{ "model": { "rank": 5095, "code": "thing-q180044", "model_id": "vr.tr.pumice", "name": "pumice", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise pumice, assess the condition and variability of a specimen or material lot, and judge its suitability for a proposed use.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.MAT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q180044/", "tier": 2, "score": 70, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "kōga stone", "pumice foot-scrubbing stone" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 70, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q180044", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180044", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:39:35Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 22.2, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0881b-850d-76f3-a944-c2503ad73f54\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: pumice\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 register", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 76.1, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a0881b-8505-7161-999f-7640e1334b5c\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: pumice\nRegistry id: vr.tr.pumice\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContext fo" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q180044", "registryId": "vr.tr.pumice", "name": "pumice", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q180044/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.pumice", "name": "pumice", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise pumice, assess the condition and variability of a specimen or material lot, and judge its suitability for a proposed use.", "definition": "Pumice is a highly vesicular volcanic rock, predominantly composed of glass, formed when gas-rich molten material expands and solidifies rapidly, commonly producing fragments light enough to float on water.", "scope_statement": "This model owns vr.tr.pumice in PHY / PHY.OBJ: pumice as a naturally formed, highly vesicular volcanic material, including specimens and processed particulate lots; it distinguishes material identity from deposit identity, commercial grade and finished product.", "in_scope": [ "Evidence for pumice identity and boundaries with other porous volcanic or manufactured materials", "Volcanic origin, collection locality and processing history", "Glassy matrix, crystals, vesicle architecture and material variability", "Particle size, density, moisture, absorption and fragmentation state", "Evidence supporting or limiting abrasive, aggregate, growing-medium or other proposed uses" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Volcanoes, eruptions and geological deposits as independently modelled entities", "Scoria, obsidian, perlite and manufactured foamed glass as separate materials", "Quarry machinery and extraction operations", "Finished abrasive tools, concrete mixtures and formulated growing media", "Transported pumice rafts as ecological or oceanographic systems" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Examine a fresh surface for a pervasive volcanic bubble structure within a glassy matrix; surface pits alone do not establish pumice identity. See [USGS volcanic products](https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/nature.html).", "Distinguish pumice from scoria using combined vesicular texture, matrix and geological evidence; do not decide from colour alone, because basaltic pumice exists. See [USGS golden pumice](https://www.usgs.gov/news/volcano-watch-golden-pumice-kilauea).", "Measure flotation under stated wetting conditions as supporting evidence, not a mandatory identity test: water entering the cavities can change buoyancy. See [USGS flotation explanation](https://www.usgs.gov/news/volcano-watch-rocks-float-briefly-where-lava-meets-sea).", "Distinguish natural pumice from expanded perlite, industrial slag or manufactured foamed glass through provenance, processing records and examination of the solid matrix.", "Distinguish pumice material from pumice-bearing mixtures by identifying and estimating non-pumice constituents rather than accepting a trade name as proof of purity." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Identity assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "unassessed | supported | ambiguous | rejected; evidence and classification convention recorded", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a porous appearance or supplier label from becoming an unsupported identification." }, { "name": "Geological and supply provenance", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to locality, deposit or eruption where supported, collection record and supplier lot", "why_it_matters": "Connects material observations to their origin without assigning an unverified eruption." }, { "name": "Matrix and constituent composition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Chemical constituents in mass %; glass, crystals and foreign fragments in explicitly stated mass % or volume %", "why_it_matters": "Separates chemical composition from pore structure and reveals potentially important lot differences." }, { "name": "Vesicularity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Void volume % with method, resolution and sample preparation", "why_it_matters": "Describes the internal void fraction rather than spaces between loose particles." }, { "name": "Vesicle architecture", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Vesicle dimensions in µm or mm; connected pore fraction in volume % where measured", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of water access and structural differences between samples." }, { "name": "Density by measurement basis", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg/m³; distinguish skeletal, particle-envelope and loose or compacted bulk density; record moisture condition", "why_it_matters": "Avoids confusing solid material density, internal porosity and packing effects." }, { "name": "Particle size and fines", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Size distribution in mm or µm; mass % passing named sieve apertures", "why_it_matters": "Makes grading, crushing effects and fines generation assessable." }, { "name": "Moisture and water uptake", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Water content and uptake in mass % with denominator, conditioning and elapsed time", "why_it_matters": "Supports mass accounting and comparison of dry and wetted behaviour." }, { "name": "Flotation behaviour", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "floating | partly floating | submerged | untested; liquid density, elapsed time and pretreatment recorded", "why_it_matters": "Records buoyancy as a conditional observation rather than a permanent identity." }, { "name": "Friability and abrasion response", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Mass loss % or generated fines % under a named procedure", "why_it_matters": "Tests whether handling or use changes the material's grading and performance." }, { "name": "Processing and exposure condition", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "As-collected, crushed, screened, washed, dried, coated or previously used; alteration and exposure history recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Explains changes that geological identity alone cannot predict." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a candidate specimen using texture, provenance and targeted material examination.", "Sample and compare pumice lots while preserving evidence of within-lot variation.", "Select and verify crushing, screening, washing or drying against a specified material requirement.", "Measure wetting and flotation behaviour before deciding how the material can be separated or used.", "Evaluate a pumice grade for a proposed abrasive, aggregate or growing-medium application using relevant performance evidence.", "Hold a lot for further assessment when identity, contamination or use-specific suitability remains unresolved." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "pumice-identity", "name": "Pumice identity", "description": "Establish whether the material is pumice and what evidence supports that judgement.", "rationale": "Porosity, low weight and commercial naming are insufficient individually to identify pumice.", "layers": [ { "id": "volcanic-foam-evidence", "name": "Volcanic foam evidence", "description": "Connect visible vesicles to the character of the solid matrix.", "findings": [ { "id": "matrix-and-vesicles", "name": "Matrix and vesicles", "description": "Record fresh-surface and microscopic evidence for a highly vesicular volcanic matrix.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observations establish a volcanic matrix containing pervasive gas-bubble cavities?", "kind": "definition", "id": "matrix-and-vesicles-q01" }, { "text": "Which fresh-surface or microscopic observations support the identification, and where are they recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "matrix-and-vesicles-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "neighbouring-material-boundaries", "name": "Neighbouring material boundaries", "description": "Resolve similar natural materials, artificial foams and misleading product labels.", "findings": [ { "id": "alternative-identifications", "name": "Alternative identifications", "description": "Retain competing identifications until discriminating evidence supports a decision.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence distinguishes this candidate from scoria, vesicular obsidian, expanded perlite or manufactured foam?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "alternative-identifications-q01" }, { "text": "Does the name refer to pumice material, a pumice-bearing mixture or a finished product?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "alternative-identifications-q02" }, { "text": "Which additional examination would resolve the remaining identity ambiguity?", "kind": "action", "id": "alternative-identifications-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "origin-and-lot-history", "name": "Origin and lot history", "description": "Connect geological provenance with the material's subsequent collection and processing.", "rationale": "A locality, deposit, supplier lot and processed grade describe different aspects of the material's history.", "layers": [ { "id": "geological-provenance", "name": "Geological provenance", "description": "Record supported origin and distinguish original emplacement from later transport.", "findings": [ { "id": "source-attribution", "name": "Source attribution", "description": "Separate observed collection context from inferred volcanic source.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where was the pumice collected or extracted, and what record supports that location?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-attribution-q01" }, { "text": "Is attribution to a deposit or eruption demonstrated, inferred or unknown?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "source-attribution-q02" }, { "text": "Was the material collected in its depositional setting or after reworking, rafting or other transport?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "source-attribution-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "processing-and-representativeness", "name": "Processing and representativeness", "description": "Track transformations and establish what material a measurement represents.", "findings": [ { "id": "lot-lineage", "name": "Lot lineage", "description": "Link tested samples to their parent lot and recorded processing steps.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which crushing, screening, washing, drying, coating or blending steps occurred before sampling?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "lot-lineage-q01" }, { "text": "How was the sample selected to capture differences in particle size, texture and foreign fragments within the lot?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "lot-lineage-q02" }, { "text": "Which processing change would require renewed characterisation before the existing assessment could be reused?", "kind": "action", "id": "lot-lineage-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "matrix-and-pore-architecture", "name": "Matrix and pore architecture", "description": "Describe the solid constituents and internal cavities as separate but interacting properties.", "rationale": "Pumice samples can differ in composition and vesicle connectivity even when assigned the same material name.", "layers": [ { "id": "solid-constituents", "name": "Solid constituents", "description": "Characterise glass, crystals, lithic inclusions and alteration.", "findings": [ { "id": "composition-and-heterogeneity", "name": "Composition and heterogeneity", "description": "Record measured constituent composition without treating pumice as a fixed chemical formula.", "questions": [ { "text": "What proportions of glass, crystals and foreign rock fragments were measured, and on what basis?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-and-heterogeneity-q01" }, { "text": "Which chemical or mineralogical analyses describe this sample rather than a presumed regional average?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "composition-and-heterogeneity-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence identifies alteration products or coatings that could affect the intended use?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "composition-and-heterogeneity-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "vesicle-network", "name": "Vesicle network", "description": "Describe void abundance, geometry and access between cavities.", "findings": [ { "id": "pore-geometry-and-connectivity", "name": "Pore geometry and connectivity", "description": "Measure pore architecture rather than deriving it from appearance alone; differences in vesicularity and connectivity are documented in [USGS Mount Mazama research](https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70024222).", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the measured vesicularity, vesicle-size distribution and degree of elongation?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "pore-geometry-and-connectivity-q01" }, { "text": "How much pore volume is accessible or interconnected under the chosen measurement method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "pore-geometry-and-connectivity-q02" }, { "text": "Does sample preparation expose previously enclosed cavities and therefore change the property being measured?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "pore-geometry-and-connectivity-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "density-wetting-and-flotation", "name": "Density, wetting and flotation", "description": "Relate density measurements to packing, pore access and time-dependent water uptake.", "rationale": "A single density value or float test cannot describe all relevant states of a pumice lot.", "layers": [ { "id": "density-basis", "name": "Density basis", "description": "Keep particle, skeletal and bulk measurements distinguishable.", "findings": [ { "id": "density-and-conditioning", "name": "Density and conditioning", "description": "Attach volume definition, packing condition and moisture preparation to every density value.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the reported density include internal pores, spaces between particles, both or neither?", "kind": "definition", "id": "density-and-conditioning-q01" }, { "text": "What density was measured in kg/m³, using which drying, volume and packing procedure?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "density-and-conditioning-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "water-access-and-buoyancy", "name": "Water access and buoyancy", "description": "Observe how immersion changes mass and flotation.", "findings": [ { "id": "wetting-trajectory", "name": "Wetting trajectory", "description": "Record water uptake and buoyancy over a defined observation period without assuming all pumice must float.", "questions": [ { "text": "How much water is taken up after specified immersion times, relative to the stated dry mass?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "wetting-trajectory-q01" }, { "text": "What fraction of the tested particles floats or sinks, in which liquid and after what pretreatment and elapsed time?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "wetting-trajectory-q02" }, { "text": "Does the intended use require prewetting or a flotation assessment under its actual operating conditions?", "kind": "action", "id": "wetting-trajectory-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "grading-breakdown-and-use", "name": "Grading, breakdown and use", "description": "Determine how the supplied pumice behaves during handling and whether evidence supports its intended application.", "rationale": "A material can be correctly identified as pumice yet have unsuitable grading, durability or constituent content for a particular task.", "layers": [ { "id": "particle-population-and-breakdown", "name": "Particle population and breakdown", "description": "Track particle sizes, fines and changes caused by mechanical handling.", "findings": [ { "id": "grading-and-friability", "name": "Grading and friability", "description": "Characterise the initial particle population and its response to a relevant handling procedure.", "questions": [ { "text": "What mass fractions fall within each specified sieve interval, including the fines fraction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "grading-and-friability-q01" }, { "text": "How much additional fine material forms during a defined crushing, abrasion or handling test?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "grading-and-friability-q02" }, { "text": "Would screening, washing or a revised handling procedure bring the material within the required grading?", "kind": "action", "id": "grading-and-friability-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "application-evidence", "name": "Application evidence", "description": "Connect proposed uses to measured performance and unresolved constraints.", "findings": [ { "id": "use-specific-acceptance", "name": "Use-specific acceptance", "description": "Evaluate suitability against the particular application rather than assigning universal fitness to pumice.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which property must this pumice supply: abrasive action, low-density aggregate, water-air balance in a growing medium or another specified function?", "kind": "definition", "id": "use-specific-acceptance-q01" }, { "text": "What application-specific test, specification or trial supports acceptance of this particular grade?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "use-specific-acceptance-q02" }, { "text": "Do fines, mineral constituents, soluble residues or prior-use contamination require additional assessment before this application proceeds?", "kind": "action", "id": "use-specific-acceptance-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the geological material, including processed grains and powder, rather than a particular manufactured pumice cleaning tool.", "Density, strength, absorption and chemical composition require deposit-specific measurements; no universal numerical range is supplied.", "Check current standard editions and product test results before asserting compliance; pumice does not qualify automatically." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Rhyolitic pumice", "Dacitic pumice", "Trachytic pumice", "Reticulite, an exceptionally porous basaltic variety" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "CAS Registry Number", "value_or_pattern": "1332-09-8", "note": "Used for pumice as a material; it does not imply a single chemical composition." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ASTM International ASTM C330/C330M covers lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, including suitable pumice aggregates.", "ASTM International ASTM C618 specifies requirements for raw or calcined natural pozzolans used in concrete; qualifying finely ground pumice can fall within its scope." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Lightweight aggregate in concrete and masonry products", "Finely ground natural pozzolan in cementitious mixtures", "Abrasive for polishing, cleaning and exfoliation", "Porous component of horticultural growing media", "Abrasive stone used in denim finishing" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Crushing and abrasion can generate airborne dust that irritates the eyes and respiratory tract.", "Some deposits or products contain crystalline silica; respirable dust hazards depend on composition and exposure.", "Porous grains can absorb substantial water, affecting concrete batching and growing-medium moisture behaviour.", "Fragile vesicle walls can break under handling or loading, generating fines and changing aggregate grading.", "Initially floating fragments can become waterlogged and sink." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Composition, vesicle structure and impurity content vary with the volcanic source and eruption.", "Local deposits and transport costs strongly influence whether pumice is used as a bulk construction aggregate or a higher-value processed material." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Scoria", "difference": "Scoria is generally a denser, commonly mafic vesicular volcanic rock with thicker vesicle walls; transitional textures make flotation alone an unreliable distinction." }, { "name": "Obsidian", "difference": "Obsidian is relatively dense volcanic glass without pumice's abundant vesicles." }, { "name": "Perlite", "difference": "Perlite is hydrated volcanic glass with characteristic fracture patterns that can be expanded industrially by heating; pumice acquires its porous structure during volcanic formation." }, { "name": "Tuff", "difference": "Tuff is consolidated volcanic ash and may contain pumice fragments; it names a pyroclastic rock rather than the vesicular material itself." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of pumice this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which authoritative classification convention should govern the boundary between pumice, scoria and exceptionally open-textured basaltic forms such as reticulite?", "Should pumicite and finely milled pumice be represented as forms of this registry entry or linked to separate registered concepts?", "Which density, accessible-porosity and absorption methods permit useful comparisons across coarse specimens and fine processed lots?", "Which current specifications and acceptance thresholds apply to each intended abrasive, aggregate or growing-medium use?", "How much sampling is needed to represent a heterogeneous pumice lot, and which compositional, residue or dust assessments are warranted for its intended use?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 36 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "chemical substance or material", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a pumice, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise pumice, assess the condition and variability of a specimen or material lot, and judge its suitability for a proposed use.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured", "consumed or used up" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: kōga stone, pumice foot-scrubbing stone.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a pumice, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state", "use it up, and then need more of it" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Not recognisable by sight in any reliable way. Appearance varies with grade, form and additives; identification is by label, by documentation, or by assay." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "kōga stone", "pumice foot-scrubbing stone" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one pumice from another, and a pumice from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a pumice sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a pumice from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a pumice is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a pumice is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a pumice is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a pumice is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a pumice is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a pumice is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a pumice passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a pumice between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a pumice, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a pumice is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use-and-operation", "name": "Use and operation", "description": "What can be done with a pumice and what it takes to do it.", "rationale": "An agent that can recognise a thing but not act on it has only half a model.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-use", "name": "Intended use and function", "description": "What a pumice is for, and what it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose", "name": "Function, purpose and misuse", "description": "The function a pumice performs and the uses that fall outside it.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-and-purpose-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the use of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the use of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "function-and-purpose-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the use of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-procedure", "name": "Handling and procedure", "description": "The steps, skills and tools involved in using a pumice.", "findings": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills", "name": "Procedures, skills and required tools", "description": "What an agent needs before it can act on a pumice at all.", "questions": [ { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes handling a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about handling a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "procedures-and-skills-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once handling a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "supply-and-consumption", "name": "Supply and consumption", "description": "Quantities, rates and what running out means.", "findings": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock", "name": "Consumption, stock and replenishment", "description": "How much of a pumice there is and how fast it goes.", "questions": [ { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the supply of a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the supply of a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "consumption-and-stock-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the supply of a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "composition-and-identity", "name": "Composition, grade and chemical identity", "description": "What pumice is made of and how pure the thing in hand is.", "rationale": "Grade decides what a substance may be used for, so a model that records only the name cannot support any decision about use.", "layers": [ { "id": "chemical-identity", "name": "Chemical identity", "description": "Formula, structure and the registry numbers that name it unambiguously.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-record", "name": "Identity and registry numbers", "description": "What identifies this substance across suppliers and regulators.", "questions": [ { "id": "identity-record-q01", "text": "What formula, structure and registry identifiers name pumice unambiguously?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "identity-record-q02", "text": "Which related substances share a name in common use but not an identifier?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "grade-and-impurities", "name": "Grade, purity and impurities", "description": "The specification a batch meets and what else is in it.", "findings": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification and assay", "description": "How purity is stated and measured, and which impurities matter.", "questions": [ { "id": "specification-q01", "text": "What grades of pumice exist, how is purity assayed, and which impurities are limited?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "specification-q02", "text": "Which use requires which grade, and what happens when a lower grade is substituted?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "properties-and-behaviour", "name": "Properties and behaviour", "description": "How pumice behaves under conditions an agent can measure or change.", "rationale": "Physical constants are the part of a substance model that transfers between contexts, and each needs its unit and its conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-constants", "name": "Physical constants", "description": "Values that hold for the pure substance, with their conditions.", "findings": [ { "id": "constants-record", "name": "Constants and conditions", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the state they apply in.", "questions": [ { "id": "constants-record-q01", "text": "What are the defining physical constants of pumice, in what units and under what conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "constants-record-q02", "text": "Which of these values change with grade or form rather than being fixed?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability-and-reactivity", "name": "Stability and reactivity", "description": "What it reacts with, degrades into, and how it is stored.", "findings": [ { "id": "incompatibilities", "name": "Incompatibilities and degradation", "description": "What must not meet it, and what it becomes over time.", "questions": [ { "id": "incompatibilities-q01", "text": "What is pumice incompatible with, and what does it degrade into under storage?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "incompatibilities-q02", "text": "What storage and handling does that require, and who is competent to do it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "hazard-and-regulation", "name": "Hazard classification and regulation", "description": "How pumice can harm, and what the law says about holding and moving it.", "rationale": "A substance model without its hazard class and its regulatory identity is unusable in exactly the situations that matter.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazard-class", "name": "Hazard classification", "description": "Classified hazards, exposure limits and protective measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "classified-hazards", "name": "Classified hazards and limits", "description": "The classification, the scheme it belongs to, and the limits set.", "questions": [ { "id": "classified-hazards-q01", "text": "How is pumice classified for hazard, under which scheme, and what exposure limits apply?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "classified-hazards-q02", "text": "What protection does handling require, and what must an agent refuse to do without it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regulatory-identity", "name": "Regulatory identity and control", "description": "Registration, restriction and transport rules by jurisdiction.", "findings": [ { "id": "controls", "name": "Controls and jurisdiction", "description": "Where it is restricted and what the restriction attaches to.", "questions": [ { "id": "controls-q01", "text": "Which registrations, restrictions or transport rules cover pumice, and where?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "controls-q02", "text": "Does the control attach to the substance, its concentration, or its intended use?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a pumice came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a pumice and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a pumice is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a pumice, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a pumice, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a pumice is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 20, "findings": 22, "questions": 60 } } } }