{ "model": { "rank": 5246, "code": "thing-q179741", "model_id": "vr.tr.voltmeter", "name": "voltmeter", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify a voltmeter, assess whether its voltage indications are trustworthy, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed measurement.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q179741/", "tier": 2, "score": 69, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "millivoltmeter", "Vector voltmeter", "Solenoid voltmeter" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 69, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q179741", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179741", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:58:23Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0882c-e600-7431-a86d-3326ef42f9f0\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: voltmeter\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regis", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 64.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0882c-e5f1-74a3-be55-bd4b4ef35515\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: voltmeter\nRegistry id: vr.tr.voltmeter\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nCont" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q179741", "registryId": "vr.tr.voltmeter", "name": "voltmeter", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179741/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.voltmeter", "name": "voltmeter", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify a voltmeter, assess whether its voltage indications are trustworthy, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed measurement.", "definition": "A voltmeter is an instrument that measures electrical potential difference between two points, ordinarily connected in parallel with the circuit element or source being measured.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the voltmeter as a kind of physical instrument for measuring electrical potential difference between two points, including its measurement principles, input behavior, indications, operating states and use constraints; product specifications and individual units supply evidence for these characteristics.", "in_scope": [ "Standalone, panel-mounted and embedded instruments whose identified function is voltage measurement", "AC and DC measurement modes, ranges and indication behavior", "Input impedance, reference connections and effects on the measured circuit", "Voltage measurement accuracy, calibration and operational condition", "Compatibility of instrument, leads and probes with the intended electrical environment" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Electrical potential difference as a physical quantity", "The electrical circuit or installation being measured", "Current, resistance and other non-voltage functions of a multimeter", "Oscilloscope waveform acquisition and analysis", "Voltage detectors that indicate presence without measuring magnitude", "Product catalogue identities and individual asset histories as separate models" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Its intended output represents potential difference between specified input or reference points, rather than merely indicating that voltage is present.", "Its voltage-measuring input is connected across the points of interest, distinguishing its intended connection from an ammeter's series measurement path.", "Its specified voltage-measurement result distinguishes it from an oscilloscope whose primary output represents signal variation over time.", "A multimeter can provide a voltmeter function, but its other measurement functions remain outside this model.", "A display showing a commanded supply voltage qualifies only if it reports a measured potential difference rather than a setpoint." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Supported voltage modes", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "DC; AC; combined AC and DC where supported", "why_it_matters": "Determines which signal components the indication represents." }, { "name": "Measurement architecture", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Analog indicating; digital sampling; other documented principle", "why_it_matters": "Explains how voltage becomes an indication and which limitations require examination." }, { "name": "Measuring range", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V, with lower and upper bounds for each mode and range", "why_it_matters": "Establishes whether the expected voltage can be measured; it does not establish the safe input limit." }, { "name": "Resolution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "V per displayed increment or analog scale division, by range", "why_it_matters": "Determines the smallest indicated change without implying equivalent accuracy." }, { "name": "Accuracy specification", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Documented error expression in V, percent of reading, percent of range or counts, with applicable conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of whether an indication meets the measurement task's tolerance." }, { "name": "Input impedance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Ω and, where relevant, F or impedance as a function of frequency", "why_it_matters": "Determines circuit loading and possible distortion of the voltage being measured." }, { "name": "AC response", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Average responding with stated calibration; true RMS with stated limits; other documented response", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether a reading remains meaningful for the signal's waveform." }, { "name": "Frequency response limits", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Hz, with associated accuracy and amplitude conditions", "why_it_matters": "Bounds the frequencies over which voltage measurement performance is specified." }, { "name": "Input reference arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Floating; earth referenced; supply referenced; differential; documented isolation arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Determines permissible reference connections and common-mode exposure." }, { "name": "Input safety envelope", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Documented terminal voltage limits, measurement category where applicable, environmental restrictions and accessory conditions", "why_it_matters": "Supports suitability decisions beyond the displayed measuring range." }, { "name": "Power arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Measured-circuit powered; battery powered; external supply; other documented arrangement", "why_it_matters": "Explains startup requirements, reference interactions and loss-of-power behavior." }, { "name": "Indication state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Live; held; overrange; settling; low power; fault; unavailable", "why_it_matters": "Prevents stale, invalid or absent indications from being treated as current measurements." }, { "name": "Calibration evidence", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Applicable calibration record, covered ranges, uncertainty and validity criteria", "why_it_matters": "Connects trust in a particular instrument to evidence covering the intended use." } ], "affordances": [ "Select a compatible voltage mode and range for an identified measurement task.", "Assess whether connecting the input would materially load the circuit.", "Interpret an indication using its reference, waveform response and current display state.", "Compare the measurement specification and calibration evidence with the required tolerance.", "Determine whether the instrument and its accessories fit the documented electrical exposure.", "Flag invalid readings or damaged equipment and identify the verification needed before further use." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "voltage-function-and-identity", "name": "Voltage function and identity", "description": "Establishes what the instrument measures and how its indication is produced.", "rationale": "A voltage label alone does not distinguish a measured value from a setpoint, detector response or unrelated instrument function.", "layers": [ { "id": "measurand-and-boundary", "name": "Measurand and boundary", "description": "Identifies the potential difference represented by the output.", "findings": [ { "id": "measured-voltage-role", "name": "Measured voltage role", "description": "Record whether the output is a measured potential difference and identify the relevant input points.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which two electrical points define the voltage represented by this instrument?", "kind": "definition", "id": "measured-voltage-role-q01" }, { "text": "Is this a dedicated voltmeter, a voltage function within another instrument, or a display of an unmeasured setpoint?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "measured-voltage-role-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion-and-power", "name": "Conversion and power", "description": "Connects the sensing principle and power arrangement to observable behavior.", "findings": [ { "id": "voltage-to-indication-path", "name": "Voltage-to-indication path", "description": "Record the documented conversion principle and the power needed to produce a valid indication.", "questions": [ { "text": "What sensing and conversion principle produces the voltage indication?", "kind": "definition", "id": "voltage-to-indication-path-q01" }, { "text": "How is the instrument powered, and what indication results when that power is insufficient or absent?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "voltage-to-indication-path-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "input-and-circuit-interaction", "name": "Input and circuit interaction", "description": "Describes how the measurement connection affects the circuit and establishes its electrical reference.", "rationale": "A voltmeter can alter the voltage it measures or create an unintended reference connection.", "layers": [ { "id": "loading-behavior", "name": "Loading behavior", "description": "Characterizes current drawn by the voltage input and its effect on the source.", "findings": [ { "id": "input-loading", "name": "Input loading", "description": "Record input impedance under the selected mode and assess its significance for the measured source.", "questions": [ { "text": "What input resistance and capacitance, or frequency-dependent impedance, apply in this mode and range?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "input-loading-q01" }, { "text": "Would that input impedance change the source voltage enough to exceed the task's acceptable error?", "kind": "action", "id": "input-loading-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "reference-and-accessories", "name": "Reference and accessories", "description": "Identifies reference paths and accessories that change the effective measurement input.", "findings": [ { "id": "effective-input-configuration", "name": "Effective input configuration", "description": "Record terminal references, isolation and any probe or divider affecting the reported voltage.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are the input terminals related to earth, the power supply, the enclosure and any communications connection?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "effective-input-configuration-q01" }, { "text": "Which leads, probes or dividers are required, and what scaling, loading or reference constraints do they introduce?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "effective-input-configuration-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement-performance", "name": "Measurement performance", "description": "Defines what a voltage indication means and the conditions under which it meets a stated tolerance.", "rationale": "Range and displayed digits do not establish accuracy across different waveforms, frequencies or environmental conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "range-and-error", "name": "Range and error", "description": "Separates measuring range, resolution and applicable error limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "usable-voltage-performance", "name": "Usable voltage performance", "description": "Record performance for the actual mode and range rather than relying on a headline specification.", "questions": [ { "text": "What measuring limits and resolution apply to each relevant mode and range?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "usable-voltage-performance-q01" }, { "text": "What error expression applies, and under which temperature, warm-up and calibration-age conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "usable-voltage-performance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "waveform-and-time-response", "name": "Waveform and time response", "description": "Determines which signal properties and time intervals contribute to the indication.", "findings": [ { "id": "signal-dependent-validity", "name": "Signal-dependent validity", "description": "Record AC processing, frequency limits and temporal response needed to interpret changing voltages.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the selected mode report DC, AC-only RMS, combined AC and DC RMS, or another documented voltage measure?", "kind": "definition", "id": "signal-dependent-validity-q01" }, { "text": "Which frequency, waveform, crest-factor and amplitude limits constrain the stated accuracy?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "signal-dependent-validity-q02" }, { "text": "What settling time, integration interval or update rate determines whether a transient or changing voltage is represented?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "signal-dependent-validity-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "electrical-exposure-and-protection", "name": "Electrical exposure and protection", "description": "Establishes the documented conditions under which the voltage input and complete measurement assembly may be used.", "rationale": "A voltage within the measuring range can still occur in an electrical environment for which the instrument is unsuitable.", "layers": [ { "id": "rated-exposure", "name": "Rated exposure", "description": "Records terminal limits and environmental qualifications independently of the measuring range.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-use-envelope", "name": "Documented use envelope", "description": "Connect the intended exposure to manufacturer limits and applicable conformity evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "What limits apply between input terminals and from each terminal to earth, including any frequency or duration restrictions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "documented-use-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which standards, issuing bodies, editions, category ratings and certification claims are documented for this instrument and intended use?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-use-envelope-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-and-connection-controls", "name": "Protection and connection controls", "description": "Examines provisions that constrain incorrect connection or excessive electrical exposure.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurement-assembly-suitability", "name": "Measurement assembly suitability", "description": "Assess the instrument together with its terminals, leads and probes, including documented protection limitations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which input protection, terminal barriers, connection warnings or interlocks are present, and what limitations are documented?", "kind": "definition", "id": "measurement-assembly-suitability-q01" }, { "text": "Do the instrument, installed accessories and their physical condition all satisfy the proposed measurement's exposure requirements?", "kind": "action", "id": "measurement-assembly-suitability-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "indication-validity-and-upkeep", "name": "Indication validity and upkeep", "description": "Distinguishes usable live readings from misleading indications and maintains evidence of measurement condition.", "rationale": "A plausible voltage display can persist despite a held value, wrong mode, failed connection or degraded instrument.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-reading-state", "name": "Controls and reading state", "description": "Interprets the controls and states that alter the displayed result.", "findings": [ { "id": "current-reading-validity", "name": "Current reading validity", "description": "Record selected mode, range and display modifiers before treating the indication as a current voltage.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which controls select AC or DC, range, hold, relative offset or other voltage-display transformations?", "kind": "definition", "id": "current-reading-validity-q01" }, { "text": "How are overrange, unsettled readings, low power and faults indicated, and can a held value be distinguished from a live one?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "current-reading-validity-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "verification-and-maintenance", "name": "Verification and maintenance", "description": "Links calibration, condition checks and servicing to confidence in subsequent measurements.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-for-continued-use", "name": "Evidence for continued use", "description": "Record applicable calibration evidence, condition defects and model-specific maintenance requirements.", "questions": [ { "text": "What calibration or verification evidence covers the intended voltage modes and ranges, and what uncertainty or acceptance limits were used?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-for-continued-use-q01" }, { "text": "Which symptoms, such as unstable indication, analog zero shift, damaged insulation or intermittent leads, require verification or withdrawal from use?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-for-continued-use-q02" }, { "text": "What manufacturer-prescribed maintenance, battery replacement or accessory replacement is required, and what checks follow servicing?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-for-continued-use-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the instrument class, not a particular product model or individual unit; the stated ranges are illustrative rather than defining limits.", "Standard editions, applicability to a particular design and local conformity requirements require verification.", "AC response method, bandwidth, input impedance, accuracy and safety category must be established from the particular instrument's specifications." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Analog indicating voltmeter", "Digital voltmeter", "Electrostatic voltmeter", "Vacuum-tube voltmeter", "True-RMS AC voltmeter", "Null-balance potentiometric voltmeter" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60051-2, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: special requirements for direct-acting indicating analog ammeters and voltmeters.", "IEC 61010-1, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: general safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use.", "IEC 61010-2-030, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission: particular safety requirements for equipment having testing or measuring circuits." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Checking battery and power-supply output voltages.", "Monitoring voltage on electrical panels and process equipment.", "Diagnosing faults in electronic circuits and wiring.", "Measuring AC supply voltage with an appropriately rated instrument.", "Comparing voltage sources during laboratory testing and calibration." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "DC voltage measurement range", "typical_range": "Selectable full-scale ranges from about 0.2 to 1000 on many general-purpose digital instruments; model dependent", "unit": "V" }, { "quantity": "Input resistance", "typical_range": "Often approximately 10 on general-purpose digital instruments in DC voltage mode; some ranges and instruments differ substantially", "unit": "MΩ" }, { "quantity": "AC supply voltage commonly measured", "typical_range": "Approximately 100 to 240 nominal RMS for common single-phase supplies", "unit": "V" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Finite input impedance loads the circuit and can change the voltage being measured, especially in high-impedance circuits.", "Exceeding voltage or measurement-category ratings can cause insulation breakdown, electric shock or arcing; a maximum voltage rating alone does not establish suitability for a measurement location.", "Damaged leads, exposed probe tips or slipping probes can cause electric shock or short circuits.", "AC readings can be misleading outside the instrument's frequency bandwidth or waveform limitations; average-responding instruments calibrated for sine waves can misread distorted waveforms.", "Calibration drift, low batteries, poor connections or analog zero errors can produce inaccurate or unstable readings." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Nominal mains voltages and frequencies differ by region, affecting range selection and AC measurement requirements.", "National and regional adoptions of IEC safety standards and conformity-marking requirements differ by market." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Multimeter", "difference": "A multimeter combines voltage measurement with other functions, commonly current and resistance; a voltmeter is defined by its voltage-measuring function." }, { "name": "Ammeter", "difference": "An ammeter measures electric current and ordinarily enters the current path; a voltmeter measures potential difference across two points." }, { "name": "Oscilloscope", "difference": "An oscilloscope primarily displays voltage as a function of time, whereas a voltmeter ordinarily reports a scalar voltage value." }, { "name": "Voltage detector", "difference": "A voltage detector primarily indicates voltage presence or a threshold condition rather than providing a quantitative voltage measurement." }, { "name": "Electrometer", "difference": "An electrometer is designed for measurements involving very small currents, charges or extremely high source impedances; an ordinary voltmeter need not offer those capabilities." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of voltmeter this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already cover voltmeters or electrical measuring instruments, and which model should own the shared concepts?", "Which standards and conformity evidence apply to handheld, panel-mounted, laboratory and embedded voltmeters in the intended jurisdictions?", "Which representative instrument families should establish sourced typical ranges, input impedances, dimensions and performance values without implying universal specifications?", "How should non-contact electrostatic voltmeters and instruments that infer voltage through external transducers fit within this registry entry?", "Which failure modes and post-service verification procedures are supported by manufacturer documentation across the principal voltmeter architectures?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 30 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a voltmeter, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify a voltmeter, assess whether its voltage indications are trustworthy, and determine whether it is suitable for a proposed measurement.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: millivoltmeter, Vector voltmeter, Solenoid voltmeter.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 69 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a voltmeter, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "millivoltmeter", "Vector voltmeter", "Solenoid voltmeter" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 69 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one voltmeter from another, and a voltmeter from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a voltmeter sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a voltmeter from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a voltmeter is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a voltmeter is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a voltmeter is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a voltmeter is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a voltmeter is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a voltmeter is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a voltmeter passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a voltmeter between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a voltmeter, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a voltmeter is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What voltmeter is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does voltmeter perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise voltmeter, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How voltmeter is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does voltmeter have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does voltmeter need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about voltmeter is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about voltmeter hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern voltmeter, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a voltmeter came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a voltmeter and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a voltmeter is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a voltmeter, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a voltmeter, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a voltmeter is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }