{ "model": { "rank": 4986, "code": "thing-q179615", "model_id": "vr.tr.salinity", "name": "salinity", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, compare and interpret salinity observations and determine which further measurements or responses their evidence supports.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q179615/", "tier": 2, "score": 71, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "halocline" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 71, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q179615", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:24:51Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0880e-1fb6-7b01-8920-b85e414aacb8\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: salinity\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 69.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0880e-1fbf-74d2-8a68-103ed9c6df99\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: salinity\nRegistry id: vr.tr.salinity\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q179615", "registryId": "vr.tr.salinity", "name": "salinity", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179615/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.salinity", "name": "salinity", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, compare and interpret salinity observations and determine which further measurements or responses their evidence supports.", "definition": "Salinity is the salt content of water or another medium, expressed through a specified compositional measure or an operational scale, with seawater, freshwater and soil applications using different conventions.", "scope_statement": "This model owns salinity as the quality registered under vr.tr.salinity in XCT / XCT.QLT: dissolved salt content and its explicitly identified operational measures in water, aqueous solutions and soil-associated water, including the conventions needed to interpret each observation.", "in_scope": [ "Definitions and operational conventions used to express salinity", "Salinity observations tied to a sample, medium, location and time", "Measurement methods, calibration, uncertainty and conversion assumptions", "Spatial gradients and temporal changes in salinity", "Application-specific salinity classifications and decision criteria" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Chemical identities and complete composition models of individual salts", "Water bodies, soils and industrial solutions as independently modelled things", "Conductivity meters and other measurement devices as equipment", "Sodicity, specific-ion toxicity, hardness and alkalinity as distinct qualities", "Salinisation processes and desalination systems as independently modelled processes", "Sensory saltiness and dietary sodium exposure" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An instance describes a medium's salt-related quality; a salt specimen or a dissolved salt mass without a reference amount does not by itself specify salinity.", "A reported number must identify its convention: Practical Salinity and Absolute Salinity represent different operational quantities. [TEOS-10](https://teos-10.org/index.htm)", "An electrical conductivity reading requires a declared interpretation before it functions as a salinity estimate; soil saturation-extract conductivity is an established soil salinity indicator. [FAO](https://www.fao.org/4/t0667e/t0667e05.htm)", "A sodium hazard or individual-ion concentration must remain distinguishable from overall salinity. [FAO](https://www.fao.org/4/t0667e/t0667e05.htm)", "A label such as saline or brackish must identify the classification scheme and medium before it can support a decision." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Salinity-bearing medium", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Referenced water sample, aqueous solution, soil pore water or prepared soil extract", "why_it_matters": "Establishes what bears the quality and prevents an extract measurement from silently becoming an in-situ water measurement." }, { "name": "Operational convention", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Practical Salinity; Absolute Salinity; declared salt mass fraction or concentration; soil extract conductivity indicator; other explicitly defined convention", "why_it_matters": "Determines what the reported value means and whether comparison or conversion is justified." }, { "name": "Reported value and basis", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Numeric value with declared scale and denominator; examples include dimensionless Practical Salinity, Absolute Salinity in g/kg and soil extract conductivity in dS/m", "why_it_matters": "Preserves distinctions among a salinity scale, a mass fraction and an operational proxy. [TEOS-10](https://teos-10.org/index.htm), [FAO](https://www.fao.org/4/t0667e/t0667e05.htm)" }, { "name": "Measurement conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in °C, pressure with stated reference and unit, and soil extraction ratio or moisture condition where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Makes the observation interpretable under the method actually used." }, { "name": "Derivation and calibration", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Referenced raw observations, analytical protocol, calibration record and conversion procedure", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to trace a displayed salinity value back to evidence." }, { "name": "Uncertainty and validity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Uncertainty interval with stated confidence basis; within method range, extrapolated, suspect or unknown", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a difference or threshold crossing is sufficiently supported." }, { "name": "Observation coverage", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Sampling time, location, depth or soil horizon, and represented spatial or temporal extent", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a local sample from being treated as representative of an entire water body or root zone." }, { "name": "Use-specific salinity class", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Class assigned by a named scheme, or unclassified", "why_it_matters": "Connects a measurement to a particular use without treating a classification as universal." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify the salinity convention and reject ambiguous unit labels pending clarification", "Compare observations after checking medium, method, scale and sampling compatibility", "Derive a salinity estimate using a documented conversion within its validated domain", "Detect supported salinity gradients, trends and use-specific threshold crossings", "Request composition analysis, calibration checks or additional sampling when interpretation is underdetermined", "Evaluate whether salinity evidence supports a proposed response and refer intervention design to the relevant process model" ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "salinity-meaning", "name": "Salinity meaning", "description": "Establishes which salt-related quality an observation expresses.", "rationale": "Salinity conventions cannot be treated as interchangeable names for one numeric quantity.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition-and-convention", "name": "Definition and convention", "description": "Records the operational definition and the community or authority using it.", "findings": [ { "id": "declared-salinity-quantity", "name": "Declared salinity quantity", "description": "Identify whether the observation expresses salt content, Practical Salinity or a declared proxy, preserving its source terminology.", "questions": [ { "text": "What exactly does salinity mean in this record, and which discipline or authority defines that meaning?", "kind": "definition", "id": "declared-salinity-quantity-q01" }, { "text": "Which source establishes the scale, denominator and reporting convention used?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "declared-salinity-quantity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "adjacent-qualities", "name": "Adjacent qualities", "description": "Separates salinity from related measurements and hazards.", "findings": [ { "id": "proxy-and-hazard-boundaries", "name": "Proxy and hazard boundaries", "description": "Keep conductivity, dissolved-solids measurements and sodium-related indicators explicitly related to salinity rather than silently equating them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this record reporting salinity itself, a conductivity or dissolved-solids proxy, or an individual-ion property?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "proxy-and-hazard-boundaries-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports interpreting this proxy as salinity for the sampled medium?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "proxy-and-hazard-boundaries-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "sample-and-representation", "name": "Sample and representation", "description": "Connects a salinity observation to the material and extent it represents.", "rationale": "Salinity interpretation depends on whether the sample is ambient water, pore water or a prepared extract.", "layers": [ { "id": "medium-and-preparation", "name": "Medium and preparation", "description": "Identifies the sampled phase and any preparation that changes its relationship to the original medium.", "findings": [ { "id": "sample-basis", "name": "Sample basis", "description": "Record water source or soil horizon and distinguish direct sampling from laboratory extraction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the value describe ambient water, soil pore water, a saturation extract or another prepared solution?", "kind": "definition", "id": "sample-basis-q01" }, { "text": "What extraction ratio, saturation procedure, dilution or preservation step was used?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "sample-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "spatial-and-temporal-support", "name": "Spatial and temporal support", "description": "Defines the location, depth and period represented by the observation.", "findings": [ { "id": "salinity-coverage", "name": "Salinity coverage", "description": "Distinguish a point reading from a profile, composite sample or average across changing conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "At what time, location and water depth or soil horizon was salinity sampled?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "salinity-coverage-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence permits extending this value across a water column, field, root zone or reporting period?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "salinity-coverage-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-and-conversion", "name": "Measurement and conversion", "description": "Makes the route from observation to reported salinity inspectable.", "rationale": "A plausible salinity number may still rely on an unsuitable calibration, composition assumption or conversion.", "layers": [ { "id": "analytical-evidence", "name": "Analytical evidence", "description": "Captures the underlying measurement and its quality controls.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-and-calibration", "name": "Method and calibration", "description": "Retain the analytical method, raw readings, calibration evidence and operating conditions behind the salinity result.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which raw measurements and analytical method produced the reported salinity?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "method-and-calibration-q01" }, { "text": "Which calibration records and checks demonstrate that the method was suitable for this sample and range?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "method-and-calibration-q02" }, { "text": "What temperature, pressure or reference-temperature corrections were applied?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "method-and-calibration-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion-validity", "name": "Conversion validity", "description": "Controls transformations between reporting conventions and proxies.", "findings": [ { "id": "justified-transformation", "name": "Justified transformation", "description": "Require a named transformation, its inputs and an applicability assessment while retaining the original observation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What equation, software version and auxiliary inputs were used to convert the original value?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "justified-transformation-q01" }, { "text": "Are the sample composition and measurement conditions within the transformation's supported domain?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "justified-transformation-q02" }, { "text": "What uncertainty should accompany the converted estimate, including uncertainty in any composition assumption?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "justified-transformation-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "variation-and-interpretation", "name": "Variation and interpretation", "description": "Determines whether salinity differences reflect environmental change or incompatible observations.", "rationale": "A salinity gradient or trend is meaningful only when its observations can support that comparison.", "layers": [ { "id": "comparable-observations", "name": "Comparable observations", "description": "Assesses compatibility before calculating differences or trends.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-salinity-change", "name": "Supported salinity change", "description": "Separate changes in salinity from changes in scale, extraction procedure, sampling coverage or instrument behaviour.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do the compared values use compatible conventions, sample preparation and spatial or temporal coverage?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supported-salinity-change-q01" }, { "text": "Does the observed difference exceed the combined measurement uncertainty and relevant sampling variability?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-salinity-change-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "change-explanations", "name": "Change explanations", "description": "Links changes to candidate mechanisms without making salinity alone establish causation.", "findings": [ { "id": "salt-and-water-balance-hypotheses", "name": "Salt and water balance hypotheses", "description": "Record candidate explanations involving water balance, salt movement or phase changes and identify the evidence needed to distinguish them.", "questions": [ { "text": "What independent observations distinguish evaporation, dilution, saline inflow, salt dissolution or another proposed explanation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "salt-and-water-balance-hypotheses-q01" }, { "text": "Which additional flow, water-level, ion-composition or profile measurements would discriminate among the remaining explanations?", "kind": "action", "id": "salt-and-water-balance-hypotheses-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-response", "name": "Use and response", "description": "Connects salinity evidence to a specified use and proportionate next action.", "rationale": "The significance of salinity depends on the receiving system, intended use and applicable decision rule.", "layers": [ { "id": "contextual-classification", "name": "Contextual classification", "description": "Anchors classes and thresholds to their intended application.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-salinity-criterion", "name": "Applicable salinity criterion", "description": "Associate each classification with its authority, medium, measurement convention and relevant receptor or use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which named classification or threshold applies to this use, organism, crop or receiving system?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "applicable-salinity-criterion-q01" }, { "text": "Does the criterion require the same salinity convention, sampling basis and exposure period as the available observation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "applicable-salinity-criterion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "response-evidence", "name": "Response evidence", "description": "Determines whether to seek more evidence, monitor or refer a supported concern for intervention.", "findings": [ { "id": "salinity-informed-action", "name": "Salinity-informed action", "description": "Record the decision supported by salinity evidence, unresolved dependencies and a follow-up measurement capable of assessing the response.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the evidence support continued monitoring, confirmatory sampling or evaluation of a salinity-management intervention?", "kind": "action", "id": "salinity-informed-action-q01" }, { "text": "Which additional composition, sodicity, organism-response or process constraints must be checked before selecting an intervention?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "salinity-informed-action-q02" }, { "text": "What subsequent salinity observation, using which convention and sampling basis, would demonstrate the intended result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "salinity-informed-action-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The registry gives no sense; this description covers the measurable salt-content property across water and soils.", "Freshwater, brackish and saline category boundaries vary by discipline and classification system.", "This is recall, not source-verified research; check exact standard scope, measurement conventions and application-specific thresholds before publication." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Practical Salinity of seawater, derived from conductivity", "Absolute Salinity of seawater, expressed as a mass fraction", "Reference Salinity under the reference seawater composition convention", "Freshwater salinity", "Soil salinity, commonly assessed through extract conductivity" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Oceanographic salinity notation", "value_or_pattern": "S_P, S_A, S_R", "note": "Symbols for Practical Salinity, Absolute Salinity and Reference Salinity respectively; these identify different quantities, not interchangeable units." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS-78), documented through UNESCO oceanographic standardisation.", "Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10), adopted by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and developed with SCOR and IAPSO." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Calculating seawater density and interpreting ocean circulation.", "Monitoring estuarine mixing and saltwater intrusion into groundwater.", "Assessing irrigation water and soil conditions for crop production.", "Managing aquatic habitats and aquaculture.", "Monitoring desalination feedwater, product water and brine." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Practical Salinity", "typical_range": "Open-ocean surface water commonly about 30-37; standard PSS-78 validity covers 2-42.", "unit": "Dimensionless; often informally labelled PSU." }, { "quantity": "Absolute Salinity", "typical_range": "Ordinary ocean water is approximately 35 g/kg, with substantial regional variation.", "unit": "g/kg" }, { "quantity": "Electrical conductivity of a soil saturated-paste extract", "typical_range": "A traditional saline-soil classification uses a threshold of 4 dS/m at 25 °C; crop effects can occur below this.", "unit": "dS/m" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating Practical Salinity, salt mass fraction and total dissolved solids as numerically interchangeable.", "Converting conductivity to salinity without accounting for temperature, ionic composition and the applicable calibration range.", "Comparing soil conductivity measurements made with different extraction methods as though they used the same scale.", "Elevated salinity can impair crop water uptake and stress freshwater organisms.", "Saltwater intrusion can reduce the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Evaporation-dominated waters tend to be saltier, while precipitation, river inflow and ice melt tend to lower salinity.", "Seawater composition varies geographically, so conductivity alone does not always determine Absolute Salinity accurately.", "Soil salinity is particularly important in arid and semiarid irrigated regions where salts accumulate under inadequate drainage." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Total dissolved solids", "difference": "Includes dissolved material beyond salts and depends on the analytical method; it is not universally equivalent to salinity." }, { "name": "Electrical conductivity", "difference": "Measures electrical transport and serves as a salinity proxy; temperature and ion composition affect the relationship." }, { "name": "Sodicity", "difference": "Concerns sodium's relative abundance, especially on soil exchange sites, rather than total salt content." }, { "name": "Hardness", "difference": "Primarily measures calcium and magnesium contributions; highly saline water need not be proportionately hard." }, { "name": "Chlorinity", "difference": "Measures halide content under a defined convention and estimates salinity only through an assumed compositional relationship." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of salinity this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which disciplinary definitions and reporting conventions must this registry entry explicitly support beyond oceanography and soil-water assessment?", "How should legacy values labelled ppt, PSU or percent be interpreted when their scale or denominator is undocumented?", "Which conductivity-to-salinity or dissolved-solids conversions are validated for the nonmarine waters and concentrated brines encountered by intended users?", "Which soil extraction methods can be related through locally validated conversions, and where must their results remain incomparable?", "Which application-specific classification authorities and exposure periods should govern decisions in the intended deployments?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 32 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a salinity, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise, compare and interpret salinity observations and determine which further measurements or responses their evidence supports.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: halocline.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a salinity, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "halocline" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 71 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one salinity from another, and a salinity from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a salinity sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a salinity from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a salinity passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a salinity between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a salinity, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a salinity is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What salinity is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of salinity are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is salinity operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of salinity and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of salinity?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as salinity?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a salinity came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a salinity and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a salinity is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a salinity, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a salinity, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a salinity is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }