-magnon-label-sense-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "biological-classification", "name": "Biological classification", "description": "Separate taxonomic identification from historical nomenclature.", "findings": [ { "id": "taxon-and-historical-names", "name": "Taxon and historical names", "description": "Link the referent to a supported biological classification and retain older names with their source context.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which taxonomic assessment identifies the relevant remains, and what authority and date accompany the accepted name?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "taxon-and-historical-names-q01" }, { "text": "Does a proposed taxonomy identifier resolve to Homo sapiens or incorrectly imply a distinct Cro-Magnon taxon?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "taxon-and-historical-names-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "original-remains-and-context", "name": "Original remains and context", "description": "Connect physical remains to their recovery records and subsequent representations.", "rationale": "An anatomical observation or association is useful only if it can be traced to the correct material.", "layers": [ { "id": "specimen-traceability", "name": "Specimen traceability", "description": "Track original elements, assigned individuals and collection references.", "findings": [ { "id": "individual-and-element-identity", "name": "Individual and element identity", "description": "Resolve specimen numbers and element assignments without assuming all site remains belong to one person.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which accession numbers and skeletal elements support this record's individual assignment?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "individual-and-element-identity-q01" }, { "text": "Is the examined material original bone, a cast, a scan or a reconstruction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "individual-and-element-identity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "recovery-associations", "name": "Recovery associations", "description": "Evaluate the documentation connecting remains with sediments and associated objects.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-association-strength", "name": "Site association strength", "description": "Distinguish documented spatial and stratigraphic relationships from later reconstructions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which excavation account records the position of these remains relative to other bodies and objects?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "site-association-strength-q01" }, { "text": "Could disturbance, recovery practices or uncertain labelling undermine the proposed association?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "site-association-strength-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "dating-and-historical-extent", "name": "Dating and historical extent", "description": "Bound the age of specific remains and the extent of broader Cro-Magnon usages.", "rationale": "A date for one sample cannot automatically date every specimen or define a continent-wide population.", "layers": [ { "id": "specimen-chronology", "name": "Specimen chronology", "description": "Represent dating results with their actual evidential targets.", "findings": [ { "id": "dated-material-and-age", "name": "Dated material and age", "description": "Keep direct dates, associated-material dates and inferred age assignments distinct.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was the dated sample human material from this specimen or material associated with its context?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "dated-material-and-age-q01" }, { "text": "What interval, uncertainty, pretreatment and calibration basis does the dating report provide?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "dated-material-and-age-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "broader-use-boundaries", "name": "Broader use boundaries", "description": "Make any expansion beyond the original remains explicit and source-dependent.", "findings": [ { "id": "group-membership-criteria", "name": "Group membership criteria", "description": "Record the geographical, temporal and evidential criteria used when a source applies the label collectively.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which places, dates and inclusion criteria define this source's broader Cro-Magnon grouping?", "kind": "definition", "id": "group-membership-criteria-q01" }, { "text": "Does the grouping represent a naming convention, an archaeological sample or an evidenced biological population?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "group-membership-criteria-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "skeletal-life-history", "name": "Skeletal life history", "description": "Record what the remains support about anatomy, age, sex and individual condition.", "rationale": "Individual skeletal traits must be distinguished from preservation effects and claims about a supposed human type.", "layers": [ { "id": "anatomical-observations", "name": "Anatomical observations", "description": "Ground anatomical comparisons in observable and reproducible evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "measured-human-anatomy", "name": "Measured human anatomy", "description": "Separate preserved morphology from reconstructed landmarks and comparative interpretations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cranial, dental or postcranial features are preserved sufficiently for comparison?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measured-human-anatomy-q01" }, { "text": "Which landmarks, reference samples and reconstruction assumptions underlie the reported measurements?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "measured-human-anatomy-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "individual-biological-profile", "name": "Individual biological profile", "description": "Assess life-stage and health interpretations at the level of the relevant individual.", "findings": [ { "id": "age-sex-and-lesion-assessment", "name": "Age, sex and lesion assessment", "description": "Retain uncertainty in biological estimates and distinguish possible disease or injury from postmortem alteration.", "questions": [ { "text": "What methods and uncertainty support the age-at-death and sex assessments?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "age-sex-and-lesion-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes an interpreted lesion from damage, restoration or normal variation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "age-sex-and-lesion-assessment-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "lifeways-and-population-inferences", "name": "Lifeways and population inferences", "description": "Evaluate claims about environment, behaviour and biological relationships.", "rationale": "The Cro-Magnon label can invite cultural and ancestry claims that exceed what a specimen or context establishes.", "layers": [ { "id": "ecology-and-material-associations", "name": "Ecology and material associations", "description": "Connect proposed lifeways to independently supported contextual or analytical evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "subsistence-and-burial-evidence", "name": "Subsistence and burial evidence", "description": "Treat habitat, diet and funerary interpretations as claims requiring specified evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which environmental proxies or specimen analyses support a claim about habitat or diet?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "subsistence-and-burial-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports deliberate burial or personal association with objects rather than mere contextual proximity?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "subsistence-and-burial-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "population-relationships", "name": "Population relationships", "description": "Constrain ancestry and affinity claims to appropriate biological evidence.", "findings": [ { "id": "ancestry-claim-resolution", "name": "Ancestry claim resolution", "description": "Distinguish findings on original remains from results concerning other ancient humans assigned a similar label.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the relationship claim use authenticated data from these remains or extrapolate from other individuals?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "ancestry-claim-resolution-q01" }, { "text": "What sampling and analytical limits prevent extending the result to all people called Cro-Magnon?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "ancestry-claim-resolution-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "preservation-and-research-actions", "name": "Preservation and research actions", "description": "Determine which observations and interventions the actual remains can support.", "rationale": "Irreplaceable human remains, reconstructed surfaces and treatment histories impose specific constraints on research.", "layers": [ { "id": "analytical-suitability", "name": "Analytical suitability", "description": "Evaluate preservation and treatment effects before proposing analysis.", "findings": [ { "id": "bone-treatment-and-contamination", "name": "Bone treatment and contamination", "description": "Record factors affecting surface interpretation, radiocarbon dating and biomolecular recovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which elements contain restoration material, consolidants or documented sampling damage?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "bone-treatment-and-contamination-q01" }, { "text": "What preservation or contamination assessment supports the proposed analytical method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "bone-treatment-and-contamination-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "custodial-action-limits", "name": "Custodial action limits", "description": "Connect a concrete research proposal to the permissions and material limits that govern it.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-examination-and-sampling", "name": "Permitted examination and sampling", "description": "Specify permissible access and whether existing records or representations can answer the research question.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which custodian and applicable human-remains requirements govern examination, imaging or destructive sampling?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-examination-and-sampling-q01" }, { "text": "Can existing measurements or scans answer the question, and what documented justification and permission support any new sampling?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-examination-and-sampling-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Resolve whether the registry intends the original site assemblage or the broader historical population label.", "Check specimen-specific dating before assigning an age range; dates for European modern-human occupation do not automatically date the Cro-Magnon remains.", "Species-level identifiers apply to Homo sapiens; a separate conservation status or taxonomic identifier should not be inferred for Cro-Magnon." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Zoological nomenclature", "value_or_pattern": "Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758", "note": "The species to which the remains belong; Cro-Magnon is not a separate accepted species." }, { "scheme": "NCBI Taxonomy", "value_or_pattern": "9606", "note": "Identifies Homo sapiens as a whole, not specifically Cro-Magnon remains or populations." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Historical discussion of the recognition of ancient anatomically modern humans in Europe.", "Public education about European Upper Palaeolithic people.", "Study of the original Cro-Magnon skeletal remains in palaeoanthropology." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating a historical label as a distinct species, subspecies or biological race.", "Generalising the anatomy of a few skeletons to all early European modern humans.", "Equating a skeletal population with a particular archaeological culture without supporting evidence.", "Assuming these people represent a separate extinct human species rather than members of Homo sapiens." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The narrow usage refers to remains from the Cro-Magnon site in France; broader historical usage encompasses early modern humans elsewhere in Europe.", "The term's chronological and geographical scope varies between authors." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Homo sapiens", "difference": "The biological species includes living humans and ancient populations worldwide; Cro-Magnon denotes a historically labelled European subset." }, { "name": "Early European modern humans", "difference": "A descriptive population grouping commonly preferred over Cro-Magnon; the terms overlap, but Cro-Magnon can refer specifically to the French site's remains." }, { "name": "Neanderthals", "difference": "A distinct archaic human lineage; Cro-Magnon remains are assigned to Homo sapiens." }, { "name": "Aurignacian", "difference": "An archaeological cultural designation based on material evidence, not a human taxon or synonym for Cro-Magnon." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Cro-Magnon Man this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the underlying registry source intend Cro-Magnon 1 specifically, the original assemblage or the broader historical category?", "Which current catalogues reconcile original specimen identifiers, skeletal-element assignments, custody and replicas?", "What dating evidence most securely constrains each original individual, and which published dates depend on associated material?", "Which anatomical, pathological and population-relationship interpretations remain supported after accounting for preservation and analytical limitations?", "Which broader geographical, temporal and archaeological associations are justified for this entry, and which belong only to separately evidenced populations or cultures?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 13, "findings": 18, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Cro-Magnon Man, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify what a Cro-Magnon Man attribution refers to, evaluate its archaeological and biological evidence, and determine appropriate interpretation or investigation.", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "autonomous", "mobility": "self-moving" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 72 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Cro-Magnon Man, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Acts on its own behalf.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 72 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Cro-Magnon Man from another, and a Cro-Magnon Man from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Cro-Magnon Man sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Cro-Magnon Man from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a Cro-Magnon Man is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a Cro-Magnon Man and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a Cro-Magnon Man is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a Cro-Magnon Man is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a Cro-Magnon Man is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a Cro-Magnon Man moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Cro-Magnon Man passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Cro-Magnon Man between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Cro-Magnon Man, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Cro-Magnon Man is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What Cro-Magnon Man is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of Cro-Magnon Man, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate Cro-Magnon Man from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish Cro-Magnon Man from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What Cro-Magnon Man does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does Cro-Magnon Man pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of Cro-Magnon Man judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where Cro-Magnon Man lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of Cro-Magnon Man, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does Cro-Magnon Man hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Cro-Magnon Man came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Cro-Magnon Man and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Cro-Magnon Man is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Cro-Magnon Man is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }