{ "model": { "rank": 3235, "code": "thing-q179848", "model_id": "vr.tr.scramble-for-africa", "name": "Scramble for Africa", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess episodes of the Scramble for Africa while distinguishing imperial claims, effective control, African political agency and contested historical interpretations.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q179848/", "tier": 2, "score": 89, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 89, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q179848", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179848", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T14:13:12Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 34.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c35-ef99-76f2-bd5f-16add7860fb2\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Scramble for Africa\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 546 things:\n# Batch 003: 1", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 88.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07c35-efa7-7fe3-9d5a-6bccd2985f5f\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Scramble for Africa\nRegistry id: vr.tr.scramble-for-africa\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this " } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q179848", "registryId": "vr.tr.scramble-for-africa", "name": "Scramble for Africa", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q179848/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.scramble-for-africa", "name": "Scramble for Africa", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess episodes of the Scramble for Africa while distinguishing imperial claims, effective control, African political agency and contested historical interpretations.", "definition": "The Scramble for Africa was the accelerated competition among European imperial powers, chiefly from the late nineteenth century to the First World War, to claim, conquer and establish colonial rule over African territories, amid African resistance, negotiation and competing political interests.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the Scramble for Africa as a historically bounded process of accelerated imperial competition, territorial partition and colonial conquest in Africa during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with its precise dates and regional boundaries treated as research questions.", "in_scope": [ "Alternative periodisations and regional sequences of imperial expansion", "European states, chartered companies and African polities participating in or resisting territorial transfers", "Diplomatic agreements, asserted titles and the difference between claimed and effective control", "Military conquest, coercion, negotiation and African strategies for retaining authority", "Economic motives, enabling infrastructure and the establishment of extractive control", "Immediate political and social consequences and evidence for longer causal legacies" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The complete history of European contact with Africa before the accelerated partition", "African societies and political systems except where needed to explain their participation in partition", "The full administrative history of every subsequent colonial regime", "Decolonisation movements and independence settlements as separate historical processes", "Imperial expansion outside Africa except as a documented comparative or causal relation", "Present-day geopolitical competition described metaphorically as a new scramble for Africa" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An included episode must have a documented relationship to accelerated imperial partition or the establishment of colonial control in Africa; foreign contact alone does not qualify.", "The model treats the Scramble as a connected historical process with regional variation, rather than a single conference, treaty or military campaign.", "Territorial claims, recognition by other imperial powers and authority exercised over African populations are recorded separately.", "African rulers, communities and intermediaries appear as differentiated political actors whose choices and constraints require evidence.", "Historical participation must be distinguished from retrospective analogy: contemporary resource competition is not an instance of this historical event." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Periodisation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Proposed start and end dates, geographic coverage and attributed historical interpretation", "why_it_matters": "Different boundaries change which conquests, agreements and earlier developments count as part of the Scramble." }, { "name": "Regional phase", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Competitive entry; claim-making; negotiated arrangement; contested conquest; consolidation; unresolved, allowing overlap", "why_it_matters": "Regions did not pass through partition at the same time or in a uniform sequence." }, { "name": "Territorial authority configuration", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Dated relations among territory, population, African authority, imperial claimant and actor exercising control", "why_it_matters": "A single colonial map label can conceal overlapping or contested authority." }, { "name": "Claim instrument", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Inter-imperial agreement; agreement with African signatories; protectorate declaration; annexation; company concession; other documented instrument", "why_it_matters": "Different instruments asserted different rights and did not necessarily establish consent or practical control." }, { "name": "Effective control", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Claim only; intermittent presence; control of selected sites or routes; sustained local administration; contested administration; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Recognition of a claim must not be mistaken for occupation or administration of the claimed area." }, { "name": "African political strategy", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Armed resistance; diplomacy; alliance; accommodation; strategic relocation; combined or changing strategy; insufficient evidence", "why_it_matters": "Fixed labels such as resistance or collaboration obscure changes in objectives, circumstances and available choices." }, { "name": "Documented coercive impact", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Source-qualified estimates of deaths, displacement, forced labour or material loss, with dates, units and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Consequences need explicit evidential limits and cannot be reduced to territorial change." }, { "name": "Causal attribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Proposed motive or enabling condition linked to an episode, supporting evidence and competing explanations", "why_it_matters": "Commercial, strategic, political and ideological explanations should be assessed rather than assumed." } ], "affordances": [ "Assess whether a proposed episode belongs within a stated periodisation of the Scramble.", "Construct regional timelines that separate declarations, agreements, conquest and consolidation.", "Compare imperial territorial claims with evidence of African authority and effective colonial control.", "Trace how African political strategies changed as military and diplomatic constraints shifted.", "Evaluate competing explanations for a particular acquisition or confrontation using attributed evidence.", "Flag maps, summaries and causal claims that erase contested authority, overstate consent or exceed their sources." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "historical-boundaries-and-sequences", "name": "Historical boundaries and sequences", "description": "Establish what counts as the Scramble and how its regional episodes connect.", "rationale": "The historical process cannot be recognised reliably through a single date range or a list of colonial possessions.", "layers": [ { "id": "periodisation-and-membership", "name": "Periodisation and membership", "description": "Assess proposed temporal boundaries and the inclusion of particular episodes.", "findings": [ { "id": "episode-inclusion", "name": "Episode inclusion", "description": "Record why an acquisition, confrontation or agreement belongs to the accelerated partition rather than merely preceding or following it.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which periodisation includes this episode, and what historical argument supports that inclusion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "episode-inclusion-q01" }, { "text": "What connects the episode to wider imperial competition or the establishment of colonial control?", "kind": "definition", "id": "episode-inclusion-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regional-temporal-sequences", "name": "Regional temporal sequences", "description": "Separate the timing of claims, conquest and consolidation across African regions.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-to-control-sequence", "name": "Claim-to-control sequence", "description": "Represent changes in authority without assuming that proclamation, occupation and administration coincided.", "questions": [ { "text": "When were authority first asserted, physically established and subsequently challenged in this locality?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "claim-to-control-sequence-q01" }, { "text": "Which dated sources establish each transition, and where do their chronologies conflict?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claim-to-control-sequence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "african-and-imperial-political-agency", "name": "African and imperial political agency", "description": "Identify actors, objectives, internal divisions and changing political choices.", "rationale": "Partition must be explained through interacting political actors rather than a picture of European states acting on an undifferentiated continent.", "layers": [ { "id": "african-authority-and-strategy", "name": "African authority and strategy", "description": "Examine African jurisdictions, representation and responses to imperial encroachment.", "findings": [ { "id": "african-political-choices", "name": "African political choices", "description": "Record whose authority was at stake and how particular actors sought to preserve or extend it.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which African authorities and communities claimed jurisdiction, and whose interests did each negotiator represent?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "african-political-choices-q01" }, { "text": "How did diplomacy, armed resistance, alliance or accommodation change as the available choices narrowed or expanded?", "kind": "action", "id": "african-political-choices-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "imperial-coalitions-and-rivalries", "name": "Imperial coalitions and rivalries", "description": "Distinguish metropolitan policy from the initiatives of companies, officials and other intermediaries.", "findings": [ { "id": "responsibility-for-expansion", "name": "Responsibility for expansion", "description": "Attribute decisions and actions to specific institutions and people without presuming a unified national plan.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who initiated, financed and authorised the territorial intervention, and did those actors pursue the same objectives?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "responsibility-for-expansion-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence shows that rivalry with another imperial power altered the timing or extent of expansion?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "responsibility-for-expansion-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "partition-instruments-and-territorial-claims", "name": "Partition instruments and territorial claims", "description": "Assess how conferences, agreements, concessions and maps translated ambitions into asserted territorial rights.", "rationale": "Diplomatic recognition among imperial powers, African consent and control on the ground are different questions.", "layers": [ { "id": "berlin-and-inter-imperial-agreements", "name": "Berlin and inter-imperial agreements", "description": "Identify the provisions and limits of the Berlin Conference and subsequent arrangements between imperial powers.", "findings": [ { "id": "instrument-specific-effects", "name": "Instrument-specific effects", "description": "Determine what a diplomatic instrument actually stipulated and how later accounts describe its effects.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which provisions of the Berlin General Act or a later agreement bear directly on the claim being assessed?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "instrument-specific-effects-q01" }, { "text": "Does the evidence distinguish rules for imperial recognition from a specific territorial allocation or subsequent conquest?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "instrument-specific-effects-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "local-agreements-and-mapped-authority", "name": "Local agreements and mapped authority", "description": "Examine agreements involving African signatories and the territorial representations built from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "claimed-transfer-and-consent", "name": "Claimed transfer and consent", "description": "Assess asserted transfers of rights through the text, translation, circumstances and authority of the parties.", "questions": [ { "text": "What rights did each party understand the agreement to convey, according to surviving versions and accounts?", "kind": "definition", "id": "claimed-transfer-and-consent-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence addresses translation, coercion, signatory authority and the geographic reach later attributed to the agreement?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "claimed-transfer-and-consent-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "conquest-and-material-drivers", "name": "Conquest and material drivers", "description": "Connect territorial ambitions to coercive operations, commercial objectives and practical capacities.", "rationale": "A territorial claim requires an explanation of why it was pursued and how its proponents attempted to enforce it.", "layers": [ { "id": "military-enforcement-and-resistance", "name": "Military enforcement and resistance", "description": "Examine campaigns and other coercive practices alongside the responses that constrained them.", "findings": [ { "id": "mechanisms-of-subjugation", "name": "Mechanisms of subjugation", "description": "Identify how force changed authority while preserving distinctions among battlefield victory, submission and sustained control.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which military operations, local alliances or coercive practices changed who could exercise authority?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "mechanisms-of-subjugation-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence of continuing resistance or limited administrative reach qualifies an asserted conquest?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "mechanisms-of-subjugation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "commercial-interests-and-enabling-capacity", "name": "Commercial interests and enabling capacity", "description": "Assess economic expectations and the transport, finance and technical capacities supporting expansion.", "findings": [ { "id": "motives-versus-realised-extraction", "name": "Motives versus realised extraction", "description": "Separate anticipated gains, stated justifications, enabling conditions and subsequent economic outcomes.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which commercial, strategic or ideological motives are documented before the intervention, and by whom?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "motives-versus-realised-extraction-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes resources and infrastructure that enabled conquest from extraction systems established afterward?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "motives-versus-realised-extraction-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequences-and-historical-evidence", "name": "Consequences and historical evidence", "description": "Evaluate changes caused by partition and the evidential limits of accounts describing them.", "rationale": "An agent must recognise human consequences and competing interpretations without treating every later colonial outcome as an established effect of the Scramble.", "layers": [ { "id": "immediate-disruption-and-longer-legacies", "name": "Immediate disruption and longer legacies", "description": "Distinguish consequences of conquest and partition from developments under later colonial rule.", "findings": [ { "id": "attributable-consequences", "name": "Attributable consequences", "description": "Record political displacement, social harm and territorial disruption with explicit causal and temporal limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which losses of authority, population movements or forms of coercion can be linked directly to the episode?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "attributable-consequences-q01" }, { "text": "What additional evidence is needed before attributing a later border dispute, inequality or institution to this partition episode?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "attributable-consequences-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "source-perspectives-and-disagreement", "name": "Source perspectives and disagreement", "description": "Compare documentary, oral and material evidence and identify whose experiences each account can support.", "findings": [ { "id": "contested-historical-account", "name": "Contested historical account", "description": "Preserve disagreement over events, motives and consequences instead of collapsing it into a single authoritative narrative.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do imperial records, African accounts and later scholarship differ on this claim, and what explains their evidential limits?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "contested-historical-account-q01" }, { "text": "Should the agent report the claim as established, attributed, disputed or unresolved given the available corroboration?", "kind": "action", "id": "contested-historical-account-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The term denotes a historical process and period, despite the batch's abstract-concept framing; no alternative sense is assumed.", "Chronological boundaries vary by historian and region; approximately the 1880s to 1914 is a conventional framing, not a universally fixed interval.", "This description is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research; treaty wording, regional chronology and any quantitative territorial comparisons require checking." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The General Act of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, adopted by participating powers, established provisions concerning trade, navigation and notification of territorial acquisitions, with effective-authority requirements for new possessions on African coasts; it did not itself partition the entire continent." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Historical periodisation for studying the rapid expansion of European colonial rule in Africa.", "Comparative analysis of imperial rivalry, conquest, commercial interests and colonial administration.", "Study of African resistance, diplomacy and political adaptation during colonial expansion.", "Investigation of the origins of colonial boundaries and their subsequent political consequences." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating Africa as politically empty territory and overlooking existing states, communities and sovereignty.", "Confusing European territorial claims or diplomatic recognition with effective control on the ground.", "Presenting the Berlin Conference as a meeting that drew all African colonial borders.", "Reducing African actors to passive victims and obscuring resistance, negotiation and divergent interests.", "Understating conquest, dispossession, forced labour and mass violence by describing the process solely as diplomatic competition." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "In North Africa, European expansion intersected with Ottoman claims, existing local governments and strategic interests in Mediterranean routes and the Suez Canal.", "In the Congo Basin, Leopold II's Congo Free State exemplified personal sovereign rule and violent extraction before Belgian annexation.", "Ethiopia and Liberia retained formal independence during this period, although both faced external pressure; Ethiopia defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "New Imperialism", "difference": "New Imperialism encompasses expansion across multiple world regions; the Scramble for Africa denotes its specifically African territorial competition." }, { "name": "Berlin Conference", "difference": "The conference was a particular diplomatic meeting in 1884-1885; the Scramble was a wider process extending before and after it." }, { "name": "Colonialism in Africa", "difference": "Colonialism in Africa includes earlier establishments and the subsequent operation of colonial rule; the Scramble concerns the accelerated acquisition and partition phase." }, { "name": "Decolonisation of Africa", "difference": "Decolonisation concerns the ending of colonial rule and emergence of independent states, rather than colonial territorial expansion." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Scramble for Africa this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which start and end boundaries best serve this registry entry while preserving regional differences and distinguishing earlier expansion from later consolidation?", "How should research represent territories that retained sovereignty or had exceptional political arrangements within the wider history of partition?", "Which African-language, oral and locally held sources can substantiate political intentions and experiences underrepresented in imperial archives?", "What comparable evidence can support assessments of effective control and coercive harm without imposing misleading uniform measures across regions?", "Which proposed long-term consequences have sufficient causal evidence to attach to the Scramble itself rather than to subsequent colonial policies or later developments?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 16, "questions": 26 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Scramble for Africa, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify, compare and assess episodes of the Scramble for Africa while distinguishing imperial claims, effective control, African political agency and contested historical interpretations.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 89 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Scramble for Africa, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 89 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Scramble for Africa from another, and a Scramble for Africa from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Scramble for Africa sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Scramble for Africa from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Scramble for Africa passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Scramble for Africa between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Scramble for Africa, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Scramble for Africa is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a Scramble for Africa proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a Scramble for Africa, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a Scramble for Africa and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a Scramble for Africa consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a Scramble for Africa takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What Scramble for Africa is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of Scramble for Africa are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is Scramble for Africa operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of Scramble for Africa and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of Scramble for Africa?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as Scramble for Africa?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Scramble for Africa came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Scramble for Africa and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Scramble for Africa is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Scramble for Africa, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Scramble for Africa, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Scramble for Africa is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }